Correct Letter Research Articles

CAPITALIZATION ERRORS FOUND IN THE TITLE OF ENGLISH ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN SELECTED JOURNALS

In English, a capital letter is used for the first word of a sentence and for all proper nouns (words that name a specific person, place, organization, or thing). This research finds the capitalization errors found in the English titles of journal articles. This research uses descriptive qualitative. The data are Jurnal Akuntansi dan Pajak (JAP) and Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam (JIEI). The analysis shows that capitalization errors occurred in English titles, especially in writing prepositions such as “in, too, the, and, or, on, of, by, from, for, as, and with”. This can occur due to inaccuracy or misunderstanding about the use of prepositions. Writers are usually more concerned with the combination of words in each sentence and the continuity of the writing, the substance of the writing, rather than having to correct capital letters. In English, there is one type of word that basically cannot or should not be placed at the beginning of a sentence, namely determiner/article, prepositions, and conjunctions. Although the capitalization of words in titles might vary depending on the writer's/ author's, institution's, or publication's style, there are certain common capitalization principles to remember. 1) Any title's initial and last words should be capitalized. 2) Using capital letters for nouns and pronouns. Proper nouns are included in this category. 3) capitalizing helpful verbs and "to be" versions. 4) Capitalizing adjectives and adverbs, and 5) capitalizing articles in the title unless they are the first or last word. 6) In titles and short prepositions, do not capitalize short coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," "or," "for," or "nor." In minimizing mistakes, it is important to know how to write capital letters in the correct title.

The effects of teaching assistants on letter knowledge of foundation phase students in South Africa: Findings from an exploratory trial

There is increasing evidence that letter knowledge is a significant predictor of early grade reading achievements and that interventions designed to improve learning of this constrained skill can be effective. However, little is known about ways to enhance the teaching of letter knowledge in African languages and the degree to which teaching assistants can facilitate this process. This paper reports findings from an exploratory study designed to establish if teaching assistants can improve letter knowledge in African languages. A pre-post-trial with 249 pre-Grade R and Grade 1 students was conducted in two South African provinces with two distinctive African languages, isiXhosa and Sepedi. Our analysis shows significant positive correlations for both languages between students’ exposure to teaching assistants and their improvements in the number of attempted letters as well as correct letters in a standardised test. Therefore, our findings suggest that teaching assistants, who are instructed to play letter games with foundation phase students to complement the teaching of letter knowledge, could be an effective, low-cost strategy to facilitate future improvements in reading.

Prefrontal cortex activation while walking did not change but gait speed improved after a randomized physical therapy intervention

BackgroundHigher prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation while walking may indicate reduced gait automaticity.AimWe examine whether PFC activation during walking improves after training in older adults at risk for mobility disability.MethodsForty-two adults aged ≥ 65 participated in a randomized clinical trial (NCT026637780) of a 12-week timing and coordination physical therapy intervention to improve walking (n = 20 intervention, n = 22 active control). PFC activation was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during four walking tasks over 15 m, each repeated 4 times: even surface walking, uneven surface walking, even dual-task, uneven dual-task; dual-task was reciting every other letter of the alphabet while walking. Gait speed and rate of correct letter generation were recorded. Linear mixed models tested between arm differences in change of fNIRS, gait speed, and letter generation from baseline to follow-up (12-week, 24-week, and 36-week).ResultsIntervention arms were similar in mean age (74.3 vs. 77.0) and baseline gait speed (0.96 vs. 0.93 m/s). Of 24 comparisons of between arm differences in the fNIRS signals, only two were significant which were not supported by differences at other follow-up times or on other tasks. Gait speed, particularly during dual-task conditions, and correct letter generation did improve post-intervention but improvements did not differ by arm.Discussion and ConclusionsAfter training, PFC activation during walking generally did not improve and did not differ by intervention arm. Improvements in gait speed without increased PFC activation may point toward more efficient neural control of walking.

Generate fuzzy string-matching to build self attention on Indonesian medical-chatbot

Chatbot is a form of interactive conversation that requires quick and precise answers. The process of identifying answers to users’ questions involves string matching and handling incorrect spelling. Therefore, a system that can independently predict and correct letters is highly necessary. The approach used to address this issue is to enhance the fuzzy string-matching method by incorporating several features for self-attention. The combination of fuzzy string-matching methods employed includes Jaro Winkler distance + Levenshtein Damerau distance and Damerau Levenshtein + Rabin Carp. The reason for using this combination is their ability not only to match strings but also to correct word typing errors. This research contributes by developing a self-attention mechanism through a modified fuzzy string-matching model with enhanced word feature structures. The goal is to utilize this self-attention mechanism in constructing the Indonesian medical bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (IM-BERT). This will serve as a foundation for additional features to provide accurate answers in the Indonesian medical question and answer system, achieving an exact match of 85.7% and an F1-score of 87.6%.

THE USE OF SPEECHRECOGNITION TO FIND OUT READING ERRORS ON GOOGLE TRANSLATE

This study aims to find out what are the errors in reading 50 Arabic vocabularies using speech recognition found on google translate. This research is descriptive qualitative research, with collection techniques using observation and documentation techniques. Data used in this research is 50 vocabularies prepared for reading by 20 students. Data analysis techniques used in research it is an interactive data analysis. The research result obtained is that several vocabularies that have many errors, in the accuracy of letters, and there is also a vocabulary that has the correct letter and vowel accuracy. Errors found in using speech recognition very diverse, such as the arrangement of letters that do not match up with what is captured by the speech recognition function from google translate. Common reading errors in the vocabulary prepared by the researcher an error in the vocabulary ending in the letter Ta’ Marbutah “ة”. This is due to the arrangement of letters and vowels in the vocabulary prepared by the researcher is not by the result captures by google translate when students read it.

Student Competence in Reading the Al-Qur'an Based on Educational Background

The objective of this study is to characterize Qur'anic reading proficiency among students according to their educational background. This study was carried out in MTs As'adiyah Putra I Sengkang, Class VII. Qualitative descriptive research using a field and literature approach is the research methodology employed. Inductive, deductive, and comparative methods of data analysis are employed in conjunction with observation, interviews, and documentation techniques for data collection. According to the research findings, students in class VII generally have high motivation and a high willingness to learn the Al-Qur'an, regardless of their educational backgrounds. This indicates that the students' motivation to read the Qur'an is similar. They are all enthusiastic about learning the Koran, whether from Madrasah Ibtidaiyah or religious schools, or from elementary schools or public schools. Students' fluency in reading the Al-Qur'an based on their educational background in class VII is generally the same; all of them are fluent in just reading without paying attention to their fluency and recitation. However, in particular, the new students I tested were more fluent in madrasas than in elementary schools. Meanwhile, the student's ability to recite the Al-Qur'an is based on their educational background in class VII, namely reading the Al-Quran. Students with a background from Madrasah Ibtidaiyah are able to read the Al-Quran fluently with the correct makharijul letters, correct tajwid, waqaf wal proper ibtida', as well as the art and rhythm of good tartil in reading the Koran. Meanwhile, students with an elementary school background can read the Koran fluently but are still lacking in correct makhaharijul letters, tajwid (mad & qashar, gunnah & bila gunnah, waqaf wal ibtida'), and art. Apart from that, students still make mistakes with letters and with punctuation marks (al-Qur'an letters lined up in a row, dead/sukun marks, tasydid marks; don't understand mad and qashar, let alone waqaf wal ibtida').

Sosialisasi dan Pendampingan Keputusan Badan Bahasa Kemendikbudristek Tentang Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan Untuk Pelajar Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Karanganyar

Indonesian has a very important role in improving the quality of basic education. In its application, EYD is also adjusted to keep up with the times and technological advances. The socialization of EYD in elementary schools is the initial stage in ensuring that our young generation has a strong foundation in the use of correct and standard language. The research methods used include problem identification, preparation of training materials, training implementation, mentoring and monitoring, and evaluation and stabilization. The results obtained in this socialization include, among others, there are still many errors regarding the writing of geographical names, names of people, capitalization of prepositions, correct capital letters, writing letters, and the use of spaces use of spaces. Also, at the end of the activity, evaluation and stabilization activities were held for all students.

HETEROGENEITY OF PREFRONTAL CORTICAL ACTIVITY DURING WALKING AMONG OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Higher prefrontal cortical (PFC) activity during simple walking may indicate neural compensation for impaired gait automaticity. On average, older adults have higher PFC activity during walking than younger adults, but the heterogeneity amongst older adults is understudied. We examined PFC activity during simple and dual-task walking in adults aged 65+ (n=173, mean age=72, 62% female). Participants walked quietly and while reciting every-other-letter of the alphabet (dual-task; 4 repsx15 meters). Change in PFC activity from standing was estimated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We grouped participants with significantly increased, significantly decreased, or no change in PFC activity from standing to simple walking (t-test, alpha=0.05). We tested for group differences in PFC activity change from simple to dual-task walking, task performance (gait speed, rate of correct letters), age, and cognitive function (trail-making A/B). PFC activity increased from standing to walking in 52 (30%), decreased in 21 (12%), and did not change in 100 (58%) participants. Those who reduced PFC activity from standing to simple walking (vs no change or increased, respectively) walked faster (mean+/-SD=1.12+/-0.17 vs 1.00+/-0.17 0.99+/-0.18m/s; both p=0.014) and had a greater increase in PFC activity from simple to dual-task walking (t-stat=1.96+/-2.2 vs 0.49+/-1.53 vs -0.26+/-1.43; p=0.008, p=0.0006). Those who increased PFC activity from standing to simple walking had a smaller PFC change (vs no change) from simple to dual-task walking (p=0.005). Age, alphabet performance, and cognitive function did not differ across groups. Differences in PFC activity during simple walking may contribute to differences in task performance and capacity for walking challenges.

Sosialisasi penulisan surat dinas di Kantor Dinas Perhubungan Kota Bekasi

Official/Formal letters already have clear formats and rules in writing, but in reality, mistakes are often found that are made repeatedly. Writing that is done in a template or following a previous writing pattern is one of the reasons why the error keeps repeating itself. The purpose of the official letter-writing training at the Department of Transportation Bekasi City is to provide an understanding of the department transportation employees, especially the administrative staff, about writing good and correct official letters. This community service program activity was carried out for two days, namely on 07 April 2023 which took place at the Department of Transportation Bekasi City Office. The administrative Staff of the Department of Transportation who participated in this official letter-writing training totaled 25 people. The socialization method used is direct lectures and questions/answers. Based on the initial identification through the writing process, the writing form of the activity participants still found many errors in spelling and sentences that were less effective, meaning that it is necessary to increase the application of Indonesian spelling in accordance with the current spelling. During the training, the participants and the community service implementation team conducted an evaluation and asked questions directly about the material that had been presented. Then, activity participants understand the mistakes and know the corrections have been submitted by the abdimas team so that participants can properly and correctly compose official letters in accordance with the General Guidelines for Indonesian spelling

20 The Impact of Perceived Pain on Neural Efficiency During Walking in Older Adults

Objective:Pain is a mechanism for attention disruption due, in part, to a shared reliance on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Amongst older adults, the experience of pain is both prevalent and functionally impactful. Dual-task walking (DTW) paradigms are a useful means of assessing the impact of pain on attentional control and known to be sensitive to changes in the cortical hemodynamic response within the PFC. To date, however, few studies have utilized such paradigms to examine the impact of self-reported pain on attentional control via assessment of cognitive, gait and neuroimaging outcomes. Examining these associations would facilitate a better understanding of the ways in which pain may negatively impact neural efficiency, thereby increasing risk of adverse functional outcomes, in healthy aging.Participants and Methods:Study participants (N= 408; mean age = 76 ± 6.5ys; % female =55.4) were grouped into pain (n= 266) and no pain (n= 142) groups based upon their responses on the MOS-PSS and MOS-PES. These questionnaires were also used to assess self-reported levels of pain severity and interference amongst individuals with reported pain. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure intraindividual variability (IIV) of the cortical hemodynamic response within the PFC during a DTW paradigm which consisted of Single-Task-Walk (STW), Cognitive Interference (Alpha), and Dual-Task-Walk (DTW) conditions. Participants walked along an electronic walkway and quantitative gait data were extracted in order to assess IIV in stride length during STW and DTW conditions. The rate of correct letter generation was used as a measure of cognitive accuracy during Alpha and DTW conditions. Linear mixed effects models (LMEMs) were used to examine the effects of perceived pain on neural and behavioral responses as well as on the change in these outcomes form single- to dual-task conditions. Stratified LMEMs were used to examine whether these associations differed by gender.Results:LMEMs revealed that perceived pain presence was associated with reduced IIV in PFC oxygenation (estimate = -0.032, p = 0.037) and reduced IIV in stride length in the DTW condition (estimate = -1.180, p = 0.006). High pain severity was associated with a greater increase in stride length IIV from STW to DTW (estimate = -1.301, p = 0.039). Stratified LMEMs revealed that the association between pain and neural IIV was significant in only males (estimate = -0.049, p = 0.037), while the association between pain and gait IIV was significant in only females (estimate = -1.712, p = .008).Conclusions:Study results suggest that self-reported pain over one month is associated with differential patterns of neural and behavioral responding amongst healthy, community-dwelling older adults. Furthermore, it appears that males are more susceptible to the neural effects of pain, while females are more susceptible to the behavioral effects under attention-demanding conditions. In this population, these patterns may reflect a tendency towards inefficient neural and behavioral modifications in response to perceived pain. These findings highlight the need for clinical use of routine pain assessments and, when appropriate, the implementation of timely and effective pain treatments in aging.

Is the Missing Letter Effect Due Primarily to the Test Word Containing the Target Letter or to the Surrounding Words?

Abstract A simple letter detection task, in which subjects mark instances of a target letter in prose passages, has elucidated numerous cognitive processes involved in reading by examining the “missing letter” effect, in which readers’ detection accuracy is especially low on frequent function words. Two experiments explore the fundamental but novel issue of whether the missing letter effect is due to the test word containing the target letter or to the words surrounding the test word. College students searched for a target letter (e in Experiment 1, o in Experiment 2) in a passage that included unrelated sentences, with each sentence containing a single instance of 1 of 2 test words (the or one in Experiment 1, of or on in Experiment 2). The sentences were intact (prose), or the words in each sentence were randomly rearranged (scrambled). The 2 test words in an experiment were surrounded by the exact same words. If the word containing the target letter is primarily responsible for the missing letter effect, the proportion of correct letter detection responses should depend on the test word, whereas if the surrounding words are primarily responsible, it should depend on the text type (prose, scrambled). In fact, in both experiments a huge effect of test word was found but no effect of text type. These results provide clear evidence for the influence of the test word but, surprisingly, no evidence for the influence of the surrounding words on the missing letter effect in the letter detection task.

Monitoring Elementary Students’ Progress Using Word Dictation: Technical Features of Slope and Growth Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the technical features of slopes produced from the curriculum-based measurement in writing (CBM-W) word dictation task. Seventy-nine elementary students in the U.S. Midwest with intensive learning needs responded to weekly word dictation probes across 20 weeks; responses were scored for correct letter sequences (CLS). Scores showed evidence of high reliability and sensitivity to growth in a short period. Linear mixed modeling revealed that students gained an average of 0.91 CLS for each additional week of instruction. Initial writing levels and growth rates did not significantly differ depending on students’ demographic characteristics. Based on these findings, we illustrate how word dictation slopes can be used as indicators of writing growth for students with intensive learning needs.

Sans érasure

Abstract A curious phenomenon that is attested in the Ugaritic texts, elsewhere in the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea Scrolls, medieval texts, and beyond is a scribal practice I call sans érasure, a case in which a scribe leaves an error uncorrected and proceeds to write or copy the correct letter, word, line, or verse following the error. In this article, a number of rather clear examples are adduced from the Ugaritic texts, and a number of examples from the Hebrew Bible are proposed. Several of these cases would seem to be recognized in the Masoretic tradition in instances of ‮לא קרי‬‎ (written but not read). Some of the biblical examples resolve longstanding philological cruxes. Among the examples are several from the book of Job and the last verse in Lamentations. An explanation for the practice is suggested.

The reliability and validity of the snellen memory test for point‐of‐care detection of Alzheimer’s risk in cognitively unimpaired older adults

AbstractBackgroundEpisodic memory decline is one of the earliest cognitive indicators in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with impairment in memory in older adults an important indicator of incipient AD. Optometry has potential for population based, point‐of‐care screening as retinal biomarkers can detect both symptomatic and preclinical AD. Here, we aimed to develop and optimize a test of episodic memory for use in clinical optometry/ophthalmology settings alongside retinal imaging methods to detect both preclinical and early symptomatic AD.Method30 cognitively normal (CN) older adults (55‐81 years; 68.5±7) from the Atlas of Retinal Imaging in Alzheimer’s Study (ARIAS) completed the Snellen Memory Test (SMT). Participants completed a a Snellen Eye Chart for three learning trials of 10 seconds exposures, followed by immediate free recall. After a 20‐minute delay, participants completed delayed free recall in which they were asked to recall as many of the letters as they had been shown. This was followed by a recognition test in which participants viewed a mock chart identifying the correct letters and if they were in the correct location as the original chart.ResultAn intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the inter‐rater reliability among three raters for 10 randomly selected administrations. Overall results indicated good reliability with a mean coefficient of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.71‐1.03). Convergent and divergent validity for the 30 participants was assessed by comparing SMT performance to RBANS indices and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). The SMT significantly correlated with the RBANS Immediate Memory Index (r = 0.38‐0.52), Language Index (r = 0.39‐0.51), and Attention Index (r = 0.39‐0.46) as well as with selective reminding trial 1 and 2 (r = 0.45‐0.78), and free and cued recall for trial 3 (r = 0.45‐0.47).ConclusionThe SMT has potential as an episodic memory test that could be used for point of care detection of preclinical AD. Future work will continue to validate the SMT against reference standard neuropsychological assessments of episodic memory and against AD retinal imaging biomarkers.

Pembinaan Pelafalan Huruf Hijaiyyah Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Al-Qur’an Anak-Anak Di Desa Mattunreng Tellue

This activity aims to foster children in pronouncing the correct hijaiyyah letters so that they can improve their ability to read the Qur'an. The training took place in Tanatoae Hamlet, Mattunreng Tellue Village, with a focus on children in the village. The coaching method used is to adjust the method of reading the Koran which is common, namely the iqra method. This was chosen by observing the children in this village using the Iqra method in their learning. The results of this coaching can be seen from the development of reading the Qur'an, especially in the pronunciation of hijaiyyah letters which are still not quite right. This coaching is in order to improve human resources, especially for children in the religious field.

Application of Literacy and Public Speaking to MTS Project Kandenpag Students

The Independent Real Work Lecture apprenticeship activity took place in District Yos Sudarso, KM 13.5, Medan City Regency and specifically at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Project. The main activity carried out is Literacy to improve students' reading and speaking skills including Al-Qur'an literacy for Madrasah Tsanawiyah Project Kandepag students where students are given an understanding of reading the Qur'an with the correct makharijul letters and public speaking training in public speaking well so that it can be applied in everyday life, ending with the implementation of three-language speech by MTS students

Same-different letter decision task: a study with Spanish children with dyslexia (Tarea de decisión de letras igual-diferente: un estudio con niños españoles con dislexia)

ABSTRACT It is common to see mirror errors in letters in early stages of reading due to the mirror-generalization process that allows a visual stimulus to be identified independently of its orientation. To avoid such errors, this process must be inhibited. A special case would be children with dyslexia since their difficulties with the alphabetic code may also delay the acquisition of correct letter orientation. We investigated the relationship between reversible errors in reading and dyslexia. Twenty-seven Spanish-speaking children with dyslexia (7–12 years old) and 27 chronological-age-matched controls performed a ‘same-different’ letter decision task on reversible and non-reversible letters. Results showed that all participants required more time and committed more errors in discriminating reversible letters. In addition, worse execution was observed in the dyslexic group, which seems to indicate that this group is delayed in the acquisition of correct letter orientation. Therefore, our results indicated that overcoming reading errors in mirrors depends to some extent on the reading competence of the children and the ability to inhibit the process of generalization of mirrors.

Parafoveal processing and transposed-letter effects in dyslexic reading.

During parafoveal processing, skilled readers encode letter identity independently of letter position (Johnson et al., 2007). In the current experiment, we examined orthographic parafoveal processing in readers with dyslexia. Specifically, the eye movements of skilled readers and adult readers with dyslexia were recorded during a boundary paradigm experiment (Rayner, 1975). Parafoveal previews were either identical to the target word (e.g., nearly), a transposed‐letter preview (e.g., enarly), or a substituted‐letter preview (e.g., acarly). Dyslexic and non‐dyslexic readers demonstrated orthographic parafoveal preview benefits during silent sentence reading and both reading groups encoded letter identity and letter position information parafoveally. However, dyslexic adults showed, that very early in lexical processing, during parafoveal preview, the positional information of a word's initial letters were encoded less flexibly compared to during skilled adult reading. We suggest that dyslexic readers are less able to benefit from correct letter identity information (i.e., in the letter transposition previews) due to the lack of direct mapping of orthography to phonology. The current findings demonstrate that dyslexic readers show consistent and dyslexic‐specific reading difficulties in foveal and parafoveal processing during silent sentence reading.

Optimizing Surau as an Education Center in the Pandemic Period

Community service activities are a community service activity that is needed by students to hone student skills and personalities so that they can go directly to the community. Therefore the KKL conducted by STAI AS-SUNNAH students aims so that all elements of society can participate in this activity by "Turning Ramadan in the Middle of Covid-19". This activity was carried out in West Sumatra to be precise in Solok, Tanah Datar Regency, Bukittinggi, Payakumbuh, and Fifty Cities Regency. The community participation in this activity, thank God, is quite a lot. Because many problems are spread in the community in the form of Tauhid, tahsin and tahfidz, scientific cycles, and other religious activities, we have taken several programs related to things that are being needed by the community in the hope that after holding the KKL it will benefit the community and increase knowledge. public knowledge, especially in the field of religion. The methods used in these activities are online and offline. And the result of this activity is that people know tauhid correctly, know the correct makharijul letters and tajwid, can add memorization and memorize memorization, and know knowledge about Islam such as the nature of ablution and the prayers of the prophet sallahu 'alaihi wa sallam, know surah in prayer and other religious sciences.

Association of Affect and Performance in Dual-Task Walking in Non-demented Older Adults.

Objective: We examined whether individual differences in positive and negative affective states predicted dual-task costs using an established Dual-Task Walking protocol in non-demented older adults. We hypothesized that positive and negative affect would be associated with smaller and larger dual-task costs, respectively. Methods: Participants (N = 403; mean age = 76.22 ± 6.55; females = 56%) completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the walking protocol involving three conditions: Single-Task-Alpha, Single-Task-Walk (STW), and Dual-Task-Walk (DTW). Gait velocity was assessed via an instrumented walkway. Results: Negative affect was associated with greater decline in gait velocity from STW to DTW (95% confidence interval [-0.73 to -0.03]) but not the decline of the rate of correct letter generation. There was no significant relationship between positive affect and DTW performance. Discussion: Findings suggest negative affect is adversely associated with allocation of attentional resources, leading to worse mobility outcomes in older adults.