Correct Problems Research Articles

An Automated Word Spelling Error Detection System

Accurate spelling has extensive consequences for written communication's clarity, credibility, and general effectiveness in several contexts, including academic and professional writing and personal communications. The frequency of spelling errors has increased significantly recently, mainly owing to the widespread use of digital media and society's dependence on written communication. Misspelled words can diminish the reliability of written correspondence and result in misinterpretations. Hence, there is an urgent requirement for an innovative and advanced solution to improve the identification of spelling errors. This research seeks to address these challenges and develop a system that significantly enhances the quality of written communication by improving the accuracy and relevance of spelling error detection and correction suggestions. According to this study, the implemented model is a promising technique to correct spelling problems in legal terminology, has been praised for its effectiveness and usability. Its recommendations include continuous research and development, improving its ability to use contextual cues and domain-specific information for error correction, emphasizing user-centric customization, implementing collaborative feedback systems, offering extensive training and support, prioritizing ethical and regulatory considerations, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. These suggestions aim to optimize the Spello model's performance, resilience, and scalability, and make it a fundamental technology in promoting accuracy, integrity, and accessibility in the legal profession and society. The model can become a fundamental technology in promoting accuracy, integrity, and accessibility in the legal profession and society through combined efforts and collaboration.

MÉTODOS PARA ANÁLISE DE INVESTIMENTO: APRESENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA E PRÁTICA

This work aims to present the most commonly accepted methods for investment analysis, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Payback – with simple and discounted cash flow, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR). Conceptually, the work presents MIRR as an evolution of IRR, aiming to correct inherent problems with IRR, such as the analysis of cash flows with sequential positive and negative peaks, where the IRR method would generate multiple rates instead of a single rate for the project. This article also introduces the concept of the Average Attractiveness Rate. The study methodology used is bibliographic research, presenting the concept, theory, and application of each method while attempting to differentiate them. In the end, a practical example with values is presented, where a manager, in deciding whether or not to invest, considers the use of investment analysis methods for decision-making regarding the trade-off.

A plastic correction algorithm for full-field elasto-plastic finite element simulations: critical assessment of predictive capabilities and improvement by machine learning

AbstractThis paper introduces a new local plastic correction algorithm that is aimed at accelerating elasto-plastic finite element (FE) simulations for structural problems exhibiting localised plasticity (around e.g. notches, geometrical defects). The proposed method belongs to the category of generalised multi-axial Neuber-type methods, which process the results of an elastic prediction point-wise in order to calculate an approximation of the full elasto-plastic solution. The proposed algorithm relies on a rule of local proportionality, which, in the context of J2 plasticity, allows us to express the plastic correction problem in terms of the amplitude of the full mechanical tensors only. This lightweight correction problem can be solved for numerically using a fully implicit time integrator that shares similarities with the radial return algorithm. The numerical capabilities of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated for a notched structure and a specimen containing a distribution of spherical pores, subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. As a second point of innovation, we show that the proposed local plastic correction algorithm can be further accelerated by employing a simple meta-modelling strategy, with virtually no added errors. At last, we develop and investigate the merits of a deep-learning-based corrective layer designed to reduce the approximation error of the plastic corrector. A convolutional architecture is used to analyse the neighbourhoods of material points and outputs a scalar correction to the point-wise Neuber-type predictions. This optional brick of the proposed plastic correction methodology relies on the availability of a set of full elasto-plastic finite element solutions to be used as a training data-set.

IMPROVING INDUSTRIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES

The research aims to clarify the concept of management by objectives and its role in improving project management by improving employee performance. It also explains the importance of management by objectives and clarifies the concept of project management, its importance, and the factors that help improve it. It also describes the concept of employee performance and the factors that help improve and develop performance. In order to test the research hypothesis, the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used. The research sample was a group of Iraqi companies, and the research sample was 199. After conducting the statistical analysis, it appeared that management by objectives plays a significant and positive role in improving project management by developing project management factors (human resources, costs, time). It also improves employee performance by developing (commitment, efficiency, and time). This requires the company's management to take serious steps to develop a strategy based on several organizational objectives that help increase the productive efficiency of employees. In addition, the company should use a performance evaluation system for employees in order to correct errors and address future problems.

Wind tunnel wall interference correction for transonic airfoils with data-reduced ensemble Kalman filter

The uncertain factors in wind tunnel experiments, especially the interference effects, will cause the flow around the test model to differ from that under the free flow condition. The wind tunnel wall interference effects are challenging to be eliminated, especially in transonic flow regions where classical linear correction methods are ineffective. To address this issue, an efficient wind tunnel wall interference correction framework based on data assimilation is proposed for steady and shock buffet flows around the airfoils in the transonic region in this work. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used to find the combination of inflow conditions, which minimizes the differences between the pressure coefficients measured in the wind tunnel experiment and those estimated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The polynomial chaos expansion method is used to propagate uncertainty in the forecast step of the EnKF in order to improve efficiency. Typical wind tunnel wall interference correction problems are studied, including two steady cases: the transonic flow around the Royal Aircraft Establishment 2822 (RAE2822) and the National Aerospace Laboratory 7301 (NLR7301) airfoils, and one unsteady case: the transonic shock buffet on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration supercritical (phase 2)-0714 (NASA SC(2)-0714) airfoil. It is demonstrated that with the corrected Mach number and angle of attack, the estimated CFD results are in better agreement with the measured experimental data than traditional linear methods and the computational efficiency is improved compared to the original EnKF.

The impact of Ghana’s national health insurance exemption policies on healthcare-seeking behaviour

Countries all over the world are seeking to enhance the general well-being of their populations by instituting a prepayment health system in which people can access healthcare at any time without financial risks. In Ghana, the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) seeks to achieve this objective while leaving no one behind. To accelerate the country’s UHC agenda, the scheme was designed to also provide premium exemptions to the poor and vulnerable. While the exemption policy removes financial barriers to both subscription and healthcare, its impact on health-seeking is unknown. This study, therefore, sought to evaluate the impact of the premium exemption policies on healthcare-seeking behaviours. Data from the most recent round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) was used. A total sample of 8297 individuals were included in the analysis comprising 5686 rural and 2611 urban dwellers. We used the Lewbel instrumental variable technique to correct potential endogeneity problems. We found that NHIS exemption policies improved both general and formal healthcare-seeking. For general healthcare-seeking, the impact was driven by individuals exempted through under 18 and aged category. However, focusing on formal care, both exemption through under 18 or aged category as well as through indigents or Free Maternal Services category both improved healthcare-seeking. The magnitude of the impact was also greater for categories that were fully exempted and did not require any form of payment to subscribe. The findings call for a policy review to differentially target individuals living in areas with different economic and health system realities.

New compounds with a dihydropyridine framework as promising hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective agents

Introduction: To solve the problem of complex and safe pharmacological correction of metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and liver lesions is currently very important. With this in mind, the new derivatives of cyanothioacetamide with a dihydropyridine framework, with a potential effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the functioning of the liver are of great interest. Materials and Methods: To conduct an experiment, three samples were selected from an extensive library of new cyanothioacetamide derivatives, which, according to in silico studies, proved promising towards the positive effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as towards the protective effect on the liver. To study the compounds in vivo, metabolic disorders were simulated in Wistar rats by long -term alimentary and subsequent dexamethasone loads. The pharmacological efficacy of new compounds AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 (administered in a dose of 1 mg/kg for 14 days) was assessed in comparison with metformin (300 mg/kg for 14 days) and vildagliptin (8 mg/kg for 14 days) by determining the biochemical indicators of blood (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose), morphological and morphometric studies of the liver sections, and the study of immunohistochemical indicators of hepatocyte proliferation. The experimental results were statistically processed using the recognized methods of mathematical statistics. When processing the experimental data, the average arithmetic (AA) was determined. The statistical significance of the compared options was determined on the basis of the Student’s t-test, with the critical value of the Student’s t-test equal to 2.101 and the significance level α = 0.05. Results: The study shows that all the new compounds studied in the experiment – AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 – have hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective properties, which manifested in the reduced levels of liver biochemical markers of blood, which had increased after simulating metabolic disorders, in the reduced concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, in the normalization of liver microarchitecture, as well as in the proliferative activity of hepatocytes. Discussion: The hepatoprotective and hypolypidemic properties of the new derivatives of cyanothioacetamide with a dihydropyridine framework, which were determined while conducting the experiment, can be accounted for by their effects on the biotargets, identified for AZ-383, AZ-257, and AZ-020 in silico. According to the results, the most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was found in AZ-383 (intragastrically, 1 mg/kg for 14 days). The Ki-67 proliferation index under the influence of this compound was registered at the level of 1.48±0.03%, which exceeds this indicator in the control animals and proves a significant hepatoprotective activity of AZ-383. Conclusion: The results show good prospects and high efficacy of the new studied cyanothioacetamide derivatives, such as AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 (in a dose of 1 mg/kg), in terms of comprehensive correction of metabolic disorders. Further study is needed for this class of compounds.

ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ И РЕСОЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ: К ВОПРОСУ О КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОЙ ЯСНОСТИ

The article analyzes the problems of correction and re-socialization of convicts and former convicts. According to the author, many issues of correction and re-socialization remain open, there is a lack of conceptual clarity in understanding these processes. The conclusion is proposed for discussion that in the process of re-socialization of convicts and former convicts, two stages can be distinguished – social readaptation and internalization. It is proved that social readaptation as an adaptation of convicts and persons who have served their sentences to new or restored norms and values, social roles can be expressed in obtaining general or additional education, vocational training, advanced training, involvement in paid work, development of mutual assistance among convicts, restoration and (or) development of ties with relatives, friends, colleagues, etc. It is noted that at the second independent stage of re-socialization, the acquired experience, values are reinteriorized with the help of other people, social institutions: they are assimilated, incorporated into the inner world of individuals, turning into a kind of reflex. The article substantiates the position that the process of re-socialization should be implemented through individual social rehabilitation programs and act in accordance with international acts as a way to achieve the main goal – the reintegration of convicts into society. It is concluded that the focus of penal enforcement policy should not be on absolute theories with ideas of retribution, which represent «the criminal as a rational agent weighing the costs and benefits of crime,» but on correctional concepts that see the criminal as a person amenable to correction and in need of support and treatment.

Proving Correctness of Parallel Implementations of Transition System Models

This article addresses the long-standing problem of program correctness for programs that describe systems of parallel executing processes. We propose a new method for proving correctness of parallel implementations of high-level models expressed as transition systems. The implementation language underlying the method is based on the concurrency model of actors and active objects. The method defines program correctness in terms of a simulation relation between the transition system that specifies the program semantics of the parallel program and the transition system that is described by the correctness specification. The simulation relation itself abstracts from the fine-grained interleaving of parallel processes by exploiting a global confluence property of the concurrency model of the implementation language considered in this article. As a proof of concept, we apply our method to the correctness of a parallel simulator of multicore memory systems.

Poverty and Vision: The Effect of Title 1 Status on Vision Screening Referral Rates in School-Aged Children in Western South Dakota

ABSTRACT Purpose Interventions such as eye exams and glasses are used to correct visual problems that may lead to amblyopia, an irreversible decrease in visual acuity. Children with limited access to these interventions are more likely to have unaddressed visual problems that can lead to amblyopia or negatively impact school performance. This study compared vision screening results of children in schools with Title 1 or Non-Title 1 designation to investigate the link between poverty and vision. Methods Data from KidsFIRST vision screenings conducted with the SPOTTM photoscreener performed in Rapid City Area elementary schools were compared across multiple parameters. Students were referred for eye examinations based on identifying the following problems: anisometropia, anisocoria, astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, gaze misalignment, or a combination. Results Overall, eye exam referral rates have increased since 2012 (11.9% in 2012, 19.7% in 2023), with a disproportionate increase in referrals from Title 1 schools (25.2% in 2023) vs. Non-Title 1 schools (11.9% in 2023) (p < 0.001). This is largely due to a significantly higher prevalence of astigmatism referrals in Title 1 students (20.9%) compared to Non-Title 1 students (7.5%). Although a higher percentage of Title 1 students are reported to have eye correction (24.4% vs 16.6%), only a slightly higher percentage of Title 1 students wore eye correction during screening (11.5% vs 10.5%). Conclusion Students at Title 1 schools may have a higher rate of amblyopia risk factors. Additional eye care-based interventions should be taken to reduce the risk of amblyopia in this population.

A REVIEW OF DIFFERENT MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN DATA ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION PROBLEMS

A REVIEW OF DIFFERENT MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN DATA ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION PROBLEMS

Dental bleaching: patient perception and satisfaction.

Teeth bleaching is a common practice performed by dental hygienists and dentists to correct aesthetic problems due to dental discoloration. Patients' opinions on this procedure may be different according to their personal experiences, expectations and individual sensitivities. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of satisfaction and related sensitivity of patients to professional and home bleaching treatment. A questionnaire consisting of 12 multiple-choice questions was submitted to 625 subjects among general population. These were related to: 1) patient's age and whether the patient is a smoker; 2) personal satisfaction; and 3) post-treatment tooth sensitivity. Descriptive analyses of all variables in the questionnaire were performed, and statistical analyses between variables were carried out by Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test. Of the people surveyed, 66% performed home bleaching, while the remaining performed the treatment in a dental office. Thirty-three percent of patients had previously undergone teeth bleaching and the 95.7% stated that they were satisfied with the treatment. Of these, only 36.4% reported experiencing postoperative hypersensitivity. Most patients (91.3%) received professional scaling before undergoing bleaching treatment. Patient satisfaction with tooth whitening treatment can vary from patient to patient and represents a strong indicator of treatment efficacy and suitability. A proper communication, careful management and individualized patient assessment are key to maximizing satisfaction and ensuring a positive and fulfilling patient experience.

Correct Organization and Problems in the Process of Building the Subject-Developmental Environment in the Kindergarten through the Lens of the Competence Approach

In the present work, the influence and stages of the correct organization of the subject-developing environment and its connection with the competence approach in the process of forming the key competences among children in kindergarten are traced. The scientific research reveals the basic principles and stages that are embedded in the fundamental structure of building the subjectdevelopmental environment, as well as the advantages of the competence approach included in the learning process in the preschool stage of education. Models of the types of developmental environments in preschool education are proposed, as well as the stages of building the subject-developmental environment in preschool education. Opinions on the subject are summarized and recommendations are given for the organization of the subject-developmental environment.

Психометрия латентных характеристик: инструменты, проблемы обработки ранговой информации, решения

&lt;p&gt;The paper examines the problems of correctness and adequacy of the use of psychometric tools in psychosocial research and applications. The main attention is paid to the problem of correct processing of rank information, which is non-numeric information that does not allow the use of classical mathematical operations, starting with the addition operation. The approach of forming the results of processing expert, ranked information in the scale of relations based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which includes a measurement apparatus and decision-making algorithms, is presented. An example is given that simulates the situation of an expert council and demonstrates unacceptable contradictions that arise with the "numerical" approach to processing rank information. The algorithms of the AHP normative approach are presented, which allow obtaining numerical, personalized assessments of psychosocial characteristics. The basic concepts of the Rasch Measurement (RM) for comparing the capabilities of AHP and RM in psychosocial applications are described. Some critical remarks about the methods of psychometry are considered. It is shown that the origins of the criticisms are associated with a superficial understanding of the basic concepts of psychometric measurements and the scope of their applications, as well as with elementary errors when using the apparatus of psychometric instruments.&lt;/p&gt;

NmTHC: a hybrid error correction method based on a generative neural machine translation model with transfer learning

BackgroundsThe single-pass long reads generated by third-generation sequencing technology exhibit a higher error rate. However, the circular consensus sequencing (CCS) produces shorter reads. Thus, it is effective to manage the error rate of long reads algorithmically with the help of the homologous high-precision and low-cost short reads from the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology.MethodsIn this work, a hybrid error correction method (NmTHC) based on a generative neural machine translation model is proposed to automatically capture discrepancies within the aligned regions of long reads and short reads, as well as the contextual relationships within the long reads themselves for error correction. Akin to natural language sequences, the long read can be regarded as a special “genetic language” and be processed with the idea of generative neural networks. The algorithm builds a sequence-to-sequence(seq2seq) framework with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) as the core layer. The before and post-corrected long reads are regarded as the sentences in the source and target language of translation, and the alignment information of long reads with short reads is used to create the special corpus for training. The well-trained model can be used to predict the corrected long read.ResultsNmTHC outperforms the latest mainstream hybrid error correction methods on real-world datasets from two mainstream platforms, including PacBio and Nanopore. Our experimental evaluation results demonstrate that NmTHC can align more bases with the reference genome without any segmenting in the six benchmark datasets, proving that it enhances alignment identity without sacrificing any length advantages of long reads.ConclusionConsequently, NmTHC reasonably adopts the generative Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to transform hybrid error correction tasks into machine translation problems and provides a novel perspective for solving long-read error correction problems with the ideas of Natural Language Processing (NLP). More remarkably, the proposed methodology is sequencing-technology-independent and can produce more precise reads.

Current state of the problem of voice correction, taking into account potential complications (literature review)

The discrepancy between the sound of the voice and the gender and appearance to which a person refers to himself leads to depression, the inability to socialize and carry out professional activities. To solve this problem, various ways of correcting vocal function have been proposed: hormone therapy, surgical interventions, phonopedic rehabilitation. The presented review is aimed at generalizing and systematizing the literature data on voice change, showing the possibilities of a rational approach to the management of patients with a mismatch in voice pitch to their gender and physique – both conservative and surgical methods – taking into account potential complications.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibilities of various methods of voice correction in patients wishing to change the pitch of their voice, and their likely complications according to the literature.There are a large number of operations to increase the pitch of the voice, which conditionally pursue three goals: reducing the length, total mass of the vocal folds or increasing their tension; they can be performed both openly and endoscopically – using classical instruments and a CO2 laser. In the postoperative period, dysphonia, decreased voice intensity, suture divergence, lack of increase in the fundamental frequency of the voice and even its decrease are often observed. In addition to granulomas, the need for revision with insufficient/asymmetric tension of the vocal folds, life-threatening complications in the form of infection, edema and an increase in signs of laryngeal stenosis are possible.Hormone therapy under medical supervision eliminates the risk of complications, however, uncontrolled testosterone intake leads to an increase in systolic blood pressure, an increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit, etc. The most characteristic complications of taking estrogens are a significant increase in thrombotic and cardiovascular risks, hyperprolactinemia. Phonopedia has a minimal risk of complications, it is possible before and after surgery to increase the fundamental frequency and improve other voice characteristics.Literature search was conducted in domestic (CyberLeninka, Google Academy) and international (PubMed) databases in Russian and English.

Biomimetic enhanced polarization orientation method for underwater scenes

Underwater polarization information can provide reliable autonomous heading feedback for underwater scenes in the presence of satellite denial and multi-source interference. A biologically inspired highly robust polarization orientation strategy is proposed to address the degradation caused by weak polarization and noisy patterns in underwater environments with poor illumination, turbidity, and cloud recession. This approach initially develops a biomimetic algorithm that enhances weak polarization information, based on the increased perception mechanism of the visual neural pathway of syrphid fly under weak light conditions. After overcoming restricting polarization transmission, it is further optimized with a non-local sparse coding denoising part that takes into account the similarity in the detailed structure of the polarized image's effective zenith region. Relying on the stable ∞ symmetric distribution of the angle of polarization, the ±π/2 feature point distribution is traversed and assigned, and polarization information is quantitatively assigned, compensated, and regulated along the solar meridian region, excluding invalid polarized pixels. The experiments demonstrate that the methodology effectively reconstructs the symmetry of the partially damaged angle of polarization distribution, eliminates external interference, autonomously solves the fitted heading correction problem, and improves the environmental adaptability of the bionic polarization compass. The data from underwater experiments indicate the orientation accuracy: the error in weakly polarized patterns is within 2°, and the accuracy in noisy patterns can be increased by over 50%.

International circumpolar surveillance: update on the interlaboratory quality control program for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2009 to 2020.

Arctic populations experience several social and physical challenges that lead to the increased spread and incidence of invasive diseases. The International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) program was developed to monitor five invasive bacterial diseases in Arctic countries and territories. Each ICS organism has a corresponding interlaboratory quality control (QC) program for laboratory-based typing, to ensure the technical precision and accuracy of reference testing services for these regions, and identify and correct potential problems. Here, we describe the results of the ICS Streptococcus pneumoniae QC program, from 2009 to 2020. Excellent overall concordance was achieved for serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results across six laboratories. Ongoing participation in these QC programs ensures the continuation of quality surveillance systems within Arctic populations that experience health disparities.

Mathematical modeling of concentration influence on evaporative convection in a bilayer system of binary mixtures

A problem of evaporative buoyancy-thermocapillary convection in a two-phase system of binary media is studied. Characteristics of a joint steady flow of evaporating fluid and gas in a narrow plane horizontal channel are analyzed on the example of aqueous ethanol solution and mixture of the nitrogen with the ethanol vapor. The influence of solutal effects related to changes in the ethanol concentration in the liquid mixture is scrutinized. New exact solution of thermosolutal convection equations is constructed in the framework of a two-sided model based on the Oberbeck–Boussinesque approximation. The model used implies the presence of the liquid–gas interface admitting evaporation where surface phenomena play a key role. The testing of problem statements is performed in order to determine feasible closing relations. A correct problem statement is proposed that provides acceptable accordance with known experimental data concerning both the working liquid properties and possible pattern of the bilayer flows. Non-linear character of dependence of evaporation rate on the concentration of the aqueous solution is established. The solution predicts the decrease in evaporation rate due to the diffusion resistance effect for some compositions of the liquid mixture, thereby it is shown the possibility of control of the heat exchange parameter by means of the choice of the working fluid compound. The results obtained can be useful under developing the experimental methods for exploration of the interfacial effects in multicomponent fluids.

Thin reservoir prediction technology with sensitive parameters of tight gas in southwest Ordos Basin

In the southwest of Ordos Basin, the loess layer is very thick, the surface elevation changes rapidly, and the near-surface low-velocity zone velocity changes greatly in vertical and horizontal directions, resulting in prominent static correction problems. Affected by the strong absorption of the loess layer, the effective frequency band of the original data is narrow, the apparent main frequency is low, and the "double high" processing is difficult. The reservoirs of He-8 and Shan-1 are deep-buried, thin and dense, and their lateral changes are fast. In this paper, the sensitive data of "two widths and one height" 3D seismic is optimized to obtain high-quality sensitive data. The sensitive orientation is optimized by combining drilling data, and the sensitive parameter based on pre-stack inversion technology is adopted to improve the prediction accuracy of thin reservoirs. The new Chengtan-3-Long19 He-8 sand belt was discovered, the well location deployment plan was optimized, the efficient drilling of horizontal Wells was supported and the fracturing plan was optimized. 26 well locations were deployed using 3D seismic, 11 were completed drilling, and 9 were class I + II, an increase of 30% compared with 2D seismic.