Corrosion Rate Of Stainless Steel Research Articles

Corrosion Inhibition by Musa paradisia ca Peel Extract for SS 304 in 1 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Objectives: To study the corrosion inhibition of Musa paradisiaca peel (MPP) extract for stainless steel (SS) 304. Method: The corrosion rate of stainless steel was studied by weight loss measurements in a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution at different concentrations of MPP inhibitor and at various temperatures, e.g., 298 K, 303 K, and 308 K. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the films created on the stainless steel surface in various immersion media at various immersion times. Both potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) examined inhibition efficiency. Langmuir adsorption isotherm studied inhibitor surface adsorption SS 304. Findings: The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency depend on the concentration of the inhibitor and the temperature. When there is an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor, inhibition efficiency increases, e.g., at 50 mg/l concentration, 77% inhibition efficiency, and at 200 mg/l concentration, 87% inhibition efficiency at 298 K. When temperature increases, inhibition efficiency decreases, e.g., at 200 mg/l concentration, 87% at 298 K, 85% at 303 K, and 83% at 308 K. Novelty: This article provides an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel 304. Musa paradisiaca peel extract inhibitor was previously used for iron, mild steel, and carbon steel but was not used for stainless steel 304 in 1 M HCl. Keywords: Corrosion, Stailess stell, Inhibitor, Acid

Characteristics of Bio-ceramic Coating on Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel 316L and Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V)

Thermal spray coating improves SS 316L corrosion resistance using biomaterials like hydroxyapatite (HA), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and titanium dioxide (TiO2), promoting bone binding and biological fixation. The study examined the impact of bio-ceramic coatings like HA, HA+TiO2, and HA+ZrO2 on the corrosion rate of stainless steel and titanium in Hank's Balance Salt Solution and artificial saliva media. Electrochemical testing with polarization was carried out to determine the performance of biomaterials against corrosion rates. The addition of TiO2 and ZrO2 to HA in both SS316L and Ti6Al4V materials reduced the corrosion rate more than HA. This study revealed that coating with HA, HA + ZrO2, and HA + TiO2 biomaterials results in varying thicknesses and roughness under the same spraying parameters. Bioceramic coatings on implants offer an alternative coating to improve the performance of biomaterials.

Estimating the corrosion rate of stainless steel R-SUS304ULC in nitric acid media under concentrating operation

The amount of corrosion of the austenitic stainless steel was evaluated considering the changes in solution composition and boiling during actual concentration operations. Austenitic stainless steel R-SUS304ULC is the structural material of the highly radioactive liquid waste concentrator in Japanese spent fuel reprocessing plant, which treats highly corrosive nitric acid solutions during enrichment operations. The study results show that it is necessary to focus on nitric acid concentrations, oxidizing metal ion concentrations, and decompression boiling as factors that accelerate the corrosion rate of stainless steel because of cathodic reaction activation.

Corrosion of stainless steels and corrosion protection strategies in the semiconductor manufacturing industry: a review

Abstract Stainless steels are used extensively in semiconductor manufacturing as chamber, structure component and gas delivery systems. The corrosion in the aggressive gas in the semiconductor manufacturing industry leads to particle release, contaminating wafers and limiting their application. Moisture content can accelerate the corrosion rate of stainless steel. In a high-temperature environment, the corrosion is determined by the synergistic effect of the vapour of the corrosion product and thermal ageing. To eliminate corrosion, lots of efforts have been performed and categorized into three aspects: (1) Material purification using innovating metallurgy techniques, especially vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR). The ultra-pure stainless steel minimizes the inclusion in stainless steel, suppressing the breakdown of the passive film. (2) Smoothing the surface by polishing; the polishing surface shows hydrophobic behaviour and decreases moisture absorption. (3) Applying surface and coating techniques against corrosion, including passivation treatment and electroplating/electroless Ni-based coating. Herein, the techniques mentioned above are reviewed, and the prospect and development of stainless steel in the semiconductor manufacturing industry are forecasted.

Control of Corrosion Rate of Metal Alloys: SS 304 And SS 201 Using Phosphate Inhibitor in Nacl 3.5%

Corrosion is metal damage caused by electrochemical reactions with its environment. This environment can be water, air, gas, acid solution, salt solution, and others. Metals are highly active in producing an oxide layer on the metal surface under the influence of an aerobic environment. Metal corrosion is a process where the action of the surrounding media damages metal materials by the introduction of corrosion ions. This study aims to determine the best conditions for phosphate in controlling the rate of corrosion and Knowing the inhibition of phosphate on controlling the rate of corrosion. The materials used were stainless steel 201, stainless steel 304, and phosphate as an inhibitor. Meanwhile the solution NaCl 3.5% as a corrosive media environment and distilled water. Based on this research, the best phosphate concentration in reducing the corrosion rate of stainless steel 201 and 304 is 100 ppm with a reduction in the corrosion rate of stainless steel 201 of 0.022312 mpy with an inhibition percentage of 89.68%, and a reduction in the corrosion rate of stainless steel 304 by 0.045694 mpy with the percentage of inhibition is 94.027%. The corrosion rate of 304 stainless steel is lower than that of 201 stainless steel caused by differences in the Cr element composition of each metal. Stainless steel 304 contains 18.24% Cr while stainless steel 201 contains 13.00% Cr. The lower the Cr content in stainless steel, the stainless steel will be more susceptible to corrosion.

Dissolution of contaminant Zr-DBP and corrosion of stainless steel by dissolved solution

In the nuclear spent fuel reprocessing, zirconium dibutyl phosphate (Zr-DBP) is deposited on the surface of stainless steel equipment, making spent fuel reprocessing difficult. Therefore, in this study, hydrazine carbonate ((N2H5)2CO3) was used to dissolve Zr-DBP. The effects of solid–liquid ratio, different mass fractions of (N2H5)2CO3 solutions, and (N2H5)2CO3 solutions containing different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the dissolution of Zr-DBP were investigated. The corrosion rates of different dissolution solutions on stainless steel were also investigated. When the mass fraction of (N2H5)2CO3 in solution was increased from 1 % to 20 %, the concentration of Zr(IV) at dissolution equilibrium increased from 1.05 g/L to 1.61 g/L, respectively. When the dissolution temperature was kept in the range of 25 °C to 65 °C, the increasing temperature promoted the dissolution of Zr-DBP. The presence of H2O2 induced the production of the white precipitates zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4). In addition, the corrosion rate of stainless steel gradually increased from 0.00153 mm/a to 0.0138 mm/a when the concentration of H2O2 in the (N2H5)2CO3 solution was increased from 0 M to 1.5 M. The dissolution ability of Zr-DBP in different carbonate solutions was (N2H5)2CO3 ≥ ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) > sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) ≥ potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

The influence of addition maja fruit peel extract as inhibitor on the corrosion rate of stainless steel and carbon steel

Corrosion can cause serious damage, such as a piece of equipment or a decrease in tool life. The materials used in an industry, its use can be seen in factory flow pipes that carry a substance, which is one of the factors causing corrosion. The aim of this research is to determine the performance of maja rind extract as an inhibitor of stainless steel and carbon steel corrosion rates, to determine the inhibition efficiency of maja rind extract in controlling the corrosion rate of stainless steel and carbon steel. Method use in this reasearch extraction and polarization. The best concentration in controlling the corrosion rate of SS 304 was obtained at 100 ppm with a corrosion rate of 0.00963 mpy, for SS 316 it was obtained at 100 ppm with a corrosion rate of 0.00521 mpy, while on steel plate it was obtained at 100 ppm with a corrosion rate of 0.00774 mpy. The best inhibitor efficiency on SS 304 can reach 97.6% with the best concentration of 100 ppm, on SS 316 it can reach 99.4% with the best concentration of 100 ppm, and on steel plate it can reach 98.84% with the best concentration of 100 ppm.

CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF SS304 IN HYDROGEN CHLORIDECONTAINING ENVIRONMENTS

The corrosion behaviour of stainless steel SS304 was investigated in three major aqueous environments, namely dry, water-saturated and free-water conditions and in two different methanol environments, namely dry and watersaturated environments with 99% methanol +1% water. The sulfuric acid and sodium chloride reaction generated hydrogen chloride gas in all the experiments. An inert carrier gas such as argon pushed the hydrogen chloride gas to flow over desiccants to make the latter dry. The dry hydrogen chloride gas would then flow into the second flask to which a pre-weighted stainless-steel specimen was exposed at ambient conditions for 48 hours. The specimen was retrieved and subjected to the surface and chemical analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/EDAX. The presence of chloride would affirm the adsorption of chloride ions on the metal surface and vice versa. The specimen was then weighted to determine the corrosion rate. The results suggested that stainless steel would not corrode in dry hydrogen chloride gas. However, when saturated with moisture, its corrosion rate would increase by about one order of magnitude. In a free-water environment, the corrosion rate would triple. Hydrogen chloride gas would react with moisture or water, turning it into hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is a reducing acid that attacks the Cr2O3 layer, leading to general and/or localised corrosion. The presence of methanol increased the corrosion rate of stainless steel by a factor of three to four.Keywords: methanol, stainless steel, localised corrosion, methyl chloride

Corrosion characteristic of stainless steel and galvanized steel in water emulsified diesel, diesel and palm biodiesel

This study evaluated the corrosion effect of stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to water emulsified diesel, diesel and palm biodiesel under laboratory immersion carried out at 25 ℃ for 1200 h. The effect of stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to emulsified diesel at 25 ℃ for 240, 480, 720, 960 and 1200 h was also evaluated. Emulsified diesel consists of 5 vol% water, 1.5 vol% Span 80, 1.5 vol% Tween 80 and 92 vol% diesel was prepared using high shear stirrer for 20 min at 3500 revolutions/min. Corrosion rate, surface morphology, elemental composition, optical microscopy, mean droplet diameter, dispersity index, density, viscosity, water content and total acid number were performed. Stainless steel and galvanized steel immersed in emulsified diesel had 1.1 and 8.5 times higher corrosion rate than in diesel, respectively. Stainless steel had 0.5 times lower corrosion rate when exposed to emulsified diesel than biodiesel. While, galvanized steel had 3.5 times higher corrosion rate exposed to emulsified diesel than biodiesel. 114 % and 97 % reduction in corrosion rate experienced by stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to emulsified diesel, respectively, between 240 and 1200 h of immersion duration. Higher acidity of emulsified diesel than diesel due to the presence of Span 80 and Tween 80 is suggested to have influenced the higher corrosion for stainless steel and galvanized steel in emulsified diesel than diesel. Considering lower corrosion rate of stainless steel in emulsified diesel than biodiesel, coupled with the acceptance of biodiesel for use in blended form with diesel, this suggest that the corrosion level of stainless steel in emulsified diesel is within acceptable level. More research works exploring possibility of preparing stable and less acidic emulsified diesel and its effects towards metals are required to establish the compatibility of emulsified diesel with fuel delivery metals.

Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on electrochemical behaviours of stainless steels in circulating cooling water

Stainless steel alloys, often used in circulating cooling systems of power plants using reclaimed water as coolant, can be affected by biocorrosion induced by biofilm formation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria play an important role in the different stages of biofilm formation, maturation and maintenance. The influence of loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), isolated from Citrobacter freundii, on the adsorption properties and electrochemical behaviours of stainless steels 304, 316 L and 317 (SS304, SS316 L and SS317) in circulating cooling water, were investigated by evaluating the adhesion forces of SSs (AFM), surface analysis (SEM, XPS) and the effect of EPS on SSs (electrochemical measurements, ICP-MS). The results show that the LB-EPS and TB-EPS of the solutions influence the surface adsorption of stainless steels (SSs). The adhesion forces of SSs in TB-EPS are higher than those of LB-EPS. A statistical difference in the adhesion forces of SSs was detected, with higher adhesion force of SS317, followed by SS316L and finally by SS304. The adhesion forces to SSs are influenced by both the electrostatic force and metal surface hydrophobicity. LB-EPS and TB-EPS can inhibit the dissolution of metal elements on SS surfaces in circulating cooling water. The dissolution rate of each metal element on the surface of SS304, SS316 L and SS317 is different, and their dissolution trends are basically the same: Fe > Ni > Cr > Mn. In the presence of TB-EPS or LB-EPS, the dissolution rate of Fe on SS304, SS316L and SS317 decreases by 30.61%, 24.20% and 27.43% or 77.95%, 86.70% and 83.96%, respectively. Electrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the formation of a protective film composed of organic complexes such as C-(Fe, Ni), C–O-(Fe, Ni), N-(Fe, Ni), N–O-(Ni, Fe) and FeOOH on the SS surfaces can slow down the corrosion rate of stainless steel to some extent. Moreover, EPS films formed on SS317 and SS316 L have higher resistance and lower conductivity than those formed on SS304.

Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel 304 in HNO3 Solution

This literature review was aims to describe corrosion rate stainless steel 304 in sulfuric acid. Immerse process do in 700C temperature for 6 hours and than in 29oC temperature for 18 hours every day. This condition aim to get closer to the actual use in the manufacture of tubes of reactor SAMOP (sub critical assembly for Mo99Prad action). Specimen after TIG welding and electric arc welding cleaned from crust and than measured, drawing, balanced, and record the first weight. The survey findings show heavy shrinkage sample, it is well visible on the corrosion pH 0.5 in electric arc welding of 0.105 gram/dm2/month for corrosion 0.026 gram/dm2/month without welding and pH 0.2, arc welding of 0.045 gram/dm2/month, pH 0.2 no Las 0.02 gram/dm2/month. Specimen that has been welded have significant differences in corrosion rate compare to specimen that have not weld.

Comparative corrosion behaviour of stainless steels and their welds in wet-process phosphoric acid

ABSTRACT The present study compares corrosion behaviour of three austenitic stainless steels 316L, 317L and 904L (base materials and welds) in wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) and reagent grade phosphoric acid with impurities, e.g., Cl-, F- and SO4 2-. The corrosion study was done by performing electrochemical polarisations at 50°C followed by Tafel extrapolation. Welds always had higher corrosion rates than their respective base materials. The corrosion rates of stainless steels in plant WPA were much less compared to that in reagent grade phosphoric acid with almost similar levels of Cl−, F− and . This is due to the presence of a variety of dissolved metallic ions in WPA that reduces its corrosiveness. Among the three metallic cations (Fe3+, Mg2+ and Al3+) examined in this study, the inhibiting action increased in the order Fe3+ < Mg2+ < Al3+. SS 904L was the most corrosion-resistant alloy in WPA followed by SS 317L and 316L.

A Review of Electrochemical Corrosion on Stainless Steel 316

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour on stainless steel 316 has been studied with various solutions and its corroded samples along with the microstructural studies and prevention. The electrochemical corrosion occurs due to the transformation of electrons at the metal surface to depolarizer. In the existing approaches, the test methods of the electrochemical corrosion are performed to investigate its behaviour on stainless steel 316. The result shows that small and porous pits were observed when using some acidic solutions (eg: HCl, H2SO4, FeCl3). Localized pitting effect on grain boundries of the corroded sample was analyzed by using an optical microscope and SEM. In PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) environment, the potentiodynamic polarization test was performed to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour on stainless steel 316. Some results showed that the corrosion rate of stainless steel 316 can be avoided with the help of powder coating methods. Various powder composition such as acrylic, polyester, epoxy, nylon, and urethane can be used to prevent electrochemical corrosion. In this survey, the electrochemical corrosion behaviour on stainless steel 316 was studied and thus, a conclusion is drawn to prevent this electrochemical corrosion by using various powder coating methods.

Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steels Exposed to Salt Lake Atmosphere of Western China for 8 years

The evolution of corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steels exposed to salt lake atmosphere for 8 years was investigated. The results showed that the stainless steel in salt lake atmosphere had a greater corrosion rate during the initial exposure time and relatively lower corrosion rate during the subsequent exposure time. Dust depositions accumulated on the downward surface caused severe local corrosion of stainless steel. As exposure time prolonged, the relative amount of Croxide and Feoxide in the corrosion products gradually increased, which may directly affect the corrosion rate of stainless steels. Moreover, the maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to exposure time.

Effects of chloride ions on electrochemical reaction of 316 stainless steel in mixtures of molten nitrate salts

AbstractEffects of chloride ion on decomposition of ternary nitrate and corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel (316 SS) were studied by electrochemical corrosion tests in molten salt. Chemical composition and morphology of the corrosion products were analyzed using x‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy disperse spectroscopy. Composition analysis for molten salt combined with morphology analyses of corrosion layer showed that presence of chlorine ions slowed down decomposition of ternary nitrate and increased corrosion rate of stainless steel markedly. The polarization curve obtained indicated that the corrosion current density increased from 3.02 mA ⋅ cm−2 to 8.76 mA ⋅ cm−2 with the addition of 10 % NaCl. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated a decrease in charge‐transfer resistance of the double layer between 316 SS and ternary Nitrate containing 10 % NaCl, resulting in a decreased corrosion resistance of 316 SS.

Near-field corrosion interactions between glass and corrosion resistant alloys

This study explores the corrosion interactions between model nuclear waste glass materials and corrosion resistant alloys, under accelerated conditions that simulate the near field of a nuclear waste repository. The interactions between the corrosion of stainless steel (SS) 316, alloy G30, or alloy 625, and international simple glass or soda-lime silica glass are systematically studied. The dissimilar materials were exposed in close proximity to each other in different electrolytes at 90 °C. After exposure, the glass surface exposed near metals showed different regimes of corrosion, with distinct surface morphologies and chemistries that were likely affected by the local environment created by the localized corrosion of metals. Surface and solution analyses showed that the corrosion rate of glass was enhanced by the presence of metals. Infrared spectroscopy data suggested the local build-up of stresses in the contact area of glass, which may lead to the mechanical instability of the glass alteration layer. On the other hand, the effect of glass on metal corrosion is strongly dependent on the leaching solution. In electrolytes containing abundant aggressive anions such as Cl−, glass seems to suppress the localized corrosion of SS by the precipitation of a Si-rich surface film that protects the SS substrate from solutions. However, in less aggressive electrolytes, the corrosion rate of SS was increased by the presence of glass corrosion products. Overall, our study showed that the hidden and localized damage on glass in contact with metals may enhance the release rate of glass components compared to typical uniform glass corrosion.

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Stainless Steel by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria: A Tale of Caution

The influence of different experimental media composition and air purging on the potential for microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of Type 304 stainless steel with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated. Modified Baar’s (MB) medium, MB medium without iron ions and supplemented with sodium chloride (MBN), and air purged MBN medium (MBO) were used. Pitting corrosion attack was found on the surface of the coupons for all of the conditions tested including the abiotic tests, and detailed statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the pitting results. General corrosion and maximum pit penetration rates also showed no difference between the coupons exposed to different test conditions. Interestingly, the pits found on the surface of the coupons in all of the tested conditions were comparable in size/shape and depth to that of the inclusions present on the surface of the stainless steel coupons. These findings suggest that (i) the test conditions studied do not lead to increased corrosion rates of stainless steel with SRBs and (ii) care needs to be taken to avoid the pitfall of misinterpreting the corrosion of inclusions present on the surface of stainless steels, which can occur as a result of cleaning of the coupons, as MIC pits.

Fabrication of zinc-aluminum composite coating on stainless steel with long-term protection durability

ABSTRACTA zinc-aluminum (Zn-Al) composite coating was prepared on a 304 stainless steel surface by dip coating and a thermal sintering method. The microstructure and the phase composition of the composite coating were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the coating. The results demonstrate that the Zn-Al composite coating can effectively decrease the corrosion rate of stainless steel, providing an excellent way to solve the corrosion problem in harsh environments.

The Effect of Ruthenium on the Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Nitric Acid Liquors

Nuclear reprocessing plant liquors resulting from the PUREX process contain ruthenium present as a mixture of nitrosyl complexes in nitric acid. Ruthenium is not corrosive toward stainless steels unless the conditions are sufficiently oxidizing to promote the decomposition of one or more of the nitrosyl complexes present, in which case the production of finely-divided RuO2occurs. In this work, the corrosive effect of RuO2coatings that were produced by the thermal decomposition of RuCl3is reported. The corrosion potential and corrosion rate of stainless steel were found to be significantly increased by the presence of RuO2coatings, and depended on the temperature, but did not depend on the amount of RuO2present provided above a threshold which was found to lie in the range 43 μg/cm2to 86 μg/cm2of RuO2. Corrosion potential measurements indicated that in hot 10 M nitric acid, the RuO2coatings formed by the thermal decomposition of RuCl3reproduced the effect of RuO2formed from the in situ oxidation of a tri-nitrato ruthenium compound. However, a stronger, but only short-term, effect was also found, which is attributed to an intermediate precursor of RuO2, considered likely to be RuO4. Two separate corrosion accelerating effects can therefore arise in ruthenium-bearing liquors.

Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. Extract as Inhibitor for Corrosion of Stainless Steel

Green inhibitors are inhibitors that utilize secondary metabolites of plant to reduce the rate of corrosion. Secondary metabolites with heteroatom content phosphate, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur function as ligands and adsorption centers to bind metals. These metabolites compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a local plant of Bangka Belitung which contains alkaloid, flavonoids and tannins. The focus of this research is to analyze the effect of T. merguensis leaf extract on corrosion rate of stainless steel. T. merguensis extract was obtained by maceration for 3 x 24 hours using ethanol solvent. Determination of corrosion rate using the mass reduction method. Then, functional group analysis contained in extract uses the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) at wavenumber region 4000–400 cm−1. The results obtained that at the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L the extract of T. merguensis was able to inhibit the corrosion rate of stainless steel until the corrosion rate was 0.3826 mmpy equal to inhibition efficiency 85.27%. This inhibiting ability is more likely because T. merguensis leaf extract containing phenolic compounds. Therefor T. merguensis extract can be used as a green inhibitor.