Corrosion Protection Of Mild Steel Research Articles

Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Simulated Offshore Environment Using Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extract

The inhibitive action of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts on mild steel corrosion in 1M HCl and 0.5 NaCl solutions was studied using the Gravimetric technique. Four weighed well-polished coupons suspended into sample bottles labeled 200mg/l, 400mg/l, 800mg/l, 1200mg/l and the blank respectively was used. The results shown in Tables 1 to 5 is the weight loss data of mild steel in 0.1 M HCl and the effects of Ocimum gratissimum introduction and how the mild steel corroded progressively thereby increasing the weight loss value over immersion time as seen in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the effects of Ocimum gratissimum extract concentration on the corrosion rate of mild steel in HCl, it is evident that increase in the concentration of the extract led to the decrease in the value of weight loss leading to appreciable inhibition efficiency. The plot in Fig. 3 showed that the values of the inhibition efficiency increased with the concentration of Ocimum gratissimum extract in the acidic environment except the value for 9 days which decreased with concentration. These results led to decrease in the values of inhibition efficiency over time as shown in Fig. 4. Tables 6 to 10 shows the weight loss data for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl and the effects of Ocimum gratissimum introduction. The result showed that mild steel corroded, leading to fluctuations in the inhibition efficiency. Figs. 5-8 showed the variations of efficiency with time with different concentrations of Ocimum gratissimum in 0.5 M NaCl. Addition of Ocimum gratissimum extract synergistically increased the efficiency of the inhibitor and helped reduce the corrosion rate. A mechanism of adsorption is proposed to explain inhibition behaviour.

Self-forming barrier layer for carbon dioxide corrosion protection of mild steel in NaCl solution containing hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. leaf

Hydroxychavicol compound was isolated from Piper betle L. leaf and identified via preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hydroxychavicol compound was demonstrated to be a potential inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in carbon dioxide-containing environments due to the formation of a barrier layer on the steel surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicated that the inclusion of hydroxychavicol in the aggressive environment made steel surfaces more homogeneous and smoother with a rough mean square roughness of 7.78 nm, whereas the steel surface was severely corroded in the blank solution. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed an enrichment of hydroxychavicol species combined with iron oxides and hydroxides on the mild steel surface. This can lead to the creation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface, thereby enhancing corrosion protection and localized inhibition. The work suggested a novel approach to isolate corrosion inhibitors from natural products, particularly agricultural by-products for mild steel in carbon dioxide and chloride ion environment with high inhibition performance.

High‐potent trifunctional polybenzoxazines coatings for superhydrophobic cotton fabrics and mild steel corrosion protection applications

AbstractNew trifunctional polybenzoxazines were developed and utilized as a high‐potent coating material for superhydrophobic cotton fabrics and mild steel corrosion protection applications. New trifunctional benzoxazines resin have been synthesized using trihydroxytriphenylmethane (TTM) with dimethylaminopropylamine (dmapa), 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)imidazole (ipa) and aminoethoxyethanol (aee) as amine sources with paraformaldehyde through Mannich condensation. The structural confirmation of synthesized benzoxazines was ascertained by spectral studies. The ring opening polymerization of TTM‐Bzs was studied using DSC analysis. All the three TTM‐Bz monomers show curing temperature lower than 210°C. The thermo‐stability and water contact angle (WCA) of polybenzoxazines were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and goniometer, respectively. Among the TTM‐PBz studied, the poly(dmapa) exhibit better thermo‐stability and hydrophobic behavior when compared to rest of the synthesized polybenzoxazines. Poly(TTM‐dmapa)‐coated cotton fabric exhibits the superhydrophobic behavior and mild steel (MS)‐coated specimen possesses the higher charge transfer resistance value of 3.47 × 107 Ω cm2. It was also inferred that all the TTM‐PBz‐coated MS specimens exhibit higher corrosion protection behavior as well as good thermo‐stability and hydrophobic nature. Further, the obtained results suggested that these materials can be suitably exploited for hydrophobic anticorrosion applications with improved performance and enhanced longevity.

“Exploring the Inhibitory Potential of Acetoxime-Zinc Chloride Adduct in Saline Environments for Mild Steel Corrosion Protection”

ABSTRACT In this work, acetoxime, zinc chloride and acetoxime adduct of zinc chloride, [ZnCl2.2{HON=C(CH3)2}] (ZA) were investigated as corrosion inhibitor's in 3.5%NaCl solution on mild steel. The electrochemical analysis was carried out using polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance technique and surface analysis was done by Scanning electron microscope coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Using surface analysis and electrochemical data it was concluded that an inhibition synergy was developed when ZA was taken instead of acetoxime or zinc chloride alone in solution phase. Scanning electron microscope methods were used to examine the samples surface in the presence of inhibited solutions. The efficiency of inhibition increases with the increasing concentration and attained the values of 97.18% for the 3mM concentration of ZA.

Exploring corrosion protection for mild steel in HCl solution: An experimental and theoretical analysis of an antipyrine derivative as an anticorrosion agent

AbstractThe corrosion of mild steel in HCl solution remains a critical issue in various industrial applications. In the quest for effective corrosion inhibitors, 4‐(2‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methoxybenzylideneamino) antipyrine (HMBA) has emerged as a promising candidate. This study investigates the inhibitory properties of HMBA on mild steel corrosion in HCl solution through weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) techniques. The experiments spanned over various time periods, including 1, 5, 10, 24, and 48 h. The results reveal that HMBA exhibits exceptional inhibition efficiency (IE), with an impressive 94.7% inhibition rate. This outstanding performance underscores its potential as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aggressive HCl environments. To elucidate the adsorption behavior of HMBA on the mild steel surface, Langmuir isotherm modeling was employed, demonstrating a strong correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Furthermore, the study employs density functional theory (DFT) to gain insight into the mechanism of HMBA inhibition. DFT calculations suggest that both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms are involved in the interaction between HMBA and the mild steel surface. The calculated Gibbs free energy of adsorption () is found to be approximately , indicating a spontaneous and energetically favorable adsorption process. In conclusion, HMBA emerges as a highly effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution, offering impressive IE over various time intervals. The combination of experimental techniques, such as WL, EIS, and PDP, along with computational insights from DFT calculations, provides an understanding of the inhibitory properties of HMBA. These findings hold great promise for the development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors in industrial applications.

Controlling corrosion protection of mild steel in acidic environment via environmentally benign organic inhibitor

The current research employed electrochemical techniques to evaluate a green corrosion inhibitor Subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) to control the corrosion mitigation of mild steel in acidic environments. The corrosion rates and hydrogen evolution rates were measured by weight loss. The inhibitor was found to be highly effective with a corrosion-inhibiting efficiency up to 97.6% at a concentration of 150 ppm in 1 M HCl solution loaded with synthesized (SubPc) through variable concentrations. According to the obtained information from the polarization technique, the corrosion current density, icorr, decreases with increasing the concentration levels of (SubPcs) inhibitors in 1 M HCl medium. The inhibition mechanism of mild steel has been suggested as well as its excess surface charge was determined employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results suggest that the inhibitory functions by forming a protective barrier on the steel surface, hindering the corrosion process. The present study provides a new insight into developing eco-friendly and cost-effective corrosion inhibitor to protect mild steel from acidic corrosion.

Corrosion protection of Daphne Gnidium leaf extract encapsulated with beidellite clay: An effective pigment for a long-lasting and eco-friendly coating formulation

The development of eco-efficient and environmentally friendly active anticorrosion coatings for metal substrates represents a fundamental step in many engineering applications. In this work, a novel corrosion inhibitor was elaborated beidellite clay (Na-BDT) and an aqueous extract of Daphne Gnidium (DGE). The modification of the clay by DGE was monitored and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The results showed that the clay modification was successfully achieved, with a DGE adsorbed amount of approximately 99 mg/g. Mild steel is effectively protected against corrosion in 0.1 M NaCl solution thanks to the progressive release of DGE, resulting in the lowest corrosion current density (7.22 µA/cm2) and the highest charge transfer resistance (7.20 kΩ.cm2) after 48 h of immersion. The calculated inhibition efficiency reaches a maximum of approximately 83 %. DGE-modified clay (DGE-BDT) was then dispersed into an alkyd resin (5 wt%) to enhance the corrosion protection of mild steel. The anti-corrosion performance was maintained over a long period of time and remains higher than that of the coating containing a commercial triphosphate aluminum (TPA) corrosion inhibitor.This study demonstrates the potential of encapsulating natural extracts as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor with high performance capabilities.

Synergistic effect of 8-HQ@CeO2 for enhanced corrosion resistance of self-healing polyurethane coating for corrosion protection of mild steel

The anticorrosive qualities of organic coatings can be enhanced by the inclusion of corrosion inhibitors, which is helpful for ensuring the long-term anticorrosive performance of the coatings. Taking advantage of the fact that polydopamine contains multiple functional groups, the 8-HQ@CeO2 polyurethane composite coating was prepared by coating it on the surface of CeO2 and adsorbed with 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ), and its anticorrosion performance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated. After 120 days of immersion, the polyurethane composite coating containing both CeO2 and 8-HQ organic/inorganic dual corrosion inhibitors exhibited excellent long-term corrosion resistance. Its impedance modulus at 0.01 Hz (108 Ω·cm2) was two orders of magnitude higher than that of the polyurethane composite coating containing only CeO2 (106 Ω·cm2). The coating also incorporated dynamic Diels-Alder (DA) bonds to create its self-healing characteristics. The produced composite coatings could exhibit effective self-healing behavior under sunlight thanks to the superior photothermal characteristics of polydopamine (PDA), and their mechanical and anticorrosive properties were substantially unaltered before and after self-healing. The strategy utilizes the synergistic anticorrosive effect of CeO2 and 8-HQ and dynamic DA bonding to achieve the long-term anticorrosive performance of the coating and proposes a new method to protect metal substrates.

Evaluation of the electrical properties of carbon electrodes developed with bio-material additions as a sacrificial anode in cathodic protection

The use of zinc and magnesium sacrificial anodes for the protection of steel structures in cathodic protection techniques have been widely accepted but longevity and environmental friendliness of these materials in service still needs to be improved. Thus, the need to continually develop anodes that can potentially serve the same purpose and/or better performance. This work is a feasibility study on the production of carbon electrodes for possible application as sacrificial anodes for the cathodic protection of mild steel. The main aim of this investigation is to develop an electrode from carbon-based materials with a view to producing anodes that can potentially replace zinc and magnesium electrodes for cathodic protection of low-carbon steel. The electrodes were developed using mixture of coal, charcoal, mill scale, wood dust and coal tar (binder) that were heated and compressed in a metal die. The current passing through the electrodes was measured with the resistance, resistivity and conductivity determined, including the current densities (Iρ) which gives an indication of the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes. Morphology of the electrodes were examined by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess the influence of porosities of the electrodes produced. Based on these findings, it was generally observed that the conductivity increases from 5.23E-4 S/m to 5.87E-3 S/m for 150 µm and 600 µm particle sizes, respectively. Generally, resistivity increases with an increase in the amount of wood dust in the carbon anodes developed. The carbon electrode of 600 µm particle size with the composition of 67 wt% coal, 5 wt% charcoal, 10 wt% coal tar, 10 wt% mill scale and 8 wt% wood dust had the best current density that could offer corrosion protection for mild steel.

Recycled eggshell waste in zinc-rich epoxy coating for corrosion protection of mild steel in a controlled elevated temperature saline environment

Eggshell wastes have attracted interest in the fabrication of anticorrosion coatings due to chemical compositions (high calcite content) and widespread availability. This study presents the use of chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles as fillers in a zinc-rich epoxy matrix in corrosion protection of mild steel in sodium chloride solution at an elevated temperature. Three samples of zinc-rich coatings containing “as ball-milled” eggshell, chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles were fabricated to form zinc-rich eggshell nanoparticles epoxy (ZENE) coatings. The structural characterizations indicated that chemical and thermal treatment removed the protein materials from eggshell nanoparticles, leading to a 10-fold increase in electrical conductivities and prolonged the cathodic sacrificial behaviour of the ZENE coatings throughout the immersion period. The electrochemical impedance study of these coatings after immersion in an elevated-temperature corrosive environment showed that chemically-treated eggshells in comparison with thermally-treated ones could effectively remove protein materials from the eggshell nanoparticles. These nanoparticles as fillers in the zinc-epoxy matrix significantly enhanced the anticorrosion performance by improving the cathodic as well as barrier protection properties of the coating. A proposed corrosion protection mechanism of the ZENE coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the improved electrical conductivity of the treated eggshell nanoparticles enhanced the galvanic contact at the interstitial spaces between the zinc particles while prolonging the zinc cathodic sacrificial behaviour. Thus, this study demonstrated the sustainable use of eggshell wastes in enhancing the anticorrosion properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings.

Corrosion protection of mild steel using calcined cattle bone waste powder coating in sulphuric acid solution

Corrosion protection of mild steel using calcined cattle bone waste powder coating in sulphuric acid solution

Functionalized Polypyrrole for Mild Steel Corrosion Protection in 15% HCl

Functionalized Polypyrrole for Mild Steel Corrosion Protection in 15% HCl

Adsorption isotherm and molecular modeling of phytoconstituents from Dillenia suffruticosa leaves for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution

Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitors have gained significant attention in minimizing metallic corrosion due to the presence of heteroatoms and polar groups found in extract molecules. The present work focused on the novel implementation of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves extract (DSLE) as a green corrosion inhibitor for corrosion protection of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric (HCl) acid. Gravimetric characterizations and adsorption isotherm modeling (Langmuir, Temkin, El-Awady Sips, and Freundlich) showed that DSLE is an excellent corrosion inhibitor with inhibitive performance that increases with increasing extract concentration. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) showed that DSLE behaved as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. Given that one limitation of using plant extracts is its solubility in polar electrolytes, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the surface adsorption properties between polar and non-polar compounds found in DSLE. The results obtained showed that polar phytocompounds (saponins) were primary agents for corrosion inhibition. Our findings highlight the potential of using polar phytocompounds from Dillenia suffruticosa as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel particularly in applications containing polar solvents and electrolytes.

Characterization of microstructural and corrosion behavior of cold sprayed Zn11Al3Mg alloy coating

This study investigated the microstructure and corrosion behavior of the cold-sprayed Zn11Al3Mg zinc alloy coating through analysis of phase composition, microstructures, and electrochemical behaviors. The results demonstrate that the CS-Zn11Al3Mg coating primarily consists of a finely structured ternary eutectic phase of Zn/Mg2Zn11/Al, with uniformly distributed submicron-sized Al phases. Additionally, a small amount of coarse Zn/Mg2Zn11 eutectic phase coexisted with MgZn2 was also observed. The enhanced corrosion resistance of the coating was obtained when compared with cold sprayed Zn coating. The rapid sacrificial dissolution of MgZn intermetallic compounds was observed in saline solution, leading to localized corrosion in the coating layer. Fortunately, the cooperative interaction of dissolved Mg2+ and Al3+ promotes the formation of protective corrosion products, namely Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O and Zn/Mg-Al layered double hydroxides, provided long-term corrosion protection for mild steel.

Aqueous extract of pointed gourd seeds for the protection of mild steel corrosion from NaCl

Wastes of some edible biospecies, like vegetables, fruit, etc., are potential sources of phytochemicals, and hence they are used as inhibitors in some applications. The present work reports a similar waste biomaterial to protect mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M NaCl. The aqueous extract of pointed gourd seeds (AEPGS) is prepared and assessed by UV–visible spectroscopy (US) and FTIR spectroscopy (FS). On the basis of the assessment, it is predicted that AEPGS has phytochemicals. The MS corrosion and prevention are analyzed by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization curves (TC). The ability of AEPGS to prevent MS corrosion enhances by its concentration in NaCl. The maximum protection offered by AEPGS to MS is 72% at 1000 mg/L. The corrosion of MS in NaCl is inhibited by AEPGS molecules because they have covered the surface through adsorption and blocked the active sites of reaction on the surface. The same is also visible in surface images captured by optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (OM and FESEM).

Structure, thermal, hydrophobic, and dielectric properties of Bermuda grass ash bio‐silica, SBA‐15, and rGO‐reinforced bisphenol‐BA‐based polybenzoxazine composites

AbstractThe present work deals with the development of bisphenol‐BA based benzoxazines and to study their behavior toward utilization for thermal, high‐dielectric, low‐dielectric, and anti‐corrosion applications. A new type of bifunctional benzoxazine resins were synthesized using bisphenol‐BA with different types of amines and characterized using FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectra, DSC, and TGA techniques. In the present study, thermally stable bisphenol‐BA with trifluoromethylaniline benzoxazine (BBA‐tfma) and bisphenol‐BA with furfurylamine benzoxazine (BBA–ffa) were selected as matrices for the preparation of composites with SBA‐15, bio‐silica (from Bermuda grass) and reduced graphene oxide. The results indicated that the poly(BBA‐tfma) with 5 wt% SBA‐15 composites and poly(BBA‐ffa) with 10 wt% bio‐silica composites showed the lowest dielectric constant value of 1.71 and 1.87, respectively. While in contrast, the 5 wt% of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced poly(BBA‐tfma) exhibits highest value of dielectric constant (k = 8.49). Results from corrosion studies ascertain that the bisphenol‐BA with aminoethoxyethanol benzoxazine, that is, poly(BBA‐aee) possess better mild steel corrosion protection behavior than that of other benzoxazines. Data resulting from different studies indicate that the bisphenol‐BA‐based benzoxazines and their composites can be effectively used for different industrial applications.

Construction novel polybenzoxazine coatings exhibiting corrosion protection of mild steel at different concentrations in a seawater solution

In this work, a new and effective polymeric coating is used to improve mild steel's corrosion resistance. The coating incorporates a Schiff base moiety into a benzoxazine (BZ) precursor, resulting in improved protection against corrosion. The SF-Tol-BZ polymerization behavior and thermal properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively, at different curing temperatures. The poly(SF-Tol-BZ) cured at 240 °C had a Td10 value of 604 °C and a Tg of 225 °C. The efficacy of poly(SF-Tol-BZ) coatings in protecting mild steel (MS) from corrosion in a NaCl (3.5%) solution at room temperature was evaluated using various corrosion measurements, including open circuit potential (OCP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that increasing the poly(SF-Tol-BZ) concentration led to a corresponding increase in its protective efficiency, reaching a maximum of 92% at a concentration of 300 g/L. The coatings also exhibited a 24-fold increase in Rct values and a one-order-of-magnitude reduction in CPE compared to the bare mild steel. Finally, the poly(SF-Tol-BZ) precursors demonstrated a CO2 uptake of 23 mg g−1 (measured at 298 K).

Hybrid Silane Coatings Based on Benzotriazole Loaded Aluminosilicate Nanotubes for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel

Hybrid Silane Coatings Based on Benzotriazole Loaded Aluminosilicate Nanotubes for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel

Electrochemical evaluation of Daphne gnidium extract's antioxidant capacity and its potential for mild steel corrosion protection in NaCl medium

AbstractIn this study, the leaf extract of the plant Daphne gnidium L. (Thymemeacea) was used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.1 M NaCl. The content of total polyphenols was evaluated by UV visible spectrophotometry and with cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the extract contains a high content of total phenols estimated at 90.26 (mg GAE/g). Besides this, the plant extract was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization techniques were used to investigate the extract's anticorrosive performance. The results indicated that the addition of 3% of the extract increased the inhibition efficiency to 90.8% after 4 h of immersion. In addition, the results of the polarization tests showed that the extract acted as a mixed‐type inhibitor, mainly affecting the anodic reaction. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the metal surface. The results revealed a less corrosion impact on mild steel in an inhibited solution.

Corrosion protection of mild-steel in 1M HCl using nanocomposite from Triumfetta rhomboidei

Titanium nanocomposite (TiTR) was synthesised from Triumfetta rhomboidea leaf extract and used as corrosion protection of mild steel (MS) in 1 M hydrochloric acid. The corrosion inhibition process of the nanocomposite was explored using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP). The corrosion inhibition performance of TiTR is a function of concentration and temperature. The results revealed that TiTR was 84.27% efficient in limiting MS corrosion at 1.0 g L−1 and 3 h. The TiTR acted as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and Langmuir isotherm indicated that TiTR was adsorbed on mild steel through physisorption by forming a monolayer of film. Surface morphology study of MS visually confirmed the protection of MS by TiTR through film formation.