Corruption In Iraq Research Articles

Analyzing the Phenomenon of Financial and Administrative Corruption in the Iraqi Economy

The phenomenon of corruption in Iraq is not the result of the current period. It is dated back to more than three decades. The clearest ugly form of corruption is in 2003 as Iraq has occupied the highest ranks in financial and administrative corruption because of the occupation and the security conditions that accompanied it, the lack of independent authority, the destruction of the infrastructure, changingthe policy of The economic situation, the large amount of money spent on the reconstruction of Iraq,the transparency of media of all kinds and means, which obtained freedom to view corruption files credibly sometimes to some extent, which contributed to the spreadingand growing of the phenomenon of corruption. The Integrity Commission estimated the funds lost due to financial and administrative corruption in Iraq at approximately 320 billiondollars during the past 15 years. The Commission has received thousands of cases related to corruption.In the first quarter of 2017, the commission received (9832)cases of which (4443) cases were resolved. The research started from a question describing the research problem;"What are the implications of administrative and financial corruption in the environment of the Iraqi economy and what role is adopted by the economic and regulatory authorities in reducing this phenomenon?"due to the high degree of importance to the growing negative role played by administrative corruption in Economicperformance. The present study assumes that:"Administrative and financialcorruption is one of the main factors that limit the process of economic development in Iraq and thus contributes to hinder projects and plans of development and investment".The present study aimsat raising awareness of the seriousness of administrativeand financial corruption and its various forms, identifying causes and motives of corruption, seeking to reduce the negative effects on the development of its economic, social,and administrative dimensions, and tryingto develop effective solutions to address this phenomenon. The research answered the question and the assumption above.The present study is divided into three main sections. Section one presents the theoretical framework. Section two discusses the role played by financial authorities in addressing financial and administrative corruption. Section threetackles the economic effects of financial and administrative corruption in the environment of the Iraqi economy and waysto address them. The present study has come up with many conclusions and recommendations:Corruption thrives intheavailability of a favorable and encouraging environment.Corruption continues to limit opportunities for growth and economic development.If corruption escalates by 1%, the economic growth rate will decline by 0.72%.The present study focuseson recommendations regarding the legislative, economic and social aspects that constitute a roadmap forthrusting this phenomenon

الجرائم الناشئة عن الاخلال بالقواعد المنظمة لإقرارات كشف الذمة المالية وأثر العقوبات المقررة لها في الحد من ظاهرة الفساد المالي (دراسة مقارنة)

Public money is one of the means of the executive authority in managing its public utilities. In order to protect it from loss, all countries enact many laws that include legal rules criminalizing illegal trespassing or illegal use of it. Among those rules are those related to financial disclosure declarations imposed by countries on a certain group of their employees, for the purpose of disclosing their financial liabilities and punishing those who refrain from submitting such declarations. That is why this research aims to clarify the penalties stated by the Iraqi Integrity Commission in the field of financial disclosure declarations and their impact on reducing the phenomenon of financial corruption in Iraq, by following the analytical approach of those texts for the purpose of identifying the points of imbalance and shortcomings in them. In addition to following the comparative approach of countries like Egypt and Jordan for the purpose of benefiting from their strengths. The research included a set of conclusions related to the existence of aspects of legislative deficiency in those rules that affect their effectiveness in reducing the occurrence of these crimes, and put forward several recommendations to address this legislative deficiency, by adding legislative texts that regulate provisions for matters supporting the effectiveness of these rules in decreasing of financial corruption crimes; arises from a breach of the rules governing financial disclosure statements.

The Impact of Formal Military Militias on the Democratic Transition Process (Iraq in Post-2014)

DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7419350 In this research, we identify and deepen the impact and influence of the non-state armed groups on the democratization process in deep-divided societies such as the Iraqi society. At the beginning of the paper, we look at the Kurdish force (Peshmerga) and Shia armed groups (Popular Mobilization Forces – PMF) and assess their legal basis from the Iraqi Post-2003 constitution. Then the role these groups will play in strengthening and supporting a democratic transition also will be discussed in detail. The main question in our paper is to determine the role these mentioned armed groups will play in Post-2014 Iraq, how they will contribute to preserving political stability, and also which position they will take in the democratic transition process. Shia armed groups limited to different levels of roles have been considered, and their influences on human rights, national goals, and corruption in Iraq have also been discussed.

The Impact of Formal Military Militias on the Democratic Transition Process in Post-2014 Iraq

One of the ways to Democratization process is obtained by Military Forces; In this study, we identify and deepen the impact and influence of the non-state armed groups on the democratization process in deep-divided societies such as the Iraqi society. At the beginning of the paper, we look at the Kurdish force (Peshmerga) and Shia armed groups (Popular Mobilization Forces – PMF) and assess their legal basis from the Iraqi Post-2003 constitution. Then the role these groups will play in strengthening and supporting a democratic transition also will be discussed in detail. The main question in our paper is to determine the role these mentioned armed groups will play in Post-2014 Iraq, how they will contribute to preserving political stability, and also which position they will take in the democratic transition process. Shia armed groups limited to different levels of roles have been considered, and their influences on human rights, national goals, and corruption in Iraq have also been discussed. The main feature of this study is its analysis of irregular forces, unlike what is seen in previous studies that analyse the role of regular forces, such as the study that Samuel Huntington wrote in his book (The Third Wave of Democratic Transformation). In this descriptive study, we used the analytical approach to analyse the role of militias in Iraq, in addition to the legal approach to explain the constitutional and legal articles that make these military forces regular forces alongside the forces of the Iraqi Ministry of Defence. At the end of the study, we concluded that the militias have a negative role in the process of democratic transition, and countries must strive to dismantle these forces if they are not characterized as constitutional forces.

Nderstanding Corruption in Iraq: A Theoretical Perspective

This paper aims to improve our understanding of the causes of corruption using five theoretical frameworks: rational choice theory; principal-agent theory; rent-seeking theory; organisational culture theory; and situational context theory. These theories were chosen because they are the most frequently used theories in the literature on the causes of corruption. They are listed in this paper roughly on a continuum from the most individualistic explanation to the most social explanation. We use Iraq as a case study to test the applicability of these theories. Our finding is that none of the five theories provides in isolation a definitive explanation of the causes of corruption in Iraq, but each of them contributes some valuable insights into those causes. We conclude that the most satisfactory way to understand the causes of corruption in Iraq is to recognise that there are both individualistic and social factors at work, and of crucial importance is the interaction between them. In short, without corrupt individuals, there would be no corruption in Iraq; but without corrupt cultures, there would be few corrupt individuals.

Local Indicators to Measure Corruption in Iraq

The Integrity Commission in Iraq has worked on issuing local indicators that contributed significantly to changing Iraq’s position in Transparency International’s reports and indicators, and its methods for this included the questionnaire and deterrent investigative indicators against the perpetrators of corruption crimes, which differ from the international indicators announced by Transparency International through the Corruption Perceptions Index and its reports. The annual report, which contributed to the improvement of Iraq’s image in its position on corruption among the countries of the world, was thanks to the measures it took at the internal level, represented by the formation of specialized anti-corruption bodies such as the Iraqi Integrity Commission and the legislation of national laws and at the international level represented by Iraq’s accession to international anti-corruption conventions, including the United Nations Convention Anti-Corruption 2003

Using Governance Mechanisms to Raise the Efficiency of Internal Control Performance to Confront Government Corruption in Iraq: An Empirical Study

The study aimed to reduce the phenomenon of government corruption by developing internal control systems using governance mechanisms, and the factors influencing their support to improve their professional quality, as one of the most important mechanisms of an effective internal control structure that affects the discovery and prevention of fraud and innovative practices, increasing the credibility and transparency of financial and control reports, and contributing to activation Practicing the system of governance, to reduce administrative deception and methods, to control and minimize corruption, and to raise the productive efficiency of government performance, by controlling public spending, preserving public money, and promoting economic rationalization in the use and exploitation of property General resources, and a questionnaire list was designed to achieve these goals, which was distributed to those interested in government internal control divided into three categories: financial monitors in the ministry, inspectors of the central apparatus, and government accountants. The study concluded the importance of applying governance mechanisms in raising the level of efficiency of government internal control systems, in order to reduce the manifestations of government corruption.

الأثر الاقتصادي للفساد المالي والإداري في العراق وسبل مكافحته

Corruption in the world is a well-known and widespread phenomenon, but the frequency of corruption is high in Iraq for several reasons, especially financial and administrative corruption. the aim of the research is to shed light on the role of this phenomenon in limiting the economy of Iraq after the year 2003. There are several reasons that cannot be limited to cases of financial and administrative corruption in Iraq. Broadly, however, we will seek to shed light on the role of this phenomenon, by introducing the concept, types and characteristics of corruption. The research dealt with an overview of the history of corruption in Iraq, and its social, political and economic effects. The research also dealt with the manifestations of corruption in legal terms, and ways to combat it by enacting constitutional legislation on corruption, depending on the success of the enactment of these legislation in these constitutions in some international countries And what has had a great role in reducing the phenomenon of corruption in all its forms and manifestations, the most important of which is financial. The research concluded with a set of results and recommendations.

Corruption Risk Analysis at the Project Planning Stage in the Iraqi Construction Sector using the Bowtie Methodology

In this paper, the bowtie method was utilized by a multidisciplinary team in the Federal Board of Supreme Audit (FBSA)for the purpose of managing corruption risks threatening the Iraqi construction sector. Corruption in Iraq is a widespread phenomenon that threatens to degrade society and halt the wheel of economic development, so it must be reduced through appropriate strategies. A total of eleven corruption risks have been identified by the involved parties in corruption and were analyzed by using probability and impact matrix and their priority has been ranked. Bowtie analysis was conducted on four factors with high score risk in causing corruption in the planning stage. The number and effectiveness of the existing proactive measures to prevent threats from resulting in corruption and were examined for each threat.

The European Union’s Policies Towards Iraq (2014–2020)

Political instability in the Middle East and North Africa in the early 2010s, accompanied by an escalation of the terrorist threat and uncontrolled migration, caused serious concern in the European Union about the situation in the Arab world. As a consequence, the EU has noticeably increased assistance to Iraq, providing Baghdad with substantial support in the fight against the Islamic State, preventing the humanitarian crisis, stabilizing the situation and promoting post-conflict reconstruction. However, these efforts have not yet been explored in depth by the Russian experts, who traditionally focus on the EU relations with the Southern Mediterranean countries.The author aims to reveal the logic behind the evolution of the European Union’s policy towards Iraq since 2014, as well as its impact on the EU assistance programmes to this country. The paper consists of three sections: the first one outlines the evolution of the EU strategic priorities in Iraq during 2014–2019, the second covers the major assistance programmes implemented by the European Union, both bilaterally and multilaterally, in Iraq; the third examines the EU reaction to the rising tensions in Iraq at the turn of 2019–2020.The author concludes that the EU’s growing interest in Iraq in recent years stems not only from concerns about transformation of this country into a source of cross-border challenges and threats, but also from the conviction of the EU officials that Iraq might potentially become the cornerstone of a new regional security architecture. On the basis of these considerations, the EU provides a comprehensive support to Iraq, including both humanitarian aid and development assistance aimed primarily at eliminating the fundamental causes of instability and radicalization. At the same time while demonstrating its commitment to develop cooperation with both government agencies and non-governmental organizations, the EU clearly prefers to assist Iraq through international organizations, rather than directly. Although the EU’s ability to influence Baghdad remains limited, compared to that of the US and regional actors, the European Union is perceived in Iraq as a neutral player and this might facilitate the achievement of its policy objectives. However, taking into account such factors as a high level of corruption in Iraq, substantial resources for reconstruction already available for the country, as well as Brussels’ focus on Syria, the scope of the EU’s further involvement in Iraq remains unclear.

ADMINISTRATIVE CORRUPTION IN MODERN IRAQ

The problem of administrative corruption, as an integral part of corruption in general, has become especially urgent in modern Iraq. In recent decades, the level of corruption in all spheres of Iraqi society has increased significantly. The authors of the articles consider certain aspects and overall situation with administrative corruption in Iraq, investigate the causes of its occurrence and propose measures to combat this phenomenon.

Corruption as one of the obstacles to political stability in Iraq

Corruption in the current stage of the most prominent phenomena that invade the state in all joints, especially vital and strategic; because it became a culture more common than the theories and trends of study and even become a large part of the various social life, economic, political and even cultural and moral, and despite calls from different The need to eliminate corruption and reduce it, but over time rather than weaken and decompose, and ends up increasing strength and immunity, and in this sense, this research includes the definition of corruption and types and causes, and frameworks for study in order to know the weaknesses, Rhea in order to eliminate it and strengths in order to weaken and break through its extensions and perform In order to weaken them, and to break the path of its extensions and to reduce it and eradicate it from its roots.
 Accordingly, our research, which is characterized by; (corruption as one of the obstacles to political stability in Iraq), was divided into three sections, the first defining the roots of corruption, the second focusing on its causes and forms, and the third dealing with visions and mechanisms to combat corruption in Iraq.

The role of accounting thought in the face of financial and administrative corruption in Iraq ( Applied and analytical study on the accounting and control units working in government institutions in Diwaniyah )

يسعى هذا البحث إلى معرفة الدور الذي يمكن إن يحققه الفكر المحاسبي في مواجهة الفساد المالي والإداري في العراق، فقد تعرض هذا الفكر التقليدي للعديد من الانتقادات نظرا لقصوره في معالجة قضايا الفساد نتيجة مرونته وقصوره في تطبيق القواعد والمعايير والسياسات المحاسبية, فالفساد المالي والإداري يعد مشكلة مجتمعية، تهدد كل المجتمعات وخاصة العراق على وجه التحديد، فهذه المشكلة ترتبط برغبة الإنسان في الحصول على مكاسب مادية طائلة بطرق غير مشروعة، والسبب في ذلك يعود إلى ضعف الأنظمة المحاسبية والرقابية من المنظورين المالي والإداري، وكذلك غياب دور المساءلة المحاسبية، فالفساد المالي والإداري استشرى في المؤسسات والدوائر الحكومية كالنار في الهشيم وعلى مختلف المستويات فلا يوجد مفصل من مفاصل الدولة أو احد مؤسساتها إلا وفيه شيء من الفساد ابتداء من التقاعس في انجاز الإعمال والواجبات المكلفين بها فالوظائف المحاسبية والرقابية العامة أخذت تفقد هيبتها وتجهز على الإعمال والانجازات التي تحققها الأجهزة الإدارية التي ينشدها أفراد المجتمع. ومن اجل تحقيق هدف هذا البحث فقد تم استخدام المنهج التحليلي والتطبيقي، في تحليل مشكلة الفساد المالي والإداري في العراق، ثمّ استنتاج طرق المواجهة من خلال الفكر المحاسبي، كذلك محو الآثار السيئة التي خلفها الفساد المالي والإداري في الاقتصاد العراقي، ومما يترتب عليه من نهضة وتقدم اقتصادي شامل في العراق.

Political Causes of Corruption in Iraq

Corruption has political, economic, social, and cultural reasons, but political reason remains the point of spreading corruption. This article examines the political causes of corruption in Iraq after the changing of Saddam's regime by American occupation. The corruption that has now become endemic has served not only to undermine reform and reconstruction efforts while simultaneously accomplishing the embezzlement of billions of dollars that left the Iraqi people exposed to a wide array of harms on all sectors of the country's political, economic and social. The qualitative technique through interview and observation was duly adopted as the methods for data collection, whereby manual analysis was employed to present the result obtained from the field. The data collected by interviews with two groups (Iraqi members of the parliament and academicians in political science discipline) that focused on detecting the political causes of corruption in Iraq. The study revealed many political causes of corruption in Iraq after 2003. Also, indicate that corruption is both a recurrent experience and a major concern in the daily life of the citizens of Iraq. Corruption has played a significant role in the devastation of Iraqi society and citizens' lives. It renders true democracy impossible. It fosters government impunity, uses threats and violence, violations of human rights. The paper recommends to the application of laws and compliance with the contents of the Iraqi constitution and the adoption of the principle of separation of powers, that good governance, and democratic principle should put in place to address the menace of corruption and maladministration in Iraq.

The Effect of Religious Beliefs, Participation and Values on Corruption: Survey Evidence from Iraq

This research tests the role that religious beliefs, rituals and values plays on the corruption in Iraq. Furthermore, the research assesses ethical and moral ideals pertinent to religion, in the Iraqi educational sector. Correlation analysis and linear regression help assess the relations among the study’s constructs and variables. The hypotheses tested by multiple regression technique with the help of SPSS software. Grounded in the data collected from 600 employees, the results affirm that religious beliefs have negative association with levels of corruption. Prayers in religious institution are influenced by the clergy, which serves as a set of life instructions to avoid corrupt practices. The generalizability of our results might be limited because we surveyed workers from a single sector; this calls for future studies to verify the stability of our findings across another sectors and firms.

Building Indigenous Support: Fighting Corruption in Iraq

Rebuilding Iraq is no easy task, but it can be made more or less difficult by the key decisions made by U.S. policymakers. Considerations of priorities and needs are not merely polite gesture, they are essential to a plan’s very viability. After decades of failed development policies by way of the Washington Consensus, many in the economic community have learned that context does matter. Particularly in post conflict society, which lack institutional capacity, reforms that ignore indigenous priorities risk utter failure or unintended consequences such as the spread of further violence. Yet external actors can avoid falling into these traps by considering factors highlighted in a Bottom-Up Approach to institutional development, considering Second Best Institutions, and ensuring that there is domestic political will to maintain reforms. These strategies will never provide an easy solution to navigating the tension inherent in attempting to improve institutions in the developing world, but they do offer a starting place.

Endemic corruption in the Iraqi public sector

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine whether anti‐money laundering measures are capable of providing a solution to the growing problem of public sector corruption in Iraq and, if so, the extent to which changes are required to the current Iraqi AML regime to enhance its effectiveness against such corruption.Design/methodology/approachThis paper will initially explore the growing problem of public sector corruption in Iraq and the measures taken to address such corruption. Subsequently, the corruption‐money laundering relationship and the ability of AML measures based on prevailing international standards to serve as an anti‐corruption tool will be analysed. Finally, the current Iraqi AML regime will be examined to observe whether and to what extent changes are required to enhance its effectiveness against public sector corruption.FindingsConsidering the widely acknowledged nexus between corruption and money laundering, a robust AML regime can be effectively utilised by Iraq to combat endemic public sector corruption. This regime must involve a system where financial institutions at their own expense monitor transactions and file suspicious transaction reports with the Iraqi Money Laundering Reporting Office. This, in turn, must identify cases from those suspicious transaction reports that require further investigation by Iraqi anti‐corruption bodies and other law enforcement authorities, who should be empowered to investigate, freeze, seize and confiscate the suspected corrupt proceeds. Such a regime would provide a clear avenue for the obtaining of financial intelligence capable of exposing corruption, thereby addressing the fundamental issue presently encountered by Iraqi anti‐corruption bodies. Amendments are, however, needed to Iraqi anti‐money laundering laws to enhance their effectiveness in combating public sector corruption. Most importantly, financial institutions must be required to apply enhanced customer due diligence measures to domestic politically exposed persons.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is a result of a remote analysis of material published in relation to the subject matter of the paper. Local and regional analysis (e.g. including interviews with the relevant agencies) would be required to confirm the practicality of the propositions made in the paper. Further, the draft version of the revised Iraqi anti‐money laundering law was not examined in an in depth manner due to the uncertainty in its status, including, in particular, whether it has been submitted to the Council of Representatives for approval.Originality/valueAlthough the topics of corruption in Iraq, the Iraqi AML regime and the corruption‐money laundering relationship have been the subject of academic analysis, the related topics have not collectively been examined to determine whether, and to what extent, the Iraqi AML regime can address the rapidly growing problem of public sector corruption in Iraq. Accordingly, the findings in this paper will be of interest to Iraqi lawmakers, Iraqi law enforcement agencies, Iraqi financial institutions and investors in Iraq, particularly in the oil and gas industry.

Organized Crime and Corruption in Iraq

This article seeks to put organized crime in Iraq in a broad comparative perspective. It examines the evolution of organized crime in Iraq, from a largely state-controlled phenomenon under Saddam Hussein to a free market in criminality under the current regime, and identifies the factors which led to this transformation. It also delineates the most prevalent and lucrative criminal activities and identifies those groups and factions involved. It argues that organized crime activities have become the funding mechanism of choice, as well as a means to consolidate local control, for most of the actors engaged in violence in Iraq. The analysis also suggests that a struggle for control over resources related to criminal activities has itself helped to foment violence among certain groups. Consequently, combating organized crime must be central to the US mission in Iraq. The focus should be principally on criminal activities that contribute most to the insecurity of the Iraqi people. The analysis concludes by considering ways in which the power of criminal organizations can be diminished and the consequences of criminal activities mitigated.

Reconstruction and Peacebuilding Under Extreme Adversity: The Problem of Pervasive Corruption in Iraq

Indexes of corruption compiled by the World Bank and Transparency International suggest that Iraq is one of the world's most corrupt countries. While corruption thrived under Saddam Hussein, it has worsened further in the post-Saddam era. Controlling and eradicating Iraqi corruption has proved difficult owing to the fact that it is the product of an interrelated set of forces including: (a) the growth and dynamics of the shadow or informal economy; (b) the deterioration in social capital, and in particular the near absence of trust between the different regions, religious groups, tribes and even within local neighbourhoods; and (c) the evolving relationship between tribes, gangs and the insurgency. Any effort that attempts to control corruption without taking these factors into account will have little chance of success.