Correct Diagram Research Articles

Evaluation of a novel method for teaching drawing of histology diagrams to first year MBBS students.

Background The challenge faced by an undergraduate medical student to draw factually correct histology diagrams needs to be addressed by the use of innovative teaching strategies. We introduced a new method to teach drawing of histology diagrams and compared its outcome with two preexisting methods. We obtained feedback from the students and faculty. Methods We introduced an innovation (method 3): A validated hand-drawn pencil sketch of a histology diagram was provided to the students. Students drew on the pencil sketch with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) pencils and coloured it. They then drew the same diagram afresh. Three diagrams of systemic histology were chosen and the evaluation criteria shared with students. The students drew all three diagrams once, each by a different method. The scores of method 3 were compared with the other two methods, copying from standard atlas (method 1) and from hand-drawn colour chart made by teacher (method 2). Feedback was sought from students and faculty by means of a google form. Results A total of 112 students (of 167 who volunteered) completed the study. The mean (SD) score obtained by method 3 (4.83 [0.298]) was higher than the mean score by method 1 (3.91 [0.95]) and method 2 (4.82 [0.27]). There was a statistically significant difference between method 3 and method 1 (p<0.01), and method 2 and method 1 (p<0.01). However, the difference in scores between methods 3 and 2 was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion We found method 3 (the innovation) to be better than one of the pre-existing methods (method 1) but not better than method 2. The quality of diagrams produced by methods 2 and 3 were better than those by method 1, and equally so. The ease of drawing and time taken to draw were the best for method 2. Hence, overall, method 2 may be adjudged the best method.

A systematic review of Australian hospitals' policies on the deactivation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Abstract Introduction Increasing numbers of older adults are living with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), reflecting expanded indications and increased insertion rates (1). Deactivation rates for those approaching end of life are low, risking undue distress and an undignified death (2). International guidelines recommend discussions regarding deactivation be part of pre-implantation consent (3). Local health service policies, procedures and guidelines regarding deactivation are crucial for best-practice end-of-life care. Objective This systematic review aimed to determine the availability and content of hospital policies, procedures and guidelines regarding ICD deactivation towards end of life. Methods Victorian (PROMPT) and South Australian hospital guidelines databases were systematically searched (September 2022 - February 2023) to identify all documents regarding ICD deactivation at end-of-life. Eligible documents were analysed using a data extraction tool. Results Of 4001 documents identified from 93 health services (population 8.45 million Australians), 11 were included, with 10 (91%) from public, and 8 (73%) from metropolitan, health services. Two (18%) documents provided recommendations for subacute healthcare settings and 1 (9%) for community-based patients. Guidance for prompting ICD deactivation discussions was limited. Only 2 (18%) documents advised at time of insertion, 1 (9%) at generator change and 6 (55%) during advance care planning discussions (Figure 1). Recommended indications for ICD deactivation varied and included: patients with a palliative condition (2, 18%) or receiving end-of-life care (11, 100%), patient’s request (7, 64%) and with an active do not resuscitate order (5, 45%). Nine (82%) documents provided key points for informed consent discussions including that deactivation does not cause/hasten death (8, 73%), does not deactivate pacing (8, 73%), aims to promote a peaceful death (8, 73%) and that reactivation is possible (8, 73%). Instructions for temporary deactivation using a magnet were provided in 10 (91%) documents (8 (73%) included manufacturer-specific instructions, 2 (18%) including correct magnet placement diagram). Most (10, 91%) gave non-urgent deactivation instructions. Advice for managing ICDs after death was detailed in 4 (36%) documents. Conclusion There is a paucity of local health service guidance to support Australian clinicians navigate the challenges of ICD deactivation at end of life. Consistent, detailed, high-quality local health service guidance is required to facilitate active recognition of people with whom timely discussion and action regarding ICD deactivation is appropriate. This may contribute to improved end of life care. Additionally, given the geographical size and population spread of Australia and implications for cardiologist access, logistical caveats that allow adaptation for local health service should be highlighted.Figure 1

An Algorithm for Dynamic Identification of Low-Voltage Topology

The topology identification of the station area includes two types of household-transformation relationship and branch relationship identification. In this paper, the station area identification signal is sent in phases through the intelligent distribution transformer terminal deployed in the station area, and the branch identification slave installed in each branch line and the terminal identification slave installed in the meter box receive this identification signal to realize the household-transformation relationship and phase identification in the station area. At the same time, the terminal identification slave sends a branch current identification signal, and the branch station identification slave receives the branch identification signal so that the branch relationship can be recognized correctly. Through the identification of household-transformation relationships, phase sequence identification, and branch relationship identification, the correct dynamic topology diagram of the station area can be established.

Time-fixed vs time-varying causal diagrams for immortal time bias.

We thank Shrier and Suissa1 for their interest in our editorial2 on causal diagrams3–7 for immortal time bias (ITB) and for their detailed analysis of our causal diagrams. They proposed a time-varying approach for these diagrams and concluded that the structure of ITB for both exposure misclassification and exclusion scenarios is selection (collider-stratification) bias. We chose to use simpler causal diagrams in our editorial in order to explain the key concepts without confusing the readers who might be less familiar with these diagrams, but we welcome the chance now to consider the more detailed analysis of ITB using time-varying diagrams. Here, we first explain why we believe that our time-fixed causal diagrams are correct. Then we will demonstrate that Shrier and Suissa’s presentation and interpretation of time-varying causal diagrams for ITB are incorrect, and also provide the correct time-varying diagrams that are actually equivalent to the time-fixed diagrams originally presented in our editorial.

Design of power measurement vector analysis tool

Abstract At present, in terms of power marketing measurement training, there are problems such as measurement wiring discrimination inconvenience, drawing inconvenience, wiring display time consuming, resulting in the measurement wiring training is not in place. The article first of the three phase three line power meter and three phase four line power meter correct wiring mode and phasor diagram, and then a special tool for the vector analysis used in the training is designed, which can not only solve the above problems, but also replace the manual drawing of the vector map, which has a good practical effect on the power marketing measurement training, enables the students to learn the measurement wiring more intuitively.

A New General Fatigue Limit Diagram and Its Application of Predicting Die Fatigue Life during Cold Forging.

Traditional fatigue fracture theory and practice focus principally on structural design. It is thus too conservative and inappropriate when used to predict the high-cycle fatigue life of dies used for metal forming, especially cold forging. We propose a novel mean stress correction model and diagram to predict the high-cycle fatigue lives of cold forging dies, which focuses on the upper part of the equivalent fatigue strength curve. Considering the features of die materials characterized by high yield strength and low ductility, a straight line is assumed for the tensile yield line. To the contrary, a general curve is used to represent the fatigue strength. They are interpolated, based on the distance ratio, when finding an appropriate equivalent fatigue strength curve at the mean stress and stress amplitude between the line and curve. The approach is applied to a well-defined literature example to verify its validity and shed light on the characteristics of die fatigue life. The approach is also applied to practical forging and useful qualitative results are obtained.

Recent Progress in the Consistent Interpretation of Complementary Spectroscopic Results Obtained on Molecular Systems

AbstractResearch on organic thin films is largely driven by potential (opto‐)electronic applications and turns out to be no less intriguing from a fundamental point of view. Numerous studies make it clear that the understanding of device‐relevant molecular thin film architectures is quite challenging—often hampered by insufficient spectroscopic data and the lack of a consistent interpretation of the available datasets. Consequently, speculative aspects prevail in the discussion of energy levels in conjunction with the optical properties of organic thin films. Adequate spectroscopic techniques applicable to thin films of organic molecules (typical thicknesses required for devices are in the nanometer range) with the necessary sensitivities are rather demanding. Some of those methods were developed or significantly improved in the recent past. Here, the now available complementary spectroscopies are briefly surveyed with particular emphasis on some techniques that have not yet become widespread standards, and a non‐exhaustive set of examples of acquired experimental results are provided. For a consistent interpretation of the latter, the concepts brought forward in the literature considering the role of initial and final states of spectroscopic processes are outlined, with important consequences for quantitatively correct energy diagrams.

Strong CP and solitonic axions resonant from Higgs’ cusp-kinks radiative corrections

A limiting algebraic resonance seems to recuperate the pseudo-scalar Higgs from the simultaneous breaking process. On an energy kernel consideration, an imposed nonharmonic boundary exclusion provides a basis for the scaling (proved derived from the conformal classes) of its extending as radiative correction diagrams, plus whose anomalies eliminate upon reaching geometrically a type of steep power as linked to, completely from the curvature. A CP violating form, then shows after the appearance of both a parity, plus a polarization defiance, together with the Higgs decoupled to the favor of the equivalence class for a scalar coupling, leading to the types of allowed UV fixed points, with the possible fading of some of its parametric resonances (tachyon) by quantum corrections, into then the estimation of consecutive QCD and fuzzy axion masses by taking into account that their interaction (dimensional) operators such which have the completeness, both of metric and/or gauge types, being so then, first with KSVZ (showing as being resonant along with sterile neutrinos) and DFS types or second with creation of an axion soliton. The fit into the phenomenological constraints is also checked.

Artificial Intelligence Aided Course Scheduling System

College and department courses are broad, elegant and diversified. The demand for interdisciplinary elective courses is increasing, and the teaching management work is becoming increasingly heavy. Therefore, the administrative work of arranging and adjusting courses cannot be increased. We should carry out reform according to the actual difficulties. In the preliminary study of different educational administration work between colleges, the action research case study was started. This paper discusses how to apply the thinking of software engineering in educational administration system, innovate the current operation procedure, find out the solution, and realize the Artificial Intelligence Aided course scheduling system. This paper discusses the difficulties and difficulties of the current course scheduling system, and designs the new core principle and algorithm. Based on the problems collected by action research, the entity relationship between system analysis and system design is discussed, and the correct relation diagram is drawn to realize the function module of system design. After discussion, the group decided to adopt browser / server mode architecture, run the prototype of Artificial Intelligence Aided course scheduling system, and gradually test and eliminate problems, so as to realize the feasibility of the system and share the successful experience.

Learning Mandarin tones through pitch-time diagrams: A computer-assisted visual approach

Abstract A notable feature of spoken Mandarin by many non-tonal language learners of Mandarin is incorrect or inaccurate tones. This contributes to significant impediments to effective communication by creating confusion, due to the fact that tones in Mandarin serve a lexical purpose. The problem is exacerbated by the relatively small number of Mandarin syllables. Traditionally, tones are taught by the classical aural process of “listen and repeat” in the classroom with the help of a language instructor and supplemented by out-of-classroom practice using model audio recordings. Both modes require learners to aurally detect the differences between tones and to imitate what they hear. With the wide availability of personal computers, computer-aided tone acquisition is an alternative to the “listen and repeat” method. The aim is to display and correlate the phonetic counterpart of tones, namely their pitch-time diagrams (also known as Fo diagrams). This provides visual feedback to guide learners to produce the correct tones through imitation of the correct pitch-time diagrams. While the pitch range of the Mandarin tones is well defined by Chao’s 5-level tone value scale for the four full tones, their corresponding pitch-time diagrams are not exactly the same as Chao’s tone diagrams. With disyllabic and trisyllabic Mandarin words, the pitch-time diagrams of the constituent syllables deviates even more from their tone diagram counterparts due to various coarticulation effects. This paper reports on a quantitative study of the tone values of single syllable, disyllabic and trisyllabic Mandarin words extracted from their pitch-time diagrams. The understanding of the results based on previous phonological studies is also provided. The results point to the effectiveness of pitch-time diagrams as a visual feedback tool for tone acquisition.

Developing computer-aided diagramming tools to mine, model and support students’ reasoning processes

Despite the last 40 years of research showing that computer-aided diagramming tools improve student learning, very little research reveals the cognitive processes that explain why and how diagramming tools and specific features of the tools affect learning. This study developed a tool that graduate students used to diagram and analyze arguments as the tool mined each students’ actions. The mined data was used to develop algorithms to operationalize and measure the use of backward, forward, breadth, depth-first reasoning. Regression models were then compared to identify which algorithm produced measures that best predicted diagram scores, and to determine the combined and relative impact of each reasoning process on diagram scores. The findings show that observing the placement and location of the first five nodes moved and positioned on screen in relation to the location of the previously moved node provides sufficient data to generate backward/forward and breadth/depth-first ratio scores that predict diagram scores, while individual frequency counts of each of the four processes do not predict scores. The best-fit regression model using the ratio scores show that students using more backward and depth-first processing construct diagrams with higher scores – scores based on criteria that gauge the depth of analysis and not just the number of correct diagram links. This study presents new tools, methods, and new lines of inquiry to advance research on ways to integrate learning analytics into computer-aided diagramming tools.

Construction of a two-dimensional-VWOOC based on time domain/frequency domain optical CDMA system

In this paper, a new two-dimensional variable weight optical orthogonal code (2D-VWOOC) for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is constructed. It takes the C as the frequency hopping sequence and the strict variable weight optical orthogonal code (SVWOOC) as the time spreading sequence. The code can meet the different quality of service (QoS) requirements of different users. Under the same time spread sequence, the bit error rate (BER) of QCHC/SVWOOC is 3∼9 orders of magnitude lower than that of other similar 2D-VWOOCs. In Optisystem simulation, when the transmission rate of the system is 14 Gbits/s, the BER of users with code weight 4 is 7 orders of magnitude lower than that of users with code weight 2, and a clear and correct eye diagram can be obtained.

Challenges in Developing Sequence Diagrams (UML)

During the object-oriented software design phase, the designers have to describe the dynamic aspect of the system under development through the most common interaction diagram variant in UML 2.0, i.e. sequence diagrams. Some novice designers, including undergraduate and postgraduate students, suffer from making inappropriate models due to insufficiently detailed guidance required to develop such sequence diagrams. This paper classifies some potential mistakes which are likely performed by such novice designers, and discusses the corresponding corrections. We summarized such mistakes based on our long experiences in teaching software modeling classes as well as software analysis and design classes. There were classified twenty-one potential mistakes with respect to the syntactical and semantical correctness of the developed models. It is concluded that novice designers have to be aware and take into account the identified mistakes in such a way they can produce correct sequence diagrams.

Correction to: Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on platinum

Due to a fault (oversight) of the authors, L’vov BV, Galwey AK, in Fig 1 of the article: ‘Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on platinum: thermochemical approach.’ (2013) J Therm Anal Calorim 112: 815––822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2567-0 is accompanied by an oxidation scheme based on the complete atomization of PtO2, while the signature under Figure 1 and the main text of the article relate exclusively to the mechanism oxidation based on the primary reduction of PtO2 with hydrogen. A correct diagram of this mechanism is shown in Fig 1c in an article by the same authors in ‘Toward a general theory of heterogeneous reactions: thermochemical approach’ (2013) J Therm Anal Calorim. 113: 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2754z and in their article: (2013) Interpretation of the kinetic compensation effect in heterogeneous reactions: thermochemical approach> in Int Rev Phys Chem 32: 515–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/144235X.2013.822109.

E‐VOL BPMN: a technique to support the evolution and learning of BPMN diagrams

In the software maintenance, business process models help practitioners understanding of the software, because it represents the organisational process in which software is embedded. BPMN (Business Process Modelling and Notation) is the standard notation for business process modelling. However, it is common for the BPMN diagrams to be outdated, which, among other possibilities, may be caused due to the lack of adequate knowledge of some practitioners about the notation. It is important to provide means to stimulate the evolution of these models and, consequently, to aid in the learning of BPMN notation. With this focus, the authors proposed and evaluated the e-VOL BPMN, a technique that supports the evolution and the learning of BPMN diagrams. In this evaluation, they compared e-VOL BPMN with the BPMN 2.0 Poster, an artefact used commonly to support BPMN notation in companies. Participants who used the e-VOL BPMN in a scenario of diagrams evolution presented more correct BPMN diagrams and had a higher learning perception of the notation. In addition, in a written exam on BPMN notation, participants who used e-VOL BPMN scored higher. From these results, they notice that e-VOL BPMN support both evolution and learning of BPMN diagrams.

The importance of diagrams representation in physics learning

The research objective is to identify the use of diagrams representations in various cases of the physics system and identify questions that cannot be answered and whose answers are wrong in the topics of mechanics, optics and electricity. The study was conducted on 40 physics students who have taken introductory physics courses. The research instrument is in the form of questions that only require drawing answers. The findings of the study were only 9.84% who answered correctly, 32.18% of students answered incorrectly, and there were 57.98% who did not work or did not answer. It has been found that 49.3% of students did not answer correctly in mechanics, 10% in optics, and 40.7% in electricity. Furthermore, the number of students who did not work or did not answer found 16.1% in mechanics, 42.4% in optics, and 41.4% in electricity. Pedagogically, the implication of the results of this study is to be very important in physics education, namely to condition the balance of physics understanding not only in mathematical mastery but also in mastering the use of diagrams representations. Understanding the correct diagram will increase meaningful physics learning, especially in finding solutions to solve physics problems correctly.

Comment on "How to get mechanical work from a capacitor and a couple of batteries" by E.N. Miranda [Rev. Mex. Fís. E 52, 215 (2006)

We show that the diagram describing the process to produce mechanical work from the capacitor-batteries system proposed in the reference Rev. Mex. Fís. E 52, 215 (2006) is inconsistent with the analytical results obtained in that paper. Thus, the correct diagram and the process to produce mechanical work are presented.

Comments on “Discrete fractional logistic map and its chaos” [Nonlinear Dyn. 75, 283–287 (2014)

In this note, two comments are pointed out to the paper (Wu and Baleanu in Nonlinear Dyn 75:283–287, 2014). It is confirmed that the equation of fractional logistic map proposed by Wu and Baleanu cannot be called the “fractional logistic map,” because the map does not converge to the classical logistic map in one dimension, and the analysis of bifurcation diagrams also exist problem. So, the revised equation and the correct bifurcation diagrams are presented in this note. Due to the high impact of the Wu and Baleanu’s paper, we believe that these comments will be helpful for the fractional community in the further research.

Students’ and Instructors’ Perceptions of Five Different Active Learning Strategies Used to Teach Software Modeling

Unified modeling language (UML) is a modeling standard in the software industry. However, students face difficulties when learning how to model complete and correct UML diagrams, in part because the traditional teacher-centered approach still dominates in computer science. In an attempt to bridge this gap, and to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning in computing courses, educators use strategies that encourage students' active participation in the learning process. The goal of this paper is to understand how active learning strategies influence the teaching and learning process of UML diagrams. We performed four case studies in undergraduate courses at two universities. We collected: (a) students' perceptions of each strategy through questionnaires and focus group sessions; and (b) instructors' perceptions of the challenges faced in using such strategies through semi-structured interviews. We found fifteen factors that influence the active learning of UML diagrams. Whereas the literature shows that students often positively respond to active learning strategies, our results show that some students have had negative responses to the new strategies. Additionally, we identified four challenges that instructors may face when employing active learning strategies. The contributions of this paper include: factors perceived by students about how active learning strategies influence the learning of UML diagrams, the challenges and difficulties faced by instructors in applying these strategies, and suggestions on how to circumvent challenges noted by instructors.

Hematocrit-corrected Pulmonary Vascular Resistance.

The diagnosis and evaluation of severity of pulmonary vascular disease rests on the invasive determination of a pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). It is often overlooked that PVR is linearly related to the viscosity of the blood, which in turn is curvilinearly related to hematocrit. We propose a correction diagram for patients with anemia or with polycythemia. Based on a distensibility model of the pulmonary circulation, we show that magnitude of hematocrit correction of PVR is increased in proportion to pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) and the measured levels of PVR or hematocrit, and decreased in case of preserved resistive vessel distensibility and absence of pulmonary hypertension. We also demonstrate that hematocrit correction of PVR is independent of the absolute levels of pulmonary artery pressure or cardiac output. A PVR of 1.5 Wood units (WU) at a hematocrit of 20 % and a high-normal PAWP becomes 4.1 WU at a hematocrit of 45 % and 10.8 WU at a hematocrit of 80 %. A review of reported hemo...