Correlates Of Injury Severity Research Articles

Children safety risk factors in Khorasan Razavi province

Although there has been a decline in the popularity of walking, it remains a very commonly employed mode of travel and people of almost all ages and sexes walk. Walking almost inevitably involves crossing a road, where the desire line of the pedestrian conflicts with the higher speed. Where speeds are high, this can result in either delay or risk for the pedestrian and when pedestrians are children the situation becomes more complicated. Sound transportation safety policies depend on appropriate knowledge to assess the potential effectiveness of safety programs. Since children have lower abilities to detect and determine speed of vehicles they could be at risk more than other road users. Also educational programs for children vary by their age groups and as they grow up they'll have more abilities to learn new things about coping with road risks and have more experience to save themselves. This study focused on the severity of injuries and fatalities incurred by children colliding with motor vehicles. The paper includes a review of the literature and a description of new research carried out on correlates of injury severity and measures of their relative effects on fatal or high injury collisions. The study focused on rural roads in Khorasan Razavi province. Data came from police records and forensic medicine processed from 2010 to 2015. Analysis of reported accidents during recent years showed that the number of traffic accidents sharply decreased that could be a result of educational programs along with traffic calming measure around schools. However, increase or decrease in number of fatalities or accidents could be interpreted in different ways by we need strong evidences using scientific methods to analyze the results and follow the best practices.

Biomechanical mechanism of blunt spinal cord trauma after rifle bullets hitting back of body armor

Objective To investigate the transmission pattern of the pressure wave generated by rifle bullets impacting the back of the body armor and the relationship of spinal injury with pressure and acceleration generated by the bullets with different velocities. Methods Twenty male pigs were randomly divided into high velocity group, middle velocity group, low velocity group and control group, with 5 pigs per group. Behind armor blunt trauma animal models were applied. Degree of spinal cord injury was evaluated by the variation of the muscle strength. Another 5 male pigs were used for the examination of pressure of common carotid artery, intracranial pressure and acceleration at T10 vertebrae. The results were analyzed through regression. Results Bilateral hindlimb score was 5 points in 3 pigs and 7 points in 7 pigs in high velocity group. Except for 1 pig of 8 points in bilateral hindlimb score, the remained presented normal motor function in middle velocity group. There was no motor dysfunction in low velocity and control groups. High, middle and low velocity groups showed intracranial pressure of (98.7±36.8)kPa, (41.1±7.8)kPa, and (38.9±8.7)kPa respectively (P<0.05) and acceleration at T10 of (3 853.4±806.0)g, (2 501.3±226.9)g, and (1 949.0±118.4)g respectively(P<0.01). Logistic analysis revealed positive correlation of pressure with acceleration (R2=0.85, P<0.01), positive correlation of acceleration with pressure at spinal cord (R2=0.56, P<0.01), positive correlation of velocity with acceleration at spinal cord (R2=0.70, P<0.01), and linear correlation of injury severity with acceleration (F=137.05, R2=0.94, P<0.01). Conclusion Rifle bullet impacting the back of body armor generates pressure wave and acceleration which leads to blunt trauma of the spinal cord. Key words: Spinal cord injuries; Firearms; Protective clothing

Correlation of injury severity and tissue Evans blue content, lipid peroxidation and clinical evaluation in acute spinal cord injury in rats

To demonstrate the changes in microvascular permeability occurring in association with graded acute spinal cord injury and to determine whether tissue Evans blue content is a useful indicator of the severity of spinal cord injury. The study also aimed to test the ability of the Evans blue method to demonstrate secondary injury after spinal cord contusion. In step one of the study, spinal cord lipid peroxidation levels and spinal cord Evans blue content were evaluated at 2 h post-injury in five groups of rats: a control group, a laminectomy-only group and three trauma groups (10, 50, and 100 gcm). In step two, these rats were used for Evans blue assessment following clinical examination at 24 h post-injury. The laminectomy-only group showed no difference from the control group with regard to spinal cord lipid peroxidation levels, tissue Evans blue content, and clinical findings. Increase in spinal cord tissue Evans blue content and lipid peroxidation was correlated with increasing intensity of trauma. There was a negative correlation between trauma intensity and clinical findings, and there was an increase in spinal cord tissue Evans blue content at 24 h compared with that at 2 h. Determination of spinal cord tissue Evans blue content is a reliable, rapid, simple and inexpensive method that can be used in experimental spinal cord injury to assess the severity of injury and to evaluate neuroprotection studies. The present study is the first to show that the Evans blue technique is a useful method to demonstrate secondary injury of spinal cord tissue and vasculature.

Child and adolescent traumatic brain injury: correlates of injury severity

A record review focused on children and adolescents, with a history of traumatic brain injury, who were consecutively admitted to a brain injury clinic in which all new patients are psychiatrically evaluated. Significant correlates of severity of injury in the cognitive, education and communication domains of functioning included Performance IQ but not Verbal IQ nor standardized ratings of language or learning disability. Current organic personality syndrome OPS but not attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or oppositional defiant disorder conduct disorder diagnostic status was signifi cantly related to severity. In conclusion, the findings in this referred sample are similar to prospective studies indicating that Performance IQ appears sensitive in reflecting brain damage. The finding linking OPS to severity of injury is not surprising. This is because OPS is a diagnosis which is dependent on the clinician s judgment of the likelihood that the organic factor is etiologically related to a defined behavioural syndrome. The diagnosis therefore requires a clinical judgment that the threshold of severity of a presumed organic etiological factor has been reached.