Correlation Of Glucose Levels Research Articles

THE CORRELATION OF GLUCOSE LEVELS AND DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS EVEL BASED ON BATES-JENSEN WOUND ASSESSMENT-TOOLS IN MALANG

Introduce: Diabetic Foot Ulcers was a a pathological condition of the foot due to diabetes mellitus. Amputation cases of diabetic ulcers reach 1 million every year. This study was explain the correlation of glucose levels with the level of diabetic foot ulcers based on the Bates-jensen wound assessment tools in malang. Methods: The study was cross sectional design. The population were 60 respondents. The independent variables was glucose. The dependent variable was the level of diabetic foot ulcers based on the Bates-jensen wound assessment tools. Glucose instruments use glucometers. The diabetic foot ulcers instrument uses observation sheet based on bates-jensen wound assessment tools. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product moment test which was preceded by a normality test using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test. Result: The normality test using kolmogorov-smirnov Z showed a result of 0.733 which means the data is normally distributed. Pearson product moment test results showed 0.017 which means there is a relationship between random glucose levels and the level of diabetic foot ulcers based on the bates-jensen wound assessment tools. Discussion: the condition of high blood glucose levels that occur in patients with diabetes mellitus affects the flexibility of red blood cells that release O2, so that O2 in the blood decreases and peripheral hypoxia occurs which makes peripheral tissue perfusion ineffective. When peripheral tissue perfusion is inadequate, the supply of nutrients and oxygen levels will decrease so that the condition will worsen the tissue ischemia until tissue death or necrosis eventually occurs.

Association of Lipid Profile with fasting and Post Prandial Glucose Level in type 2 Diabetic Patients

INTRODUCTION: The cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia plays important role in CVD. This paper explores the frequency and pattern of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and that compared with healthy control. The correlation of glucose level with lipid profile including Non-HDL/HDL and TG/HDL has been projected in this study.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This case-control study includes 263 type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared with 55 healthy controls. The diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus was made according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the criteria for dyslipidemia was obtained by National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel/American Treatment Protocol III (NCEP/ATP III).RESULTS: Most common dyslipidemia was found in increase TG (49.42%) followed by decreased HDL (48.66%), increased LDL (40.30%) and increased TC (33.84%) respectively. The proportion is much higher in male than female. The statistically significant differences between control and case for glucose and lipid profile were observed in FBS (p < 0.001), PPBS (p < 0.001), HDL (p < 0.01), Non-HDL/HDL (p < 0.002) and TG/HDL (p < 0.039). TG, TC and LDL were statistically non- significant between control and case. The Pearson's correlation coefficient shows significant correlation of FBS and PPBS with TG (p < 0.01), Non-HDL/HDL (p < 0.01) and TG/HDL (p < 0.01) respectively.CONCLUSION: Our study has suggested the dyslipidemia is associated with DM with increased TG, low HDL, high cholesterol and LDL. The increased Non-HDL/HDL and TG/HDL could be better indicator than single lipid abnormality which needs to be verified prospectively by including large population and controlsJournal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015: 2-5

Correlation of glucose level among venous, gingival and finger-prick blood samples in diabetic patients

It is essential for a dental surgeon or a periodontist to detect blood glucose level for patients whose signs and symptoms are suggestive of diabetes. Seventy patients in the age group of 40 to 80 years of either sex were selected for the study. The study population included patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Venous blood was used as a control group, whereas gingival blood and finger-prick blood constituted the study groups I and II, respectively. The percentage deviations of gingival blood glucose level measurements and finger-prick blood glucose level measurements from the standard venous blood glucose level measurements were recorded, which showed that 72.86% of gingival and 68.57% of finger-prick blood glucose level measurements were found to be within ±15% of the standard venous blood glucose level measurements. All values exhibited significant correlations among each other, but correlations between glucose values obtained using venous and gingival blood samples were higher than the correlations between glucose values obtained using venous and finger-prick blood samples.

Correlations of Glucose Levels in Interstitial Fluid Estimated by Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems and Venous Plasma

Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) are relatively new technology that measures interstitial glucose every 5 minute over a period of 72 hours [1]. Continuous glucose monitoring by CGMS provides accurate data to patients and physicians about blood glucose variability during the measurement period. Two types of CGMS devices, intended for professional and personal use, are available. Professional devices allow physicians to download and analyze data and for use in clinical decision making. Personal devices allow patients to monitor real time glucose data and use such data for self-monitoring and medication adjustments. For this reason, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists has recommended the use of personal devices for glucose control and prevention of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes [2,3] and pregnancy with diabetes [4,5]. The article, correlation and accuracy of glucose levels between interstitial fluid and venous plasma by continuous glucose monitoring system [6] clearly showed a glucose time lag between blood levels and subcutaneous interstitial levels. Blood and interstitial fluid had different peak times and peak values after meal loading, but the trends of glucose excursion were very similar. In addition, CGMS data showed delayed peaks and lowered peak values compared to venous blood sugar levels after the ingestion of different kinds of food. These lags between the two compartments did not differ by food. The use of CGMS devices, which provide accurate control and monitoring of blood glucose levels, is suitable for use in uncontrolled diabetic patients and to help physicians make decisions regarding treatment modalities. In the treatment of diabetes, glucose variability, especially postprandial hyperglycemia, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications. By using CGMS devices, clinicians can easily access glucose variability in patients. Although patients more easily achieved target HbA1c levels when practicing self monitoring of glucose using the CGMS device than by other methods, systemic reviews comparing the results of CGMS use and intermittent fingertip glucose monitoring do not indicate significantly superior benefits of CGMS. However, they do support the improved detection of asymptomatic nocturnal hypoglycemia [7]. CGMS systems offer many advantages to patients and physicians. However, the sensitivity of glucose sensing decreases over time. After 3 to 5 days, the sensing amplitude of CGMS sensors becomes unreliable. The accuracy of sensors is affected by localized tissue reactions and fibrous encapsulation [8]. For these reasons, patients should calibrate sensing amplitudes through comparisons with fingertip glucose values regularly. Methods of blocking fibrous tissue aggregation and reducing tissue reactions, such as corticosteroid sprays or anticancer drug coatings, were used in attempts to address these problems [9,10]. Also, if we placed the sensor in subcutaneous space during continuous monitoring, small glucose diffusion gap from blood level to subcutaneous tissue fluid was another limitation. Recently, ubiquitous health systems have been introduced to help outpatients to control their blood sugar levels. If patients send their blood glucose profiles to physicians over the internet, their physicians can provide advice to meet their patients' needs. The use of CGMS systems connected to Internet networks has the potential to provide effective, evidence-based support to clinicians in their daily efforts to optimize glycemic control [11]. The closed loop pump is a state of the art technology [12,13]. But major pitfall of this closed loop pump is sensing problems of glucose sensor and limited space of insulin reservoir in transplanted pump. Closed loop pumps are expected to replace open loop pumps and decrease the pain associated with insulin injections. Permanent usable blood glucose sensors and interstitial glucose sensors are also expected to be developed [9,10]. Rapid development of information technology devices and techniques will solve the relevant technological problems, and closed loop systems will be available to patients in the future.

Lack of Correlation of Glucose Levels in Filtered Blood Plasma to Density and Conductivity Measurements

The purpose of this research project was to determine whether the glucose level of a blood plasma sample from a diabetic patient could be predicted by measuring the density and conductivity of ultrafiltrate of plasma created by a 30,000 m.w. cutoff membrane. Conductivity of the plasma filtrate measures electrolyte concentration and should correct density measurements for changes in electrolytes and water concentration. In vitro studies were performed measuring conductivity and density of solutions of varying glucose and sodium chloride concentrations. Plasma from seven hospitalized patients with diabetes was filtered across a 30,000 m.w. cutoff membrane. The filtrate density and conductivity were measured and correlated to glucose levels. In vitro studies confirmed the ability to predict glucose from density and conductivity measurements, in varying concentrations of glucose and saline. In plasma filtrate, the conductivity and density measurements of ultrafiltrate allowed estimation of glucose in some patients with diabetes but not others. The correlation coefficient for the combined patient data was 0.45 which was significant but only explained 20% of the variability in the glucose levels. Individually, the correlation was significant in only two of the seven patients with correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.88. The reasons for lack of correlation are not clear, and cannot be explained by generation of idiogenic osmoles, effects of alcohol dehydrogenase, water intake, etc. This combination of physical methods for glucose measurement is not a feasible approach to measuring glucose in plasma filtrate.

Sensory correlation of glucose levels in a starch-based semi-solid model system before and after α-amylase breakdown

In this study a diabetic glucose monitor was used to measure the glucose content of 40 model vanilla custard desserts, these were compared with sensory ratings from a trained quantitative descriptive analysis panel. Stimuli varied in starch type, concentration and homogenisation but had identical sugar, flavour and fat contents. Despite this, mean sensory ratings of sweetness varied from 21 to 43 on a 100-point scale. Glucose levels in the stimuli were measured, in vitro, before and after the addition of 0.1% whole human saliva to the product. In all cases glucose concentration increased after the addition of saliva as starch was converted to glucose. There were highly significant correlations of some odour, flavour, mouth feel and after-feel attributes with glucose concentration. The correlation of sweet flavour with glucose concentration was higher in unmodified stimuli than in stimuli with added saliva, suggesting that sweetness is perceived soon after ingestion. Additional glucose produced through starch breakdown appeared to have a relatively small impact on the sensory scores of the stimuli.