Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis Research Articles

Immune response of BALB/c mice infected with two strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

This work evaluated aspects of the immune response of BALB/c mice infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (T1 and C57). The fifteen BALB/c mice were euthanized after 70 days of infection and morphologically evaluated, also analyzing the innate and adaptive immune responses. The C57 strain induced more pronounced morphological changes than the T1 strain. There was an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells identified during infection with the C57 strain. Cytokines of the inflammatory profile IL-1α and IL-6 and regulatory IL-13 and IL-10 presented significant differences. Cytokines IL-2, IL-4, INF-γ, IL-22, IL-21, and IL-27 did not differ significantly between groups. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the type of response and the immunological mechanisms involved during infection with different strains of C. pseudotuberculosis.

Hematological effects for rabbits immunized by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis sonicated antigen

Background: Analyzing Hematological parameters is usually in use to monitor various circumstances such as infection, inflammation and anemia. For that we studied blood parameters which are in touch with immunized laboratory animals (rabbits) after immunizing these animals with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis then used an adjuvant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to stimulate the immune response cells after 2 to 3 weeks of immunization. Different concentrations were used to examine the effect on the animals’ blood parameters changing.Methods: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacterium was used at current study for evaluating the effect of immunizing laboratory rabbits with two different immune stimulators working together as adjuvant on the blood picture with the aid of 12 breed rabbits from different genders, dividing them at the base of inoculation with pre-killed and sonicated cells of bacteria (antigens) onto 4 categories as following: the group-1 members of rabbits were injected with the antigen, group-2 and group-3 included rabbits injected with the two inoculations at various concentrations; final group, group-4 was the control group.Results: Thus, white blood cells known to be our main line of defenses act firstly in our body towards different infecting microorganisms, their count always was increased through the immunization correlated with other measured parameters. From the results we can see that the lymphocytes percentage had no alteration between the infected and the immunized compared to control group, while the percentage of MID that refers to the monocytes was at the same range in both infected and the immunized control rabbit’s groups. Granulocyte cells percentage, which is including heterophilic, basophilic and eosinophilic cells, was significantly decreased (P>0.05) compared with control at all groups.Conclusion: We conclude that C. pseudotuberculosis might function as a potent immunogen to notice the complete blood picture variations.Keywords: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sonicated antigen; Blood parameters; Blood picture; Adjuvant

Ovine and Caprine Strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on Czech Farms-A Comparative Study.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a worldwide disease of small ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to survive and multiply in certain white blood cells of the host. In this study, 33 strains of C. pseudotuberculosis were isolated from sheep and goats suffering from CLA on nine farms in the Czech Republic. All these strains were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility, ability to form a biofilm and resistance to the effects of commonly used disinfectant agents. To better understand the virulence of C. pseudotuberculosis, the genomes of strains were sequenced and comparative genomic analysis was performed with another 123 genomes of the same species, including ovis and equi biovars, downloaded from the NCBI. The genetic determinants for the virulence factors responsible for adherence and virulence factors specialized for iron uptake and exotoxin phospholipase D were revealed in every analyzed genome. Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes were compared, revealing the presence of genetic determinants encoding exo-α-sialidase (GH33) and the CP40 protein in most of the analyzed genomes. Thirty-three Czech strains of C. pseudotuberculosis were identified as the biovar ovis on the basis of comparative genome analysis. All the compared genomes of the biovar ovis strains were highly similar regardless of their country of origin or host, reflecting their clonal behavior.

Antibacterial Activity of Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Tylosin Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolated from Goats

Antibacterial Activity of Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Tylosin Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolated from Goats

Caseous Lymphangitis in a Goat Farm

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a sporadic bacterial disease of chronic suppurative lymphadenitis in goats. The prevalence of CL is considered high in many countries, but detailed research on prevalence rates, farm practices, and abattoir findings is limited in India. This paper reports the presence of this disease on an endemic form in a goat farm. A two-year-old mixed breed doe was presented with the history of swelling in mandibular region and inappetence for the past one week. Greenish pus was aspirated from it and Giemsa stain confirms the presence of coccobacillus bacteria. Culture and isolation identified it as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on 10% sheep blood agar. The abscess drained off, flushed with 5 % iodine solution and treated with injection lincomycin @ 10 mg/kg until recovery. The same history was repeated by the owner after a month and visit to the farm exposed three more animals were also affected. All of them confirmed CL based on bacterial culture and isolation. Based on this it was confirmed that the disease was endemic in that farm. Rearing goats as semi-intensive flocks, sharing of grazing fields together with other animals, commingling of animals after grazing particularly in the night time, rupture of abscess in the shelter itself, improper knowledge about disease and poor husbandry practices favours the endemicity of this disease in goats. This paper reports the endemicity of the caseous lymphadentitis in a goat flock.

Activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles in planktonic and biofilm-associated Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a gram-positive bacterium and is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in small ruminants. This disease is characterized by the development of encapsulated granulomas in visceral and superficial lymph nodes, and its clinical treatment is refractory to antibiotic therapy. An important virulence factor of the Corynebacterium genus is the ability to produce biofilm; however, little is known about the characteristics of the biofilm produced by C. pseudotuberculosis and its resistance to antimicrobials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as promising antimicrobial agents, and are known to have several advantages, such as a broad-spectrum activity, low resistance induction potential, and antibiofilm activity. Therefore, we evaluate herein the activity of AgNPs in C. pseudotuberculosis, through the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antibiofilm activity, and visualization of AgNP-treated and AgNP-untreated biofilm through scanning electron microscopy. The AgNPs were able to completely inhibit bacterial growth and inactivate C. pseudotuberculosis at concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.312 mg/mL. The AgNPs reduced the formation of biofilm in reference strains and clinical isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis, with interference values greater than 80% at a concentration of 4 mg/mL, controlling the change between the planktonic and biofilm-associated forms, and preventing fixation and colonization. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a significant disruptive activity of AgNP on the consolidated biofilms. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of AgNPs as an effective therapeutic agent against CL.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis strains isolated from small ruminants herds from the Brazilian Amazon present clonal genomic profile

This study tested the hypothesis that Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis strains isolated from small herds of ruminants in the state of Pará have a clonal genomic profile. Serum samples were collected from 169 animals and used in an indirect ELISA that detected specific antibodies against C. pseudotuberculsis in 24% of the animals monitored in the field. Among sheep and goats, 20 animals had a confirmed symptomatic diagnosis of Caseous Lymphadenitis Disease (CL) and caseous material from the abscesses was sampled. From these samples, seven bacterial strains were isolated and identified as C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to fingerprint analysis (BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR). The fingerprint analysis revealed the existence of two main groups of isolated strains, with one of these groups necessarily formed by strains A27 and A31 (at least 62% similarity), and the other group formed by the remaining isolated strains. The genome outline of the A27 and A31 strains was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 technology. The preliminary genomes A27 and A31 grouped with other genomes of C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis when compared to 46 genomes of C. pseudotuberculosis belonging to both biovars (ovis and equi) isolated worldwide. More than 99% of similarity was observed when comparing the draft genomes A27 and A31 with other genomes of C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis strains isolated from the Brazilian Amazon. The mapping readouts generated with preliminary A27 and A31 genomes using the reference genome of C. pseudotuberculosis 42/02-A showed more than 99% coverage. The central genome consisted of 78% of the orthogroups in the pangenome analysis. The specific genes that encode unique proteins in the A27 and A31 genomes yield molecular information about how each species adapts to its ecological niches. This study shows that strains of C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis isolated from small ruminant herds in the Brazilian Amazon showed a clonal genomic profile.

Clinicopathological studies on ulcerative lymphangitis in cattle: Alterations in serum inflammatory cytokines, anti-microbial, organs functions, and oxidative stress-related biomarkers.

Affection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) and development of cellulitis and/or abscess formation with cutaneous lymphangitis in cattle is rare to some extent, so literature about the biochemical changes that would accompany this infection is rare. In this context, the present study was designed to screen the effect of the infection with C. pseudotuberculosis cutaneous lymphangitis on the release of some immune molecules, organ functions, and redox state in Baladi cows. Fourteen Baladi cows from a small dairy farm in El-Behira, Egypt, were selected to complete this study. After bacteriological culture confirmation, seven of them were found suffering from cutaneous lesions due to infection with C. pseudotuberculosis (Diseased group), while the others were healthy (Healthy group). Serum samples were obtained to evaluate the presumptive changes in some clinicopathological parameters. Serum analysis revealed a significant decrease in the levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 as well as a significant decrement in the concentration of beta-defensin (β-defensin) and lipocalin-2. While serum level of interleukin-10 recorded a significant increase in these animals when compared to healthy control animals. Concurrently, the affected animals recorded a significant elevation in serum levels of hepato-cardiac enzymes, urea, and creatinine in addition to disturbance in the serum redox state. In conclusion, infection with C. pseudotuberculosis cattle may disturb the defensive immune state, body organ function, and redox state of the animals.

Resequencing and characterization of the first Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis genome isolated from camel.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a zoonotic Gram-positive bacterial pathogen known to cause different diseases in many mammals, including lymph node abscesses in camels. Strains from biovars equi and ovis of C. pseudotuberculosis can infect camels. Comparative genomics could help to identify features related to host adaptation, and currently strain Cp162 from biovar equi is the only one from camel with a sequenced genome. In this work, we compared the quality of three genome assemblies of strain Cp162 that used data from the DNA sequencing platforms SOLiD v3 Plus, IonTorrent PGM, and Illumina HiSeq 2500 with an optical map and investigate the unique features of this strain. For this purpose, we applied comparative genomic analysis on the different Cp162 genome assembly versions and included other 129 genomes from the same species. Since the first version of the genome, there was an increase of 88 Kbp and 121 protein-coding sequences, a decrease of pseudogenes from 139 to 53, and two inversions and one rearrangement corrected. We identified 30 virulence genes, none associated to the camel host, and the genes rpob2 and rbpA predicted to confer resistance to rifampin. In comparison to 129 genomes of the same species, strain Cp162 has four genes exclusively present, two of them code transposases and two truncated proteins, and the three exclusively absent genes lysG, NUDIX domain protein, and Hypothetical protein. All 130 genomes had the rifampin resistance genes rpob2 and rbpA. Our results found no unique gene that could be associated with tropism to camel host, and further studies should include more genomes and genome-wide association studies testing for genes and SNPs.

Proteomics of Toxigenic Corynebacteria.

Within the genus Corynebacterium, six species are potential carriers of the tox gene, which encodes the highly potent diphtheria exotoxin: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium belfantii, Corynebacterium rouxii, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium silvaticum. Based on their potential to infect different host species and cause either human infections, zoonotic diseases or infections of economically important animals, these bacteria are of high scientific and economic interest and different research groups have carried out proteome analyses. These showed that especially the combination of MS-based proteomics with bioinformatic tools helped significantly to elucidate the functional aspects of corynebacterial genomes and to handle the genome and proteome complexity. The combination of proteomic and bioinformatic approaches was also used to discover new vaccine and drug targets. In addition, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been established as a fast and precise tool for the identification of these bacteria.

MICROMERIA CONGESTA VE DİĞER BAZI BİTKİ EKSTRELERİNİN ANTİBAKTERİYEL AKTİVİTELERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

With the Covid-19 pandemic, interest in plants and herbal products has increased day by day. The tendency of people towards natural treatment methods has led to more studies on plants and herbal products. The aim of our study was to determine the essential oils of Micromeria congesta, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sideritis stricta, Artemisia absinthium and Melissa officinalis, which are used in the treatment of various diseases among the people, to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus isolates and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (ATCC 19410) standard strain. The essential oils of M. congesta and M. officinalis plants examined in our study were found to have antibacterial activity as much as reference antibiotics (Streptomycin, Amoxicillin) by disc diffusion method. It was observed that the essential oil of A. absinthium was effective against C. pseudotuberculosis bacteria, while the essential oils of other plants were not effective against the tested bacteria.

Bioinformatic Approach of B and T Cell Epitopes of PLD and CP40 Proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican Isolate 2J-L towards a Peptide-Based Vaccine.

Mapping B and T cell epitopes constitutes an important action for peptide vaccine design. PLD and CP40 virulence factors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis, a causal agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis, have been evaluated in a murine model as good candidates for vaccine development. Therefore, the goal of this work was to in silico analyze B and T cell epitopes of the PLD and CP40 proteins of a Mexican isolate of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis. The Immune Epitope Data Base and Resource website was employed to predict the linear and conformational B-cell, T CD4+, and T CD8+ epitopes of PLD and CP40 proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican strain 2J-L. Fifty B cell epitopes for PLD 2J-L and forty-seven for CP40 2J-L were estimated. In addition, T CD4+ and CD8+ cell epitopes were predicted for PLD 2J-L (MHC I:16 epitopes, MHC II:10 epitopes) and CP40 2J-L (MHC I: 15 epitopes, MHC II: 13 epitopes). This study provides epitopes, paying particular attention to sequences selected by different predictor programs and overlap sequences as B and T cell epitopes. PLD 2J-L and CP40 2J-L protein epitopes may aid in the design of a promising peptide-based vaccine against Caseous Lymphadenitis in Mexico.

Açlık Stresine Maruz Kalan Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis’in SDS-PAGE İle Proteinlerinin Analizi

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, hücre içi bir patojen olup küçük ruminantlarda kazeöz lenfadenit (KLA) hastalığına sebep olan, Gram-pozitif fakültatif bir bakteridir. Ayrıca C. pseudotuberculosis, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda hastalık oluşturan bir bakteri türüdür. Bu bakteri, açlık stresine maruz kaldığında, hücresel yapısını ve metabolizmasını değiştirerek adaptasyon gösterir. Bu değişiklikler, bakterinin protein ekspresyonunda da değişikliklere neden olabilir.
 Bu çalışmada, C. pseudotuberculosis’in açlık stresine maruz bırakıldığında ve genel besiyerlerinde üretildiğinde protein profillerinde meydana gelen farklılıkların araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Daha önce izole edilmiş olan bir saha suşu ve referans olarak kullanılan C. pseudotuberculosis suşu Tryptic Soy Broth ve RPMI 1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) besiyerlerinde üretildikten sonra tüm proteinleri SDS PAGE ile karşılaştırılarak incelendi.
 Sonuç olarak, açlık strese maruz bırakılan ve bırakılmayan C. pseudotuberculosis suşları arasında protein yapıları arasında profil farklılıkları olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

A Literature Review of Selected Bacterial Diseases in Alpacas and Llamas-Epidemiology, Clinical Signs and Diagnostics.

The breeding of South American Camelids (SACs), particularly llamas and alpacas, is becoming increasingly popular in regions that are not their natural habitat, including Europe. These animals are considered to be relatively disease resistant. However, due to their growing popularity, special attention should be given to infections in llamas and alpacas. Knowledge of bacterial infections is very important to veterinarians and breeders. Many of these diseases also have zoonotic potential, so these animals must be considered as sources of potential zoonotic infections. Due to the limited information on many diseases occurring in llamas and alpacas, veterinarians often rely on data collected in other animal species, focusing on cattle, sheep and horses. This work aims to summarise the knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas, with particular attention to epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnostics.

Causes of Lamb Mortality in the Lacaune Sheep Breed in Iran

Background: Neonatal mortality is a significant multifactorial problem that affects flock productivity. Different infectious and non-infectious factors have been attributed to lamb losses. The objective of the present study was to identify the major causes of neonatal mortality.
 Methods: In a 3-months period, 114 Lacaune breed lambs died of which 52 animals were lost with clinical signs of infection. Heart and lung samples were collected and transmitted to the laboratory. Microbiological cultures following biochemical tests were conducted to identify bacterial infection of the lambs.
 Results: A total of 52 out of 114 lambs (45.6%) were infected with bacteria. The bacteria including Escherichia coli (30.8%), Proteus mirabilis (19.2%), Pasteurella multocida (1.5%), Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (7.7%), Mannheimia haemolytica (3.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.9%) were isolated. The role of the identified pathogens was more significant in lamb death compared to noninfection causes. Diarrhea was the most euoitcefni disease followed by septicemia and pneumonia. Escherichia coli was isolated significantly more than other bacterial agents (30.8%).
 Conclusion: The present findings showed Escherichia coli as the most common pathogen leading to lamb losses in the first two weeks of life. ciieigyeiuet practice which encompasses both environment and milking equipment, periodical flaming, and providing dry and clean bedding can dramatically decrease the infection among uiobfeu animals. Reduction of the birth density and avoiding synchronization until the expert and labor capacity has reached the optimal level are necessary actions to reduce infectious diseases.

The Frequency of Bacterial Pathogens of Mastitis and their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Saanen and Alpine Goats

Background: The purpose of Saanen and Alpine raising farms is milk production, so control of mastitis is essential. Antibiotic resistance among mastitis pathogens has been increased by long-time usage of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to isolate bacteria from mastitis cases in Saanen and Alpine goats and to determine their antibiotic resistance.
 Methods: Milk sample of 26 Saanen and 29 Alpine was cultured on microbiological media. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of Mycoplasma. Antibiotic resistance of the bacteria was tested by 12 antibacterial disks. Significant difference in resistance levels between Saanen and Alpine was assessed.
 Results: Mycoplasma spp. was detected in 12.73% of samples. The isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (29.1%), Trueperella pyogenes (25.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (9.1%), coagulase negative staphylococci (5.5%), and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (1.8%). The significant difference was observed in antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin which was higher in Alpine.
 Conclusion: Accordingly using antibiotics more accurate and using antibiogram by clinician are necessary.

Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the proteins CP40 or CP09720 of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis promotes protection in mice after challenge

In this study, we assessed the survival and immune response of mice vaccinated with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur that expressed the CP40 or CP09720 proteins after the mice were challenged with a C. pseudotuberculosis MIC-6 virulent strain. Six groups of mice (n = 10 mice per group) were immunised with a sterile 0.9% saline solution (G1), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG Pasteur (G2), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/cp40 (G3), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/cp09720 (G4), M. bovis BCG/cp40 boosted with rCP40 (G5), and M. bovis BCG/cp09720 boosted with rCP09720 (G6). The highest survival rate of 90% was observed in the G5 group, followed by 80% in the G6 group and 70% in the G3 and G4 groups. Moreover, a significantly greater induction of IFN-γ and IL-10 was found in the G3 group and higher IL-17 levels were recorded in the G5 group compared to their levels in the control group (G1) (p < 0.05). A specific humoral immune response (total IgG) was found in the G5 and G6 groups on day 42 compared to the level of response in the G1 group. These results indicated that the vector vaccine elicited significantly greater survival of mice in all experimental groups after a strong virulent challenge and induced a strong immune response.

Pilot study on the distribution of caseous lymphadenitis in Korean native goats and the relationship between sex and age in disease occurrence

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a chronic disease that affects goats. The Korean native goat (KNG) is the most popular goat breed raised in Korea. In this study, the distribution of CLA in the KNG population and the relevance of sex and age in disease development were determined. From March 2020 to February 2021, 1,177 KNGs from 110 farms were assessed. The distribution of CLA in animals was determined by a veterinary inspector who performed gross examinations of goat carcasses and confirmed diagnoses via polymerase chain reaction and bacteriological examination. The CLA detection rate in the KNG population was 19.80%, and more than half of the farms were affected by the disease (56.36%). A statistically significant difference was observed among the sex groups, with castrated males (13.98%) having the lowest detection rate, followed by intact males (22.48%) and females (24.09%), suggesting that castration has a positive effect on reducing the risk of CLA (p &amp;lt; 0.05). In terms of age groups, an increased detection rate of 28.16% was observed in the late adult (&amp;gt;2 years) group. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the RNA polymerase beta subunit-encoding gene can effectively differentiate biovar ovis from biovar equi and can be used for further epidemiological studies of C. pseudotuberculosis. This is the first nationwide surveillance study of CLA distribution to confirm the continuous occurrence of CLA in Korean goat farms. Future studies should include risk factor analyses of CLA based on herd levels to prevent and control this disease in Korea.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the first Corynebacterium rouxii strains isolated in Brazil: a recent member of Corynebacterium diphtheriae complex

BackgroundCorynebacterium diphtheriae complex was formed by the species C. diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in the recent past. In addition to C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis species can carry the tox gene, which encodes diphtheria toxin. Currently, three new species have been included in the complex: Corynebacterium rouxii, Corynebacterium silvaticum, and Corynebacterium belfantii. C. rouxii is derived from the ancient Belfanti biovar of C. diptheriae. We provide the complete genome sequences of two non-toxigenic strains C. rouxii isolated from a cat with a purulent infection in Brazil. The taxonomic status and sequence type, as well as the presence of resistance and virulence genes, and CRISPR-Cas system were additionally defined.ResultsThe genomes showed an average size of 2.4 Mb and 53.2% GC content, similar to the type strain of the species deposited in Genbank/NCBI. Strains were identified as C. rouxii by the rMLST database, with 95% identity. ANI and DDH in silico were consistent with values above the proposed cut-off points for species limit, corroborating the identification of the strains as C. rouxii. MLST analyses revealed a new ST, which differs from ST-537 only by the fusA allele. No horizontal transfer resistance gene was predicted in both genomes and no mutation was detected in the constitutive genes gyrA and rpoB. Some mutations were found in the seven penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) detected. The tox gene was not found, but its regulatory gene dtxR was present. Among the predicted virulence genes are those involved in iron uptake and adherence, in addition to the DIP0733 protein involved in epithelial cell adhesion and invasion. The CRISPR-Cas type I-E system was detected in both genomes, with 16 spacer sequences each. Of them, half are unknown according to the databases used, indicating that there is an unexplored reservoir of corynebacteriophages and plasmids.ConclusionsThis is the first genomic study of C. rouxii reported in Brazil. Here we performed taxonomic analysis and the prediction of virulence factors. The genomic analyses performed in this study may help to understand the potential pathogenesis of non-toxigenic C. rouxii strains.

NANOPARTICLES ANTIBIOTIC DELIVERY SYSTEM: AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT PROTOCOL FOR CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS.

Caseous lymphadenitis is an infectious zoonotic disease of goats with severe economic implications. A major reason why management of the disease is a problem in the small ruminant livestock industry is because Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis forms biofilm in the host and is resistant to antibiotic drugs resulting in a chronic granulomatous condition. The use of nanoparticles as a means of direct drug delivery to this organism may provide a solution to tackling it. This review focuses on caseous lymphadenitis and the different nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery