Correction Of Inequality Research Articles

Evaluation of additional benefits of HPV vaccination to cervical cancer screening in France

Abstract Background The National Cancer Institute (INCa) undertook the evaluation of the expected impact of HPV vaccination in the context of the recent marketing of nonavalent vaccine (Gardasil®9) and the implementation of organized screening (OS) of cervical cancer (CC) in France. Methods The study is based on a microsimulation model that replicates the natural history of CC. A cohort of 14-year-old women is generated and followed until death. Others HPV-infection related diseases (condyloma, anal cancer, penile cancer and oropharynx cancer) are not modelled. Different strategies were compared with the current vaccination coverage rate (VCR) of 21.4% (2017): impact of increased VCR alone and increased VCR combined with correction of inequalities (CI). Results are presented according to two hypotheses for the duration of protection offered by the vaccine (limited to 20 years and lifelong) and according to two hypotheses for price of the vaccine (French price and average European prices). Results The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was less than 15 000 euros per QALY (quality-adjusted life year) in all the assessed strategies. For each 14-year-old women cohort, 85% VCR with CI would prevent at least: 2 546 conations, 2 347 precancerous lesions CIN 2 / 3 diagnosed, 377 CCs, 139 deaths per CC (20 years vaccine protection). Scenarios based on increasing VCR with CI are the most cost-effective. Conclusions The study quantifies the increased risk of CC-related outcomes associated with current sub-optimal VCR and the possible investment to implement actions in order to improve the efficiency of the current strategies and tackle health inequalities (communication campaign, actions toward underserved women). Key messages Improving HPV vaccination uptake is a cost-effective measure, even considering only the cervical cancer prevention. Including health inequalities participation in modeling is crucial as underserved women are both less vaccinated and screened.

Enforcement against the state assets of Greece (against public sector)

Purpose. The aim of this article is the brief description of the legal environment in connection with the enforcement against the state assets of Greece. At the very beginning of the article it is considered within the frames of historical aspects; the next part is devoted to the current situation, focusing on the specific issues, with regard to the enforcement measures against the state today. It is noted that in a modern, democratic and constitutionally-oriented state, the possibility of enforcement against the state assets is obvious, not only in relation to the internal legal order but also within the European legal framework. The situation in Greece has developed similarly, though at first the enforcement against the state assets was legally excluded. Methods. According to the relevant literature there was no possibility to change this situation, especially during the period of military dictatorship. Only after the state has found the path to the European integration, other opinions could be heard and supported by the relevant decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and even approved at the constitutional level since 2002. Results. The relevant constitutional postulate was established in the Law on Constitutional Implementation, which in principle also referred to the general relevant provisions of the Civil Procedural Code of Greece in case of enforcement against the state assets; but not without introducing many important exemptions in favor of the state, which led to a privileged position of this “party”. Furthermore, the literature as well as the case law, especially that of the Supreme Courts, tried either to interpret these exemptions restrictively or to abolish them by means of contra legem interpretation. Besides the correction of inequalities or quasi “state privileges” in the enforcement proceedings, the role of jurisprudence is to resolve further legal issues and provide correct and constitutional definition of contextually unclear terms mentioned in the law, which clarify the fundamental issues on determining the assets of the state which can/may be enforced for the satisfaction of private, judicially recognized claims. Conclusions. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that not only the declaratory recognition of the possibility of performing the enforcement against the state assets but also, and above all, the “normalization” of this procedure, without recognition of special privileges, “says much about the rule of law and democracy in one state”; Greece is certainly neither in the last nor in the first place.

Civic Republican Political Theory and Labour Law: A Sketch

A number of justifications have been, and are, cited in favour of legal intervention in field of labour law. The traditional approach has been to stress role of labour laws in correcting imbalance in bargaining power inherent within employment relationship. Thus, the main object of labour law has always been, and [...] will always be, to be a countervailing force to counteract inequality of bargaining power which is inherent and must be inherent in employment (Davies and Freedland (eds), Kahn-Freund's Labour and Law, 3rd edition (London, Stevens, 1983)). Kahn-Freund makes point that labour legislation has interfered in employment relationship, e.g. to regulate terms and conditions of employment, and furnish rules on hiring and dismissal of employees, as well as basic work-wage bargain or exchange of worker's services in return for remuneration. Labour law has also indirectly provided support for effective functioning of collective bargaining under umbrella of 'collective laissez-faire'. However, in contemporary context, concern with correction of inequalities in bargaining power via prophylactic of labour laws or social practice of collective bargaining has lost much of its force. Economists have attacked notion that legal intervention is required to offset unequal exchange of resources between employee and employer. Equally, 'inequality of bargaining power' justification for labour law has been criticised for its lack of normative precision. The premise of correction of imbalances in bargaining strength between worker and employer has therefore given way to two further justifications for labour law. First, by linking labour law closely to functioning of labour market and thereby anchoring it firmly within a market-driven ideology, there appears a perceived need to regulate labour market failures in order to achieve efficient labour markets. Second, a continued focus on traditional social objectives of labour law gives way to a realisation of social justice through repulsion of 'economic logic of commodification of labour' (H. Collins, Employment Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford, OUP, 2010) 5). However, much like 'inequality of bargaining power', neither of these two justifications offers an all-encompassing explanation for labour law's interference in contemporary employment relationships. Following a brief analysis of various rationales for labour law and their inadequacies, this paper therefore turns to political theories of social justice and domination to give a sketch of an alternative basis for intervention in employment relationship. The paper draws upon works by Philip Pettit and Frank Lovett in field of civic republican political theory to explore whether employment relationship should be treated as one of types of social relationship which are generally characterised by domination by one party (the employer) over another (the employee). If so, then there is an argument that labour law's purpose can be defined as rules, principles and doctrines forged by common law and shaped by domestic and international legislation which are concerned with minimisation of domination exerted by an employer over an employee.

Characterization of decamethylferrocene and ferrocene in ionic liquids: argon and vacuum effect on their electrochemical properties

The electrochemistry of decamethylferrocene (DmFc) has been studied in organic solvent systems and proven to be a superior internal reference redox standard to ferrocene (Fc). However, the electrochemical information on this redox couple in ionic liquids is still limited. Therefore, the voltammetric and amperometric behaviour of DmFc was investigated under argon and vacuum conditions in six different ionic liquids and compared to that of Fc under the same experimental conditions. Consequently, the concentration, the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constant (k0), volatility, and diffusion coefficients (D) of Fc and Fc+, as well as the solubility, k0, and D values for DmFc and DmFc+ were determined under argon and vacuum conditions by fitting the experimental chronoamperometric and voltammetric data with numerical and digital simulations. The rate of mass transport of ferrocene and decamethylferrocene was observed to decreases between 6–37% by changing the working atmosphere from argon to vacuum. The DFc/DFc+ ratios are in the range 1.31-2.01 in the different ILs. Importantly, the DDmFc/DDmFc+ ratio is ≈ 1 in 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, 1-methyl-1-butylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, and 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. The experimental mid-point potential and half-wave potential of Fc0/+ vs. DmFc0/+, as well as the formal potential obtained after correction for inequality in the respective diffusion coefficients of both redox processes are presented. Even though DmFc is not freely soluble in the different ILs, the results presented in this work suggest that the DmFc0/+ redox process is less dependent than Fc on the IL nature. This is a very relevant finding for the application of this transition-metal sandwich complex as an internal reference redox system in IL solutions.

La relevancia de la desigualdad en la medición del desarrollo humano. Uruguay 1991-2002

Según el enfoque de las capacidades de Sen, el desarrollo se concibe como la expansión de los logros de las personas y las sociedades en un amplio conjunto de dimensiones (Alkire, 2002). El Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) en sus informes mundiales sobre el desarrollo humano ha propuesto un indicador base, el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), para medir los logros y comparar a los países desde esta perspectiva. Sin duda, este indicador supera las mediciones tradicionales basadas exclusivamente en el PIB, pues incorpora la noción de multidimensionalidad y ordena los países en función de los logros alcanzados en tres áreas clave: la salud, el nivel educativo y el acceso a los recursos. Sin embargo, el IDH surge de un proceso de agregación de índices sintéticos que miden la situación promedio de la población en cada dimensión, y resulta insensible a la forma en que los logros obtenidos en las tres dimensiones se distribuyen en la población. Recientemente, con el objetivo de superar esta limitación varios autores han propuesto correcciones al IDH. En este artículo se presenta la evolución del desarrollo humano en Uruguay entre 1991 y 2002, medido a través del IDH estándar y de tres familias alternativas de IDH que incorporan una corrección por la desigualdad en la distribución de los logros alcanzados en cada dimensión. Con este objetivo se utilizan los enfoques desarrollados por Hicks (1997), Chatterjee (2005) y Foster, Lopez-Calva y Szekely (2005). Se encuentra que la incorporación de la desigualdad altera significativamente los resultados obtenidos sobre la evolución del desarrollo humano en Uruguay. A la vez se presenta un ejercicio comparativo del ordenamiento de los países de América Latina para la dimensión de acceso a recursos, con el IDH estándar y sus versiones corregidas, en el que se observan cambios importantes en las posiciones relativas. Ambos resultados indican que la desigualdad debería ser incorporada sistemáticamente para evaluar la situación de las sociedades en cuanto a su desarrollo humano.

Entre la Venadita y la Medusa

Feminism has made in the last decades relevant advances towards equity between men and women in western societies. However, both mysogyny and gynophobia are still at work, giving as a result a «deflation of expectations» among women who enter the worlds of politics, information, corporations, economic power, knowledge, religion or art, and find a glass ceiling in full operation. The paper focuses on women artists, examines the anger expressed in feminist art as an answer to exclusion, and argues for feminist strategies of analysis and correction of inequalities.