Corrosion Protection Performance Of Epoxy Research Articles

Insights in emerging Ti3C2Tx MXene-enriched polymeric coatings for metallic surface protection: Advancements in microstructure, anti-aging, and electrochemical performance

This study provides new insights into the development of high-performance MXene-reinforced coatings to strengthen polymeric nanocomposites by enhancing microstructure, anti-aging properties, corrosion resistance, and robustness. MXene nanoparticles, labeled 25C and 80C, were synthesized using two different methods and incorporated at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 wt% into epoxy composites. The results demonstrated that 80C MXene, characterized by its finer morphology and superior dispersion, significantly improved the composite's performance compared to 25C. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests, along with long-term exposure assessments, suggested that incorporating both types of MXene nanoparticles enhances the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings over time. Micro-CT analysis revealed that both types of MXene substantially reduced defects and voids in the polymeric matrix, resulting in enhanced protective performance. This void reduction confirms that the incorporation of both 25C and 80C MXene improves microstructural integrity by filling voids and creating a more continuous, uniform structure, particularly in samples with 0.1 % to 1.0 % MXene flakes. The findings also highlighted MXene's potential in modifying the anti-aging properties of epoxy by inhibiting free radical generation and enhancing the composite's resistance against corrosion. Both 25C and 80C MXene-epoxy groups exhibited a clear trend of diminishing free radical intensity with increasing MXene concentration up to 1.0 %, with free radical intensity reduced by over 40 % compared to neat epoxy. The relationship between MXene concentration and reinforcement was also investigated, revealing superior corrosion protection properties at concentrations of 0.5–1.0 wt%. This research offers a profound understanding of MXene's potential in polymer-based composites, laying a foundation for future investigations aimed at utilizing MXene to achieve superior material properties for a wide range of applications, particularly in the realm of metallic surface protection.

Enhancement of barrier and corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings through adding eco‐friendly lamellar biochar

AbstractBiomass, as a green and renewable energy source, can be procured from a broad range of sources and is low in cost. The full exploitation of biomass could reduce the dependence on and consumption of fossil fuels, and is conducive to the protection of the environment. The prevention of corrosion of metals is an issue considered problematic in many fields, including in industrial production among others. Many anticorrosion materials are expensive and are noxious to the environment. This is an important issue that anticorrosion workers cannot ignore. This study proposes the use of biochar epoxy to boost the barrier properties of the coating, which is both economical and eco‐friendly. The incorporation of biochar can reduce the porosity of the coating and complicate the path of the corrosive media towards the steel substrate. Additionally, it can also reinforce the anticorrosion performance of the coatings. First, this article introduces the effect of biochars with different ultrasonic durations on the anticorrosion performance of anticorrosion coatings. After finding the biochar with the optimal ultrasonic duration, the effects of biochar on the anticorrosion performance of the coatings at different temperatures are assessed and the changes in its anticorrosion performance following soaking are discussed. The discussion concludes that applying biochar to anticorrosion coatings provides a feasible type of coating for anticorrosion work.

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/nanodiamond hybrid nanostructures with various morphologies to enhance the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating

In this study, nano-sized diamond particles (ND) were functionalized in two consecutive stages. First, dry thermal oxidation was employed to obtain carboxylated ND. In the next step, carboxylated ND was properly surface modified through wet chemistry to acquire aminated-ND (ND-NH2). Then, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized in the presence of aminated-ND particles at a broad concentration from 1 wt% to 70 wt% to obtain PANI/ND hybrid nanostructures. The chemical structure, morphology, and thermal stability of nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized by different techniques such as FT-IR, UV–visible, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM. It was observed that the morphology of PANI/ND nanostructures varied from nanotube at low concentration of ND to aggregated NDs covered by PANI at high concentration of NDs, namely at 70 wt%. Eventually, the hybrid PANI/ND nanoparticles were incorporated into epoxy coatings in order to improve the corrosion protection performance. The anti-corrosion properties of the coatings were examined carefully by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that the morphology of PANI/ND nanohybrid structure dominated greatly the corrosion protection behavior of epoxy coating. Accordingly, it was revealed that PANI/ND5%-epoxy nanocomposite showed improved and synergistic corrosion resistance compared to neat epoxy, ND-epoxy, PANI-epoxy and even PANI/ND50%-epoxy nanocomposites due to better anodic protection as well as greater barrier performance.

Corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating containing alumina/PANI nanoparticles doped with cerium nitrate inhibitor on Al-2024 substrates

Alumina/polyaniline hybrid nanoparticles doped with cerium nitrate corrosion inhibitor was synthesized via a chemical polymerization method. The morphology and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Incorporation of alumina/polyaniline nanocomposite particles doped with cerium nitrate into epoxy coating on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 resulted in a protective system with superior corrosion protection performance confirmed by potentiodynamic scanning method (PDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion current density of the nanocomposite coating was (7.35 ± 0.22)×10−9 A/cm2, which was reduced by two orders of magnitude compared with that of the control epoxy sample. Moreover, the embedding of cerium nitrate doped alumina/polyaniline nanoparticles into epoxy coating provides active protection against corrosion. The low frequency impedance values of the scratched area of this coating after 6 days immersion was three orders of magnitude higher than that of the control sample.

Enhanced active/barrier corrosion protective properties of epoxy coatings containing eco-friendly green inorganic/organic hybrid pigments based on zinc cations/Ferula Asafoetida leaves

In this study, a novel inorganic/organic hybrid pigment based on zinc cations/Ferula Asafoetida leaves extract (Zn-FALE) was synthesized, and its corrosion protection properties were investigated in a saline solution and an organic coating. Interactions of components between Zn2+ cations and FALE were assessed by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and ultraviolet-visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy. Corrosion inhibitive performance of FALE and Zn-FALE pigments in the solution phase and coating phase was studied using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). TGA and UV–visible results revealed the proper chelation between inorganic and organic components of Zn-FALE hybrid green pigments. Electrochemical measurement results showed that the addition of 200 mg L−1 FALE and Zn-FALE in the saline solution increased the total impedance of mild steel plates from ~672 to ~8154 and 12,786 Ω cm2, respectively, after 24 h immersion. Also, FALE and Zn-FALE showed a mixed-type inhibition mechanism with an efficiency of 67 and 90.2%, respectively. Moreover, EIS results in the coating phase showed that in the presence of 3 wt% of Zn-FALE pigments, the barrier and active corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings enhanced significantly. The results showed that Zn-FALE pigments have a better performance compared to other extracts reported in the literature.

New effects of TiO2 nanotube/g-C3N4 hybrids on the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings

In this research, the effects of visible-light-driven titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) hybrids on the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings both in the dark and under visible-light irradiation are studied. For this, TiO2 nanotube/g-C3N4 hybrids and 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane functionalized hybrids were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping, N2 adsorption/desorption technique, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. TiO2 nanotubes containing 30 wt% g-C3N4 (H30%) showed the highest photocatalytic performance due to the simultaneous effects of high surface area and band-gap structure; however, the photocatalytic activity decreased after the silane functionalization of H30%. Then, epoxy coatings containing H30% and silane functionalized H30% in different amounts (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) were prepared, and their corrosion resistance was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl solution. The results revealed that the epoxy coatings containing 0.3 wt% hybrids have higher corrosion resistance than that of the neat coating, and silane-functionalized nanofillers more effectively enhance the corrosion resistance. However, when these nanocomposite coatings are irradiated with visible light, their corrosion protection performance remarkably reduces owing to the degradation of organic matrix by the oxidizing radicals formed on the photocatalytic hybrid surface.

A novel approach to fabricate polyacrylate modified graphene oxide for improving the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings

In the past decades, graphene oxide (GO) exhibited great potential for enhancing the performance of polymer composites. Homogeneous dispersion of GO sheets in the polymer matrix was still a main challenge for the application of GO materials. In this paper, the polyacrylate functionalized GO (PA-GO) was prepared through free-radical copolymerization technology, with the aim to enhance the dispersion of GO in epoxy coatings. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were conducted to inspect the structure and micromorphology of GO and PA-GO nanosheets. The results affirmed that the polyacrylate polymer has successfully grafted onto graphene oxide. The SEM results revealed that the GO nanoplatelets exhibited significantly improvement in the dispersion and interfacial interaction in the epoxy matrix after modification with polyacrylate polymer. Electrochemical measurements were also employed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of GO-based epoxy composite coatings. The EIS results indicated that the impedance modulus at low frequency (0.01 Hz) of epoxy coating containing PA-GO was increased by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the neat epoxy, demonstrating that the corrosion resistance of epoxy coating was significantly improved after introduction of PA-GO. Besides, the Tafel results showed that the corrosion rate of epoxy coating was also decreased from 4.814 × 10−7 mm/year to 1.701 × 10−8 mm/year, which also indicated that the incorporation of PA-GO effectively strengthened the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating.

Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Overall Performance and Corrosion Protection Ability of Neat Epoxy and PDMS Modified Epoxy Coating Systems

Epoxy - TiO2 nanocomposite coatings were prepared by the utilization of the solution intercalation method with the presence of the sonication process and the influence of embedding different loading ratios of TiO2 nanoparticles within neat epoxy resin was investigated. To further improve the corrosion protection performance and to fulfil the hydrophobicity of the developed coated surfaces, the epoxy polymeric resin was modified with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and different loading ratio of TiO2 nanoparticles was intoduced to the modified polymeric matrix to fabricate PDMS modified epoxy nanocoposite coating sytems. All developed coating systems were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the chemical structure and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the developed coating systems, respectively. The morphology, topology, optical properties, and the wettability were also examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-rays analyzer (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and contact angle measurement (CA), respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical behaviour and the barrier properties of the developed coating films were investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The findings revealed a good curing level with higher Tg values for all developed nanaocompsoite coating systems and confirmed the efficiency of the sonication process in developed well dispersed TiO2 within the polymeric matrix. Also, the obtained results revealed the ability of certain amount of TiO2 nanoparticles in enhancing the corrosion protection performance of epoxy based coating systems. The compatibility of epoxy resin, PDMS and TiO2 nanoparticles was also confirmed by achieving the hydrophobicity and obtaining the best corrosion protection performance.

Evaluation of anti-corrosion performance of modified gelatin-graphene oxide nanocomposite dispersed in epoxy coating on mild steel in saline media

The primary objective of the present study is to develop an effective bio-based corrosion-resistant coating on mild steel using gelatin. In this study, the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating incorporated with modified gelatin (MGel) and MGel-graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites on mild steel has been investigated. The synthesized MGel and MGel-GO were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surfaces of coated samples (MGel-EP and MGel/GO-EP) were analyzed by Contact Angle technique, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were employed to assess the corrosion protection performance of the different EP coatings. Results revealed the better protection performance of MGel/GO-EP coatings than MGel-EP and pure EP coatings. Well dispersed GO increases the compactness and cross-linking degree of coating and thus enhances the protection efficiency of MGel/GO-EP coating by 59% than pure EP coating. The present study set forth an innovative application of the readily available and affordable gelatin in the field of corrosion.

The effect of polycrystalline graphene on corrosion protection performance of solvent based epoxy coatings: Experimental and DFT studies

In this research, the effect of polycrystalline graphene (PG) on corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating is investigated. Various quantitative and qualitative characterization techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Porosimety were employed for characterizing the sample and studying the structure of morphology of the PG. Furthermore, the field emission scanning electron microscopy was considered for investigating the PG dispersion in coating. The corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings containing different wt.% of PG (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained using the prepared nanocomposite showed that the nanocomposite coatings provided higher corrosion resistance compared with the pure epoxy. Meanwhile, nanocomposites containing 0.05 wt% PG show superior corrosion resistance and lower wettability (∼12% decrease in water contact angle). The PG sheets agglomerate in matrix by increasing the loading of PG, leading to increase of hydrophilicity and decrease of corrosion protection. Also, the quantum chemical calculations and Density Functional Theory are performed which confirmed the better performance of the epoxy/PG nanocomposite compared with pure samples.

Dopamine modified metal-organic frameworks on anti-corrosion properties of waterborne epoxy coatings

Abstract In this study, dopamine (DA) was grafted on the surface of the Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and DA-MOFs were incorporated into waterborne epoxy coatings. The DA-MOFs were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The coating properties was studied by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), salt spray test and adhesion test. Compared with epoxy resin coatings, coatings with DA-MOFs enhanced the properties of water resistance and corrosion resistance. The EIS results showed that the resistance value of coating with DA-MOFs was above 3.18 × 108 Ω cm2. Corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating with 0.5 wt% DA-MOFs was higher than others.

Enhancement of corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating by introducing new hydrogenphosphate compound

Abstract (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6]3(HPO3)4 (MgHP) was synthesized by a wet chemistry route and characterized by IR spectroscopy. The influence of MgHP on the anti-corrosion and mechanical properties of epoxy coating were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), nano-indentation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques as well as the water uptake measurements. The performance of new epoxy coating was investigated for coated carbon steel in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Results showed that the incorporation of MgHP particles increased anti-corrosion and mechanical properties of epoxy coating. The epoxy coating performance enhances with increasing concentration of MgHP particles up 1.0%. It was observed that the volume of water uptake by epoxy coating reduced after modification with MgHP particles as compared to neat epoxy coating.

Investigating the effect of SiO2-graphene oxide hybrid as inorganic nanofiller on corrosion protection properties of epoxy coatings

In this research, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is used as organosilane to decorate the surface of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by SiO2 nanospheres via a facile method. Results of X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy reveal that SiO2 nanospheres have covered the surface of GO sheets through covalent bonding and SiO2-GO nanohybrids are successfully synthesized. Further, the effect of incorporating 0.1wt% GO nanosheets and/or SiO2-GO nanohybrids on properties of epoxy coatings is investigated. The results show that the pull-off adhesion strength of epoxy coatings to mild steel substrates and the water contact angle on coatings significantly increase via adding SiO2-GO nanohybrids. The potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray test results demonstrate that corrosion protection performance of epoxy coatings remarkably enhances by embedding well-distributed SiO2-GO nanohybrids compared to GO nanosheets.

Corrosion protection of carbon steel by solvent free epoxy coating containing hydrotalcites intercalated with different organic corrosion inhibitors

Abstract Hydrotalcites intercalated with two different corrosion inhibitors: 2-benzothiazolythio-succinic acid (BTSA) and benzoate (BZ) were prepared by coprecipitation method and incorporated (1.5 wt.%) in solvent free epoxy coatings. The obtained hydrotalcites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and zeta potential measurements. The solid suspensions in epoxy resin were characterized by rheology and Turbiscan. The corrosion protection performance of the epoxy coating containing hydrotalcites applied on carbon steel was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, salt spray test and adhesion measurement. It was shown that the BTSA and BZ were intercalated in hydrotalcite and their loading was about 22 wt.% and 27 wt.%, respectively. The presence of BZ modified hydrotalcite (HT-BZ) improved significantly the corrosion protection of solvent free epoxy coating. Corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating containing HT-BZ was higher than that of epoxy coating containing BTSA modified hydrotalcite (HT-BTSA). The corrosion protection performance of coatings appears to depend on the dispersion degree of hydrotalcite particles in the epoxy matrix and the solubility of organic inhibitor in the electrolyte.

A new strategy for improvement of the corrosion resistance of a green cerium conversion coating through thermal treatment procedure before and after application of epoxy coating

The effect of post-heating of CeCC on its surface morphology and chemistry has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The corrosion protection performance of the coatings was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of thermal treatment of CeCC on the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating was investigated by EIS. Results showed that the heat treatment of Ce film noticeably improved its corrosion resistance and adhesion properties compared to that of untreated samples. The CeCC deposited on the steel substrate at room temperature had a highly cracked structure, while the amount of micro-cracks significantly reduced after post-heating procedure. Results obtained from EIS analysis confirmed the effect of post-heating of CeCC on its corrosion protection performance enhancement. The increase of post-heating temperature and time up to 140°C and 3h led to better results.

Enhancement of the corrosion protection performance and cathodic delamination resistance of epoxy coating through treatment of steel substrate by a novel nanometric sol-gel based silane composite film filled with functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets

This study focuses on developing a sol-gel based silane film filled with functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets (fGO) to enhance the epoxy coating resistance against corrosion and cathodic delamination over the steel substrate. fGO and silane composite with fGO were characterized by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray diffraction analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The effect of silane treatment on the epoxy coating performance was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), salt spray and cathodic delamination tests. Results reveal that incorporation of fGO nanosheets into the silane film significantly enhances the corrosion protection performance of the epoxy coating and reduced cathodic delamination.

Synthesize and characterization of a novel anticorrosive cobalt ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in silica matrix (CoFe2O4-SiO2) to improve the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating

This study aimed at studying the effect of an anticorrosive nickel ferrite nanoparticle dispersed in silica matrix (NiFe2O4-SiO2) on the corrosion protection properties of steel substrate. NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4-SiO2 nanopigments were synthesized and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, 1wt.% of nanopigments was dispersed in an epoxy coating and the resultant nanocomposites were applied on the steel substrates. The corrosion inhibition effects of nanopigments were tested by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray test. Results revealed that dispersing nickel ferrite nanoparticles in a silica matrix (NiFe2O4-SiO2) resulted in the enhancement of the nanopigment dispersion in the epoxy coating matrix. Inclusion of 1wt.% of NiFe2O4-SiO2 nanopigment into the epoxy coating enhanced its corrosion protection properties before and after scratching.

Effects of hydrotalcite intercalated with corrosion inhibitor on cathodic disbonding of epoxy coatings

In this study, zinc aluminum hydrotalcite intercalated with 2-benzothiazolylthio-succinic acid (BTSA) as a container of corrosion inhibitor was prepared and incorporated in an epoxy coating. The HT-BTSA obtained was characterized using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. BTSA release from HT-BTSA in 0.5 M NaCl solution was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The corrosion protection performance of the epoxy coating containing HT-BTSA was evaluated and compared to the pure epoxy coating and the epoxy coating containing HT by cathodic disbonding test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, salt spray test, and adhesion measurement. It was shown that the BTSA was intercalated in hydrotalcite and its loading was about 33.5%. The BTSA release from HT-BTSA increased with the pH of the NaCl solution. It was also shown that the presence of HT or HT-BTSA in epoxy coating improved the resistance to cathodic disbonding and the adhesion of the epoxy coating. Corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating containing HT-BTSA was higher than that of epoxy coating containing HT.

Corrosion Protection Performance of Epoxy Coated High Tensile Strength Steel Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscope and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Techniques

Corrosion Protection Performance of Epoxy Coated High Tensile Strength Steel Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscope and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Techniques

Effect of Si nanoparticles on the corrosion protection performance of organic coating on carbon steel in chloride environment

This work examines the effect of silicon (Si) nanoparticles on the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating over carbon steel by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The EIS was performed in a 0.1 M NaCl solution after a wet/dry cyclic corrosion and continuous immersion test. The addition of Si nanoparticles increased the film resistance (Rf) and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the coated steel. The surface analysis showed that uniform and fine Si-Fe complex oxides layers were formed acting as barrier layers that enhanced the corrosion protection of the coated steel in the wet/dry cyclic corrosion test. The results of the EIS of the coated steel with Si nanoparticles suggested that Si nanoparticles play a beneficial role in enhancing the corrosion resistance of organic coated steel.