Corrosion Penetration Rate Research Articles

Parametric Study and Optimization the Effect of TIG Welding Process Parameters on the Corrosion Resistance of 2205 DSS Weldment using Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique

The aim of this research is to analyze and optimize, using response surface methodology RSM, the effect of tungsten inert gas TIG welding parameters, namely welding current WC, welding speed WS, and N2 addition with Ar as shielding gas, on the corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel DSS weldments. Due to the combination of alloying elements and the nearly equal amounts of austenite and ferrite phases, DSS has great mechanical characteristics and good corrosion resistance. However, most DSS applications require welding processes to join parts together; these processes affect the microstructure of DSS and lead to the formation of precipitations, resulting in poor mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of TIG welding process parameters on the corrosion resistance of DSS weldments. In this study, the corrosion penetration rate of all DSS weldments was determined using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. The response surface methodology was applied in order to achieve the mathematical model that describes the relationship between above mentioned welding variables and corrosion penetration rate of DSS weldment. Results showed that WC and N2 are the most important parameters that affected the corrosion penetration rate. Meanwhile, the results clarified that when increasing WC with decreasing WS, which corresponds to the highest heat input, the corrosion penetration rate increased due to the appearance of the precipitations. The same results were obtained for decreasing welding current while increasing welding speed, which corresponds to the lowest heat input due to the increase in ferrite content. On the other hand, the results also found that the addition of a small amount of N2 with Ar as shielding gas leads to a decrease in the corrosion penetration rate. However, the increase in the amount of N2 leads to an increase in the corrosion penetration rate due to the reappearance of the precipitations.

A Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Engineering Mild Steel in Acidified and Hydrolyzed Extracts of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger)

We report the use of weight loss technique in the study of the corrosion behaviour of engineering mild steel in acidified and hydrolysed corrosion media using Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extracts. Cylindrical steel rods were cut into corrosion coupons of predetermined dimensions of 15 mm by 10mm diameter. The coupons were then weighed before being suspended in situ in fours into beakers containing 10 mL, 15 mL and 20 mL of the extracts in 0.5 M and 1.0 M concentrations of H2SO4 and NaOH respectively. These setups were allowed to stand for a period of 28 days with a coupon withdrawn from each beaker after every 7 days, processed according to standard procedures before reweighing. The data of the weight loss were recorded and computations of the corrosion penetration rate using the formula; CPR=K∆W/ρA∆t were calculated. Plots of corrosion penetration rate against time, inhibition efficiency against concentration of extract and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were then plotted. The results obtained revealed that the corrosion rate profiles for passivating metals in which there is an initial sharp rise in corrosion rate, followed by a progressive decline as exposure time increased were observed. The inhibition efficiencies of the extract in the various media also showed significant increase in all the media. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorption of the molecules of the extract on the metal surface was uniformly distributed over the entire metal surface and also the adsorptive forces were strong enough to cause effective adhesion to prevent further corrosion attack. In conclusion, it was established that Zingiber officinale leaf extracts are good inhibitors of corrosion and that the inhibitive potency of the extract increases with increase in the concentrations of the extract and the corrosion media as exposure time increased, with the extract showing better inhibition characteristics in NaOH than H2SO4.

Investigation of carbon steel corrosion rate in different acidic environments

This study focused on evaluating the rate of carbon steel corrosion in one molarity of HNO3 H2SO4 and HCl in various acidic conditions. The twenty-day exposure of carbon steel specimens to acidic conditions was investigated and followed by the evaluation of corrosion penetration rate and mils per year. The results showed that the 1 M HNO3 solution was the most damaging to carbon steel due to its oxidizing character. Among the tested acidic media HNO3 was the most harmful followed by H2SO4 and HCl. Carbon steel metal's corrosion behaviour was affected by acid medium strength and exposure duration. Dissolving of carbon steel increased with increasing corrosive media severity and exposure time. Concept of passive behaviour in metals has been proposed as the primary reason for this effect. The corrosion penetration rate values for carbon steel used in the present investigation followed the order of HNO3 > H2SO4 > HCl when exposed to the three acidic environments. The maximum corrosion penetration rate values for carbon steel metal subjected to HCl H2SO4 and HNO3 were determined to be 0.008952 (2nd day) 0.03095 (1st day) and 0.039373 (1st day) respectively. In addition corrosion penetration rate values steadily dropped throughout the final days of immersion eventually becoming essentially constant in all acidic media. As a result of the greater impact of all the acidic media used in this investigation corrosion pitting occur on carbon steel consistently. By intensifying the acid medium these effects were exacerbated.

Corrosion caused by fertigation with urea and potassium chloride solutions resembles that generated by irrigation

AbstractCorrosion is a common problem in irrigation systems consisting of metal parts. Fertigation can aggravate this phenomenon because fertilizers, once dissolved in water, usually tend to be corrosive. In this study, the effects of corrosion resulting from fertigation with solutions of white potassium chloride (10 g L−1) and urea (10 g L−1) on galvanized steel and AISI 304 stainless steel specimens, materials similar to the centre pivots and injection pumps, were evaluated by simulation tests. During the experiment, the mass loss, corrosion penetration rate, thickness loss and estimated useful life of the specimens were calculated. The results showed that the variation in the fertilizer source as well as the type of metal influenced the corrosion effects. Furthermore, the useful life expectancy of steels intended for irrigation in systems that practice fertigation practically does not differ from the systems where only irrigation is practiced. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is significantly higher than that of galvanized steel, so its use should be considered in irrigation systems. In addition, it is interesting that the Zn coating on the galvanized steel pipes used for irrigation presents at least twice the thickness to ensure greater protection of the steel substrate.

Evaluation of sodium alendronate drug released from TiO2 nanoparticle doped with hydroxyapatite and silver–strontium for enhancing antibacterial effect and osteoinductivity

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystalline coatings on implants increase bone/implant joint fusion, but bacteria grow on hydroxyapatite-coated implants and cause infections. To solve this problem, silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), and chitosan were used to modify the surface of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) coated with hydroxyapatite. Ag was used for antimicrobial properties, and Sr was used to control drug release and increase the ossification of titanium implants. Chitosan (Chit) is a natural polymer with good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and strong antibacterial properties. The results show that HA + Sr + Ag + Chit coating causes controlled and long-term release (more than 16 days) of the alendronate sodium drug, an osteoporosis drug, from the implant. Electrochemical corrosion studies reveal that the Sr + Ag + HA + Drug + Chit coating on titanium dioxide nanoparticles has reduced the corrosion penetration rate compared to pure titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TNP). The cytotoxicity analysis results show that the TNP + Sr + Ag + HA + Drug sample has the highest cell viability, equal to 99.3%. Microbial study shows that coated TNPs have more inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus growth than uncoated TNPs. Among the coated TNP samples, TNP samples with HA + Sr + Ag coating had the highest inhibition of bacterial growth.

Application of X-Ray Computed Tomography to Assess the Effect of Elevated Temperature on Atmospheric Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 6063 in Contact with FeCl3 Droplets

The atmospheric corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 6063-T5 with exposure to FeCl3 containing droplet deposits to simulate direct contact with steel corrosion product droplets has been investigated. Experiments were performed at 50°C and compared to room temperature exposure conditions to assess the behavior of aluminum heatsink materials. The evolution of corrosion sites, penetration rates, and corrosion product chemistry was analyzed using x-ray computed tomography, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques. The measured corrosion rates were lower when the temperature was raised, even when exposed to multiple wet-dry periods. The lower corrosion rates were attributed to a reduced propensity to form iron oxyhydroxides/oxides at the aluminum surface, which were present after room temperature exposure. The results are discussed in light of the galvanic corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy in contact with liquid steel corrosion products.

Degradation of engine components upon exposure to chemically modified vegetable oil - Based automotive lubricant

The present investigation examines the corrosion behavior of vegetable oil-based engine oil-biodiesel environment against automotive engine components, viz., cylinder liner, crankshaft, camshaft, journal bearing and timing gear as a counteractive measure. The biodegradable engine oil was formulated via chemical synthesis route and the thermo-oxidative stability of the biodegradable engine oil was analysed using thermogravimetric analysis. A high-temperature corrosion test rig was developed for the purpose of evaluating the corrosion behavior of biodegradable engine oil and the corrosion results were compared with those of synthetic engine oil SAE20W40 under similar test conditions. The corrosion penetration rate (CPR) of the journal bearing is 0.03270 ​mm/year and 0.0163 ​mm/year for biodegradable and synthetic engine oil respectively and the CPR of crankshaft, cylinder liner, camshaft and timing gear in biodegradable engine oil is 0.0120, 0.0156, 0.0127 and 0.0119 ​mm/year respectively, conversely in SAE20W40, the respective CPR is 0.0110, 0.0133, 0.0117 and 0.0109 ​mm/year. The scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis of post corrosive surfaces revealed that biodegradable engine oil is prone to corrosion against various lubrication system components as compared to SAE20W40.

Analysis of Corrosion Breakdown Rate in Low Carbon Steel with Aluminum Coating

This study aims to analyze the corrosion penetration rate of low carbon steel with aluminium coating. The method used is the potentiodynamic method to determine the value of the corrosion rate. The corrosion medium used was HCl. The aluminium used is aluminium frame waste powder. The coating process is by dipping low carbon steel pipes into aluminium frame waste that had been liquefied in the Hot Dip Galvanizing (HDG) method of 700oC and immersion time of 45 seconds. The results of this study show that low carbon steel which has been coated with aluminum frame waste powder has a high corrosion rate which is proven to have a corrosion rate of 18,1808 mm/year. So that the corrosion rate is at an unacceptable level.

Characteristics of galvanized, graphene oxide and aluminum waste powder for coating on medium carbon steel

Medium carbon steel is one of the components vulnerable to corrosion although it has been coated. The purpose of this study is to measure the rate of corrosion penetration on low carbon steel coated galvanized penetration, graphene oxide, and aluminum waste powder. The process used is the use of hot dip galvanizing, where steel samples with temperature variations are immersed in hot liquid aluminum waste powder. Corrosion Penetration Rates (CPR) using dipped weight loss method in NaCl solution, the results obtained do not exceed the usual corrosion rate (0.5 mm / year) needed.

The use of Additive Manufactured Inconel 625 as Bipolar Plate for the High Temperature Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Inconel 625 is a promising candidate as base material for bipolar plates in the High Temperature Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC), due to its mechanical strength and anti-corrosive properties. Due to its often complicated flow channel networks both internally and externally, production time and costs are significant factors to the total fuel cell manufacturing costs. Additive manufacturing (AM) might be a promising production method, though it is important that the material have its desirable properties intact. This includes corrosion resistance towards concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at elevated temperatures (120 °C- 200 °C) and exposed to different voltage values. In this work, flat Inconel 625 samples have been manufactured using AM followed by post-machining of its surface to an arithmetic roughness average (Ra) of ~0.3 |j.m. These samples were electro-chemically tested for its anti-corrosive properties while exposed to concentrated H3PO4 at 150 °C and a potential of 0.65 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The sample surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the corrosion experiment. The interfacial contact resistance (ICR), a measure for the resistance towards electron conductivity through the corrosion-exposed surface with an adjacent conducting material, was also measured before and after the corrosion tests. For comparison, hot rolled Inconel 625 sample commercially purchased and post-machined to the same Ra-value was tested for its corrosion properties and compared to the AM-produced Inconel 625 sample. The AM-sample had a higher corrosion rate compared to the commercial with a corrosion penetration rate (CPR) almost twice as high. The measured ICR of the commercial sample was over 3.5 times higher than for the AM-sample after the corrosion test, indicating a less successful formation and thickness development of a protective phase on the AM-sample surface. Despite of equivalent surface roughness, the corrosion properties between the two production methods are significantly different, which are thought to be linked to different microstructures formed during their manufacturing.

Investigation of corrosion penetration rate on alloy steel in petroleum industries for three samples of crude oil, northern Iraq

In the field of oil, a crude oil is transported from the extraction site to the refinery, where it is stored in tanks, and then pumped to the refining towers for the purpose of starting the separation process. This paper is focused on the corrosion problem effect on the conveying media such as pipe or tanks made of alloy steel material. The current study includes using of three samples of crude oil from northern Iraq which the crude based on the region located in, Kirkuk, Makhmour, and Qayara. The corrosion effect on alloy steel material sample experiment is held by immersing the metal specimens in a crude oil at room temperature 25 [ o C]. The loss weight method to know the corrosion effect is used by weighting the alloy steel samples before and after immersing it in a crude oil through time. The CPR (corrosion penetration rate) had been calculated for the three samples, it’s clear that the Qayara and Makhmour crude oils had higher rates of corrosion of the alloy steel metal and the lowest is the Kirkuk crude oil. The Qayara Crude oil sample has higher penetration for the metal by approximately 70 [%] more than Kirkuk Sample. The weight loss percentage of Kirkuk and Makhmour crude oil samples were almost converging between (0.11%–0.15%) while it was 0.75% for the specimen effected by Qayara crude oil. A mechanical tensile test was taken before and after for the corrosion effect for the samples. The full mechanical test report is shown in the results for all the samples being checked and analyzed. The most noticeable is the reduction in yield, ultimate stresses as well as the elongation are maximum decreased by 1.2 [%], 0.65 [%] and 4 [%] respectively, because the variations in the chemical elements for each sample of the crude oil.

Processing of Spark Plasma Sintered Fe Alloy and Enhancing Its Surface Properties by AlCrN Monolayer Coating by Cathodic Arc Plasma Physical Vapor Deposition Process

The current investigation observes the outcome of enhancing the surface properties by AlCrN monolayer coating using the cathodic arc plasma method on the Fe–Cu–C–Mo alloys. The compacts were sintered in spark plasma sintering (SPS) with the heat transfer rate of 100 °C/min at 1120 °C for 5 minutes. The Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo sample has the highest relative sintered density (97.20%), hardness (96 HRB), and ultimate tensile strength (1000 MPa) compare with the other sintered compacts. AlCrN coating was deposited on Fe, Fe–2Cu, Fe–2Cu–0.8C, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.2Mo, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.4Mo, and Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo samples, using the cathodic arc plasma–physical vapor deposition (CAP-PVD) process. The coated compact samples’ metallography images were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); the Fe–2Cu alloy sintered sample has obtained a uniform structure with high density and a smaller amount of corrosion penetration rate (0.6579 mmpy) as compared to the counterparts. The phase formed in the AlCrN coating was analyzed using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo coated compact sample exhibited higher hardness (1134.85 HV0.3) than the other coated compact samples. The Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.2Mo coated compact sample has proven better corrosion resistance compared to the other coated compact sample.

Effect of Preheat Treatment on Wear and Corrosion Rates of Copper Electrodeposition on Medium-Carbon Steel

The work investigated the effects of pre-surface treatment on wear and corrosion rates of copper electrodeposition on medium-carbon steel. Medium-carbon steel samples were subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing and quenching) in a muffle furnace. The samples were prepared and subjected to nickel striking and copper electroplating using standard bath composition. Electroplated samples were taken for weight test, optical microscopy, wear test and corrosion test. Result showed that the heat-treated copper-electrodeposited substrate had homogenous distribution of fine copper deposition, while the tempered heat-treated substrate was observed with the lowest wear rate of 3.5 × 10−3 g/mm3/min and lowest corrosion rate of 0.01833 mmpy in seawater environment of 0.5 M NaCl, thus having a low resistance to wear and corrosion in saline environment. This research has established that un-electroplated medium-carbon steel is highly corrosive in saline environment due to its higher corrosion penetration rates, while the tempered heat-treated copper-electrodeposited steels are lowly corrosion resistant and therefore suitable for use as a good material of choice in saline environments.

Corrosion improvement of AA7075 through precipitation hardness and anodization

Cast aluminum alloy (AA7075) has been precipitation treated and anodized in Tartaric-sulfuric acid (TSA). The effects of precipitation treatment and precipitation treatment plus TSA anodization on corrosion improvement of the cast AA7075 was investigated. The microstructure and morphology of the samples were studied using metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray (SEM EDS). Weight loss method was used to access the corrosion behavior of the alloy in 0.5 M NaCl. Results obtained indicates significant role of precipitation treatment, precipitation treatment and TSA on corrosion improvement of AA 7075. The microstructure of the precipitation treated samples in palm kernel oil and SAE 40 engine oil showed precipitates of MgZn2. The anodic film coating of the precipitation treated in palm kernel oil plus TSA anodized sample recorded highest micro hardness value of 124.33 HV, while the least value of 178.67 HV was recorded for sample precipitation treated in SAE 40 engine oil and TSA. Precipitation treated and TSA anodized samples show higher corrosion resistance improvement, with the Palm kernel oil treated recording 22.05% corrosion penetration rate while Palm kernel oil treated and TSA anodized sample recorded 17.86% corrosion penetration rate.

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Stainless Steel by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria: A Tale of Caution

The influence of different experimental media composition and air purging on the potential for microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of Type 304 stainless steel with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated. Modified Baar’s (MB) medium, MB medium without iron ions and supplemented with sodium chloride (MBN), and air purged MBN medium (MBO) were used. Pitting corrosion attack was found on the surface of the coupons for all of the conditions tested including the abiotic tests, and detailed statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the pitting results. General corrosion and maximum pit penetration rates also showed no difference between the coupons exposed to different test conditions. Interestingly, the pits found on the surface of the coupons in all of the tested conditions were comparable in size/shape and depth to that of the inclusions present on the surface of the stainless steel coupons. These findings suggest that (i) the test conditions studied do not lead to increased corrosion rates of stainless steel with SRBs and (ii) care needs to be taken to avoid the pitfall of misinterpreting the corrosion of inclusions present on the surface of stainless steels, which can occur as a result of cleaning of the coupons, as MIC pits.

Study on the making of corrosion resistant steel (ASTM A36 Steel) coatings from a mix of graphene oxide + waterborne paint

Steel coating as long as including ASTM A36 steel is generally carried out by galvanizing or coating to provide corrosion resistance. However, the problems that occur with the commonly used layer will break and peel off when the steel is removed. The purpose of this study is to make of corrosion resistant steel coatings especially for ASTM A36 steel from a mix of graphene oxide + waterborne paint. Weight loss method for calculate Corrosion Penetration Rate (CPR). Corrosion testing by immersing ASTM A36 steel samples in seawater (NaCl), and corrosion test for room temperature and 500°C. Final results showed that CPR values for ASTM A36 steel samples with graphene oxide + waterborne paint coating obtained CPR value that did not exceeded the allowable standard rate (0.5 mm/yr).

Study of Corrosion Penetration Rate on Composite Materials EN AC-43100 (AlSi10Mg (b)) + SiC*

Corrosion Penetration Rate (CPR) is defined in three ways: (1) the speed at which any metal in a specific environment deteriorates due to a chemical reaction in the metal when it is exposed to a corrosive environment, (2) the amount of corrosion lossed per year in thickness, (3) the speed at which corrosion spreads to the inner portions of a material. The purpose of this research is calculations CPR of Aluminum matrix composite materials (AlSi10Mg (b)) with Silicon carbide (SiC*) reinforcement. A wet corrosion test was conducted where the AlSi10Mg(b) and AlSi10Mg(b)+SiC* were dipped in a solution of HCl acid, NaOH, NaCl and in pH solution 1,3,5,7,9,11, and 13. It was found that the highest corrosion penetration rate occured when the specimen dipped on HCl solution and in pH 1 It was also found that the addition of SiC* can reduce rate of corrosion in materials. Finally, this study showed that composite material, AC-43100 (AlSi10Mg (b)) 85% + 15% SiC*, was the best material in resist of corrosion attack, has smallest CPR below the standard corrosion <0.5 mm / yr.

Effect of TiN-deposition on adhesion characteristics of aluminium

ABSTRACTThis investigation highlights on surface modifications and adhesive bonding of aluminium. The surface of the aluminium substrate is modified by magnetron sputtering and nanoparticle reinforcements are employed into the adhesive and their effects on adhesive strength are examined. Owing to the concern of durability of the aluminium surface, adhesive joints are still questionable for their widespread use in structural applications. Various environmental conditions affect properties of adhesives and their performance may degrade over time when adhesive joints are exposed to varying moisture and temperature conditions. Modified aluminium surfaces are examined by morphological techniques to understand the result of deposition on the morphology of substrate. Surface modified samples are subjected to harsh environments and analysed by energy dispersive spectra and surface durability is quantified by corrosion penetration rate. The effect of nano-reinforcements in adhesives on bond durability is examined when the bonded joints are subjected to the harsh environment.

КОРРОЗИЯ ОЦИНКОВАННОЙ СТАЛИ И АЛЮМИНИЕВЫХ СПЛАВОВ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЙ СРЕДЕ ШАМПИНЬОННИЦЫ

Generalization the experience building for the cultivation of champignons shows the diversity of construction solutions. The method of layer-by-layer assembly with galvanized steel and aluminum alloy coverings is economically feasible to use in champignons of frame structural scheme, enclosing structures of industrial premises. However, the technologically required wet air conditions of the premises and aggressive gases during construction design complicate the selection of a rational type of outer layers of enclosing structures. To reveal the rational material of coverings in the production premises of champignons, corrosion tests are carried out on samples of aluminum alloys of the Al-Mg, Al-Mn, Al-Mg-Si systems, technical aluminum, galvanized steel and galvanized steel with a protective coating. The type and corrosion penetration rate are set for the exposed samples. According to the test results, suitable covering materials for various types of champignon production premises are determined

Electrochemical Behavior of AISI 1020 Steel in Type C Commercial Gasolines

In the present paper, the corrosion behavior of 1020 carbon steel in commercial gasoline-ethanol blends was investigated. The composition of each gasoline-ethanol blend was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, and the ethanol content was determined by the ABNT 13992 reference method. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization methods were employed to evaluate corrosion resistance and penetration rates. Statistical analyses revealed that the gasoline’s solution resistance governs the corrosion process, the RON (Research Octane Number) and MON (Motor Octane Number) numbers as well as the olefin content being more related to the corrosion rates. The polarization resistance had minor impact on the corrosion process.