Corrosion Behavior Of Low Carbon Steel Research Articles

Numerical Simulation and Prediction of Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel Under Different Salt Spray Concentrations Based on Cellular Automata

The rate of corrosion weight loss of low-carbon steel under different salt spray concentrations was analyzed by salt spray tests. It was observed that the solubility of O2 in the salt spray initially increased, followed by a decrease, as the concentration of salt spray increased. The highest solubility of O2 was observed at 5% NaCl salt spray concentration. Specifically, in the initial stages of corrosion, a higher salt spray concentration led to a faster weight loss rate of low-carbon steel, the corrosion rate being primarily controlled by the Cl− concentration. During the later stages of corrosion, a higher O2 concentration led to a faster rate of corrosion weight loss, the corrosion rate being primarily controlled by the diffusion rate O2. These experimental results were compared to simulations using the cellular automata (CA) method including the mechanism of oxide film shedding, mechanism of pit evolution, and mechanism of rust layer shedding, leading to the prediction of the corrosion life of low-carbon steel under various salt spray concentrations. This method not only effectively simulated and verified the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel but also offers an effective approach for the prediction of the service life of low-carbon steel.

Investigations on corrosion rate, mechanical properties and structural homogeneity of interpulse TIG dissimilar weldments

This manuscript aims to investigate the welding characteristics, bead profile, structural integrity and corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel and Monel grade 400 dissimilar joints. The structures were developed using advanced welding technique, gas tungsten constricted arc welding, with Mo-based filler wire. Dissimilar metals after welding have been tested for internal inspection using X-ray radiography and confirmed to be free from all welding defects. Corrosion tests were carried out at various zones of weldment and characterized in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at 10 mV/s scan rate. The welding characteristics have been studied by conducting various tests including Vickers hardness, tensile and impact test. To reveal the structural integrity and perform chemical composition analysis of constricted arc weldment, OM/SEM techniques were used. Corrosion rate at steel interface is lower than that at the Monel 400 interface by 9.7% due to the less accumulation of heat. Uniform grain distribution and structural homogeneity were also observed along the weld zone due to constricted arc and controlled heat input.

Effect of some organic surfactants on the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution

Effect of some organic surfactants on the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution

Understanding of low-carbon steel marine corrosion through simulation in artificial seawater

<abstract> <p>The current laboratory experiments investigated the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in artificial seawater (ASW) using the steel coupons hanging on a closed glass reactor of ASW with volume-to-specimen area ratios ranging from 0.20 to 0.40 mL/mm<sup>2</sup>. These coupons were immersed in ASW for varying time durations (7 and 14 d) at room temperature without agitation. Further, the corrosion rates based on the weight loss and electrochemical analytical method were determined. Following exposure to carbon steel for 7 and 14 d, corrosion rates were 0.2780 <italic>mmpy</italic> and 0.3092 <italic>mmpy</italic>, respectively. The surfaces appeared to be not protected by oxides based on this result. The electrochemical impedance spectrometer in potentiostatic/galvanostatic mode, in conjunction with EDX analysis, predicted the evolution of oxygen reduction. The 7th-day immersion sample had a higher oxygen content, and the 14th-day immersion sample had a slightly lower oxygen content. Methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized the surface morphology and composition of their corrosion product. Corrosion products derived from rust minerals hematite, lepidocrocite and magnetite appeared to cover the carbon steel surface after exposure. This result can get insight into the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel used in marine environments.</p> </abstract>

Effect of Ti Microalloying on the Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in H2S/CO2 Environment

The corrosion behavior of two types of low-carbon steel (denoted steel A and steel B) in H2S/CO2 was investigated through immersion tests, and the effect of Ti microalloying on the corrosion mechanism was analyzed. The microstructures, corrosion kinetics, corrosion surface morphologies, corrosion phases, cross-sectional morphologies and elemental distributions of the materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results showed that the corrosion rate of steel B with Ti microalloying was lower than that of steel A; the amount and formation rate of corrosion products in these two materials were different. As the immersion time increased, the corrosion products changed from iron-rich mackinawite to sulfur-rich pyrrhotite. In the early stage of corrosion, the corrosion products were primarily mackinawite, which controlled the corrosion phase through the entire process. After 384 h of immersion, pyrrhotite was observed, which can effectively protect the steel substrate, providing excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion products in steel B with Ti microalloying were more compact than those in steel A. Moreover, Ti enrichment in the oxide film was observed in steel B, which can further improve its corrosion resistance. The results from this study can provide an important reference for the oil and gas industry.

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel and Weathering Steel in a Coastal Zone of the Spratly Islands: A Tropical Marine Atmosphere

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel and Weathering Steel in a Coastal Zone of the Spratly Islands: A Tropical Marine Atmosphere

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in Model Solutions, Containing Empty PBd -PEO Vesicles

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in Model Solutions, Containing Empty PBd -PEO Vesicles

Research of the mechanism of formation and properties of tripolyphosphate coating on the steel basis

The mechanism, protective properties, microstructure, phase composition of coats on steel have been investigated. According to the developed method, the coats were deposited potentiodynamically and potentiostatically in an aqueous solution of sodium tripolyphosphate. Based on the results of electrochemical studies, it has been established, that on potentiodynamic curves, characterizing the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in an aqueous sodium TPP solution, up to three passivation plateaus can be observed. The multi-stage formation mechanism of tripolyphosphate coat has been proposed. The mechanism includes three stages: at the start the adsorptive film is formed, that afterwards is modified two times, accompanied by a change of properties and composition. By using the methods of optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, it has been established that the coat formed in an aqueous Na TPP solution by the potentiodynamic method under conditions of complete passivation, is composed of two layers: first – thin, compact layer, that contains a crystalline phase of phosphate nature, and second – thick hydrophilic layer, capable of drying. Such coat possesses the best protective properties in 0.1 N Na2SO4 solution, that models conditions of atmospheric corrosion.The nature of the electrochemical formation mechanism of tripolyphosphate coats and features of their structural and phase composition have been established.The further studies will be directed at the development of effective deposition methods of tripolyphosphate coats with estimated set of properties for the protection of metal goods from atmospheric and high-temperature gas corrosion.

Effect of processing methods on microhardness and acid corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel

Low-carbon steels with different microstructures were fabricated by hot rolling, quenching and equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), respectively. Microhardness and acid corrosion behavior were evaluated, aiming to reasonably select an optimal processing method for the low-carbon steel used in a given environment. The results revealed that both ECAP and quenching improved the microhardness of the hot rolled steel, and the grain refinement strengthening effect by ECAP is better than the solid solution and phase transformation strengthening effect by quenching. The quenching process enhanced the acid corrosion resistance and anodic passivation property of the low-carbon steel, while the ECAP process promoted the anodic passivation but accelerated the acid corrosion rate. Quenching is more suitable than ECAP for strengthening the low-carbon steel used in an acid environment.

10106 溶融鉛フリーはんだ中の低炭素鋼における腐食挙動

10106 溶融鉛フリーはんだ中の低炭素鋼における腐食挙動

Electrochemical performance of steel in cement extract and bulk matrix properties of cement paste in the presence of Pluronic 123 micelles

The influence of Pluronic P123 (PEO20-PPO70-PEO20) non-stabilized micelles (of 10 nm size) on the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in cement extract was studied, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentio-dynamic polarization (PDP). Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was employed to derive the impact of admixed P123 micelles on porosity and pore-size distribution of cement paste. As far as steel corrosion resistance is concerned, a positive effect was observed, initially denoted to the presence of the polymer itself, rather than the presence of micelles. Further, the P123 micelles were found to result in increased corrosion resistance in the presence of 1 % and 3.5 % NaCl in the alkaline environment of cement extract. There was no significant influence on porosity and pore size distribution of the admixed in cement paste P123 micelles. The observed phenomena are related to self-assembly of the micelles only within higher ionic strength and the presence of chloride, in which case the critical micelle concentration is reduced. At micelles concentration of 0.024 g/l for the chloride-free cement extract (and the solid cement paste specimens, respectively), the medium actually contain unimers that have minimal impact on electrochemical performance and/or microstructural properties. In contrast, with increased ionic strength of the medium (1−3.5 % NaCl and altered ion concentrations resulting from the anodic/cathodic reactions within steel corrosion), the positive effect of 0.024 g/l micelles (and higher of 0.072 g/l) is more pronounced, i.e., increased corrosion resistance and anodic control with external polarization was observed.

Industrial Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of P-RE Weathering Steel

The corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel (CS), P-bearing steel (PS) and P-RE weathering steel (P-REWS) exposed for two years in Jiangjin of China was investigated. The results showed that during 2-year exposure test, corrosion data of the experimental steels followed the bilogarithmic equation, and the average corrosion depth of PS and P-REWS was decreased by 19.5% and 28.2% respectively compared with that of CS. Scanning electron microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope were used to characterize the corrosion products. The research results showed that P in steel could promote the formation of an amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide layer near the substrate. The addition of RE could effectively increase the charge transportation resistance of rust.

Corrosion Mechanism of Low-Carbon Steel in Industrial Water and Adsorption Thermodynamics in the Presence of Some Plant Extracts

The effects of radish leaves and black cumin as plant extracts on the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in industrial water in the temperature range of 30 to 80 °C and velocity range of 1.44 to 2.02 m s−1 using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and mass loss measurements have been investigated. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the plant extracts up to a critical value but it slightly decreased with increasing temperature. Inhibition efficiency values obtained from mass loss and potentiodynamic data were in reasonable agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization clearly indicated that radish leaves and black cumin extracts acted as anodic inhibitors. The adsorption behavior was found to obey the Flory-Huggins isotherm model. The associated activation parameters and thermodynamic data of adsorption were evaluated and discussed. The results show that radish leaves and black cumin could serve as effective inhibitors for low-carbon steel in industrial water media, with black cumin providing better protection than radish leaves.

Long-term corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel in anoxic environment: Characterisation of archaeological artefacts

In the context of nuclear waste storage, archaeological artefacts can be used as analogues for long-term prediction of iron corrosion behaviour. As many studies are based on laboratory simulations, it is necessary to establish a link between short and long-term behaviour. In this study, corrosion product crystalline structures on archaeological artefacts buried in soils and iron coupons immersed in synthetic environments have been compared. The occurrence of carbonated iron (siderite FeCO 3 and iron hydroxicarbonate Fe 2(OH) 2CO 3) has been observed on items from both environments using Raman micro-spectroscopy and X-ray micro-diffraction.

Effects of Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, and Calcium on the Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in Synthetic Groundwater

Abstract The aqueous corrosion characteristics of low-carbon steel (CS) with small amounts of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Ca in synthetic groundwater were studied using electrochemical corrosion tests (potentiodynamic test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [EIS] measurements) and analytical techniques. Neither CS nor new alloy steels showed passive behavior in this synthetic groundwater. New alloy steels containing Cr-Co, Cr-Cu-Ni, and Cr-Cu-Ni-Ca showed higher corrosion resistance than CS in the potentiodynamic tests. EIS measurements showed that the Nyquist plot presented two time constants. The high-frequency resistance component (Rrust) low-frequency resistance component (Rct) were affected by the alloying elements. The polarization resistance (Rp = Rrust + Rct) of steels could be clearly ranked as Cr-Cu-Ni-Ca steel ≫ Cr-Cu-Ni steel > Cr-Co steel > CS. Results of surface analyses (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS] and electron probe microanalysis [EPMA]) showed that Cr and Cu were concentrated i...

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon I-Beam Steels in a Simulated Yucca Mountain Repository Environment

Abstract The electrochemical corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel (CS) was examined in a simulated Yucca Mountain (YM) groundwater by varying the electrolyte concentration and temperature under a...

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel in Tap Water Treated with Permanent Magnetic Field

The corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in tap water treated with permanent magnetic field (0.05 T) was studied by both gravimetric and electrochemical methods. In the course of 2-h-long experiments, a circulatory flow of water, which was heated to 40 or 70°C, passed through magnetic field at a velocity of 0.15 m/s. It was found that the magnetic treatment of water decreases the corrosion rate of steel by 14% on the average, no matter what is the test temperature.

Corrosion inhibition of steel by benzotriazole in sulphuric acid

The corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel in different concentrations (10 −3 to 9 × 10 −3 M) of benzotriazole (BTA) in 1 M H 2SO 4 has been studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements at a scan rate of 0.166 mV s −1. It is found that passivation current, corrosion potential, passive potential and polarization resistance increase with increasing benzotriazole concentrations, while critical current, corrosion current and corrosion rate decrease. It is established that the corrosion rate depends on the concentration of the inhibitor and chloride ions along with the sweep rate of polarization. A maximum inhibition efficiency (98.5%) was obtained at 9 × 10 −4 M BTA. Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of BTA are calculated.

Effect of cyanine dye-solvent interaction on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel in acid medium

The effect of the solvent used in the preliminary treatment with 1-ethyl-2(2′-hydroxystyryl)quinolinium cyanine dye solution on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel in HCl solution as the corrosive medium has been studied. Weight loss measurements, anodic potentiostatic polarization curves and the cathodic current values showed that cyanine dye in protic solvents (isobutanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, water and methanol) gives a more inhibitive effect than when dissolved in aprotic ones (dimethylformate, dimethylsulphoxide, 2-butanone, acetone and dioxane). The relative permittivities of the different solvents are not the main factor affecting the inhibitive action. It was found that in the case of protic solvents, isobutanol gives a higher inhibitive action and methanol gives a lower one; in the case of aprotic solvents, N, N′-dimethylformamide gives the higher inhibitive effect. This behaviour was confirmed by the polarization studies and the values of the cathodic protective currents.

The Effect of the Molecular Structure of Cyanine Dye on the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The effect of two different cyanine dyes 2-(2-hydroxystyryl)quinolinium-1-ethyl iodide (I) and 4-(2-hydroxystyryl)quinolinium-1-ethyl iodide (II) on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel (0.05% C, 0.04% Si, 0.023% S, 0.004% Cu) in HCl solution has been studied. Weight loss measurements, galvanostatic polarization curves, open-circuit potential variation of steel electrode with time and the cathodic protective current values show that the investigated cyanine dyes have an anticorrosive character. The inhibition effect depends mainly on the structure of the studied dye molecules, and is more pronounced in case of pretreated carbon steel with the dye solution before immersion in the corrosion medium than that obtained by addition of the dye to the corrosive medium.