Corporate Governance Variables Research Articles

Directors' and officers' liability insurance: a systematic literature review

PurposeWe review and synthesize the existing research on directors' and officers’ (D&O) liability insurance. Our objectives are (1) to examine the institutional forces and regulatory requirements that have influenced the development of D&O liability insurance; (2) to identify the factors that influence firms to purchase D&O liability insurance and explore the consequences associated with its usage and (3) to identify gaps in the current literature and provide recommendations for future research on D&O liability insurance.Design/methodology/approachWe perform a systematic literature review (SLR) using the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review of Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to examine archival studies that investigate the determinants and consequences of D&O liability insurance. Using a Boolean search strategy on the “Web of Science” (WoS) and PRISMA selection criteria, we review 64 published archival research articles and three working papers from 1987 to October 2023.FindingsOur review reveals that disclosing detailed information regarding D&O liability insurance, such as total insurance premiums and coverage limit, is predominantly voluntary, except in Taiwan. Our findings suggest that the decision to purchase D&O liability insurance is influenced by litigation risk, which is determined by factors such as firm size, complexity and corporate governance variables. We also find that D&O liability insurance has implications for financial reporting, audit outcomes, investment behavior and capital market performance.Practical implicationsIn the post-COVID era, where firms face pressure due to financial constraints, our research emphasizes the practical importance of carefully considering and understanding the impact of D&O liability insurance, particularly as it concerns the demand for such insurance.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first systematic review of previous research on D&O liability insurance. Our review highlights some research gaps, particularly in relation to the implications for financial reporting practices, auditing outcomes, firm investment behavior and capital market consequences.

Corporate governance and corporate sustainability performance: the mediating role of CSR expenditure

PurposeThis study investigates the effect of corporate governance (CG) characteristics on corporate sustainability performance (CSP) and whether the magnitude of CSR expenditure mediates such a relationship in the context of an emerging and developing economy-Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThis study collects data from the annual reports of 30 private commercial banks listed with the Dhaka Stock Exchange for the period starting from 2013 to 2022, giving 300 firm-year observations. To test the hypotheses formulated, this study uses Baron and Kenny’s (1986) four-step model. Data have been analyzed using AMOS 23 to examine the direct and indirect effect of CG on sustainability performance.FindingsThis study finds that several CG variables (board size, board independence, sustainable finance committee) significantly affect several facets of sustainability performance (environmental, social, and financial performance). However, the mediating role of the magnitude of CSR expenditure in the relationship between CG mechanisms and sustainability performance is found to be limited.Research limitations/implicationsThe list of CG and ownership structure variables studied is not exhaustive, and the presence of a wide variation in the measurement of sustainability performance makes its measurement subjective to some extent.Originality/valueThis study uses the magnitude of CSR expenditure as a mediator in the relationship between CG and sustainability performance, which is rarely addressed by the extant literature in this field.

Controlling Function of Corporate Governance to The Relevance of Accounting Earnings Information

The relevance of accounting earnings information is needed to help users of financial statements to make a decision. This research intends to expand previous empirical studies by examining more comprehensive corporate governance variables, which are the proportion of audit committees and commissioners, the role of financial accounting experts in the audit committee, and ownership structure to increase the relevance of accounting earnings information. The aim of this research is to examine whether controlling function held by the company in order to perform good corporate governance can affect to the informativeness of accounting earnings in Indonesia. This research method uses Pooled Least Square (PLS) with total sample 327 firm-year observations of Indonesian public companies from 2017 to 2019. The result shows that the existence of effective controling function by multiple large shareholder, accounting expert, audit committee, and board size can increase the relevance of earnings information that rely on financial statement. This research findings could be as an additional literature in financial accounting and corporate governance area, and also for practitioners in manufacturing company in Indonesia that if a firm has good controlling function, it can provide relevant information about earnings to shareholders.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN KEPUTUSAN STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI INDONESIA

This study aims to determine whether corporate governance such as gender diversity, board size and board independence, as well as company characteristics such as profitability affect capital structure decisions. This study uses panel data from 55 manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange from 2014 to 2021. This study uses a random effect regression analysis technique to test the hypothesis, the results of this study are the variables gender diversity, board size and board independence and profitability affect leverage significantly, for corporate governance variables, namely gender diversity has a negative effect on leverage, board size has a positive effect, board independence has a positive effect and the company's characteristic variable, namely profitability, has a negative effect on leverage. These findings suggest that companies should be careful in capital structure decisions to avoid the risk of default in addition to offering support to company managers and investors in establishing and expecting an optimal capital structure and to policy makers and regulators to develop institutional support to increase the effectiveness of the corporate governance mechanism

Breaking through the glass ceiling: women on the board as a mechanism for greater environmental transparency

Purpose This research paper aims to examine the influence of greater female participation on the board of directors on the environmental transparency of companies. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the purpose of this study, the authors analyzed the environmental transparency of 412 companies in the energy sector, headquartered in 19 countries, during a four-year period (2016 to 2019). Findings The data reveal that gender diversity has a positive effect on the environmental transparency of companies in developed countries and on the total model. Furthermore, after removing the US companies, the results remained the same, indicating that companies with more women on the board tend to have greater environmental transparency. Regarding corporate governance variables, the results show that companies that have a corporate social responsibility committee tend to have greater environmental transparency, both in emerging countries and in developed countries. Practical implications The findings indicate that if companies aim to have greater environmental transparency, they must encourage female participation on boards, giving them equal opportunities for professional growth. Organizations must deconstruct the ideology that women are fewer valuable members of their boards, which limits their contribution to organizational success. Additionally, regulators can encourage greater female participation on boards through the implementation of quota laws. Originality/value The authors’ evidence indicates that the presence of women on board is an antecedent of greater quality in the dissemination of environmental information. Thus, managers of companies in the energy sector must understand that diversity on the board affects communication with its stakeholders through environmental transparency.

Does Financial Performance Mediate the Relationship between Corporate Governance and Corporate Value? Evidence from Indonesian Banking Companies

The banking sector has the potential to progress and grow sustainably. This is reflected in the increase in the value of distributed funds and the value of commercial bank assets. However, this increase was not in line with the increase in company value. Therefore, companies must be able to optimize their resources to increase corporate value. This study aims to analyze and explain the factors that can affect corporate value. The variables used in this research are corporate governance as an independent variable, financial performance as a mediating variable, and corporate value as a dependent variable. The type of research used is explanatory research with a quantitative approach. The samples for this research were Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BBRI), Bank Mandiri (BMRI), Bank Negara Indonesia (BBNI), and Bank Tabungan Negara (BBTN). The data analysis was done using descriptive statistical analysis and partial least squares (PLS) analysis which is processed using SmartPLS software. The results of this research indicate that corporate governance has a negative and insignificant effect on corporate value. Furthermore, corporate governance variables also had a negative and insignificant effect on financial performance. Apart from that the results also show that the financial performance variable is not able to mediate the relationship between corporate governance and corporate value significantly. The practical implication of this research was to encourage banking management in Indonesia to implement good corporate governance as it can boost financial performance.
 Keywords: banking, corporate governance, corporate value, financial performance

The effect of MD&A disclosures on corporate performance: a panel quantile regression analysis

PurposeThe study aims to examine how the information disclosed by the managers in the management discussion and analysis (MD&A) reports varies at the different levels of corporate performance.Design/methodology/approachTo understand this quantile effect, first OLS technique was adopted and then, the quantile regression method was applied to explore the impact of MD&A disclosures on the firm performance across the lower and upper quantiles. The sample size for the study is 490 firms’ year observations for the period 2016–2022.FindingsThe results of the study demonstrate the negative but significant relationship between MD&A disclosures and corporate performance, supporting the two management strategies of “competitive disadvantage” in case of good performance and “management impression strategy” in case of poor performance. Furthermore, with other corporate governance variables, both the size of the board and the number of independent directors on the board are positively significant only in the case of the upper quantile indicating the heterogeneity in the relationship between the performance and the MD&A disclosures. Therefore, the overall findings of the study support that these results contradict the agency theory and the stakeholders’ theory as managers are not acting well as agents on behalf of the investors and work well only when they are controlled by the large board having more independent directors.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study so far has incorporated quantile regression to assess the effect of MD&A disclosures on company performance at various levels of the firm performance, which gives more robust insights about the viewpoint of the managers on the different level of the firm performance. In other words, this study highlights the important information as to how the information provided in the MD&A reports varies as per the good or poor performance of the companies.

TATA KELOLA PERUSAHAAN DAN KECURANGAN PELAPORAN KEUANGAN: STUDI KASUS INDUSTRI BARANG KONSUMEN DI BEI

This research aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance on financial reporting fraud in the consumer goods industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The corporate governance variables considered include board independence, the presence of a remuneration committee, CEO financial expertise, the presence of a financially literate board, board effort coverage, and managerial ownership. The research sample consists of 69 companies in this industry during the period 2018-2022. The data analysis method used is panel regression. The results of panel regression tests using Eviews 12 and IBM SPSS Statistics 25 show that the presence of a remuneration committee has a significant positive impact on reducing financial reporting fraud. However, the board independence variable does not have a significant effect on financial reporting fraud. Similarly, other variables such as CEO financial expertise, board financial expertise, board effort coverage, and managerial ownership also do not have a significant influence. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of improving corporate governance practices to mitigate the risk of financial reporting fraud.

Real earnings management, CEO experience, family ownership, and external audits: A meta-analysis

This article analyses the relationship between real earnings management (REM) and corporate governance variables, including family ownership, external audit quality, and CEO experience. The studies analysed were published between 2006 and 2021. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the implementation of international financial reporting standards have led companies to reduce the use of accrual earnings management (AEM), and instead adopt real earnings management. However, many authors claim that using REM might harm a company’s long-term wellbeing, which accentuates the need to study the determinants of REM. The variables analysed in this paper are extensively covered in the literature, however, there is still ambiguity regarding their relationship with REM due to conflicting findings; some studies indicate a positive relationship, while others show a negative one. To resolve this ambiguity, meta-regression analysis is employed. The results indicate a positive relationship between family ownership and REM. This highlights the need to explore other forms of ownership to determine the most effective ownership structure that does not increase REM. This is of interest to legislators. The results provide no evidence to support the statistical or economic significance of CEO experience and external audit in relation to REM.

ISLAMIC CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ISLAMICITY PERFORMANCE INDEX ON FRAUD IN SHARIA COMMERCIAL BANKS

This study aims to impact Islamic corporate governance and fraud in Islamic banks. The Effect of Islamic Corporate Governance on Fraud in Islamic Commercial Banks. And Effect of Islamicity Performance Index on Fraud in Islamic Commercial Banks. This study uses quantitative methods and panel data on Islamic corporate governance variables. Islamicity Performance Index, and ICG and IPI Interaction. The results of this study The effect of positive ICG on fraud Regression Test Results The ICG variable has a coefficient of 4,377,977 and a probability of 0.015, more excellent than 0.05 based on the test. The ICG variable statistically means that the higher the ICG score, the more fraud cases increase, which results in a positive IPI influence on fraud. The results of the Regression Test Variable X1 has a coefficient of 3.536459 and a probability of 0.043, which is less than 0.05, while the variable X2 has a coefficient of -6.62755 and a probability of 0.003 is less than 0.05, which means that isn't it according to theory? If ICG and IPI increase, fraud will decrease, and Interaction Results in This Research Produce a new Variable. Regression Test Results Variable X1 has a coefficient of 17.47975 and a Probability of 0.007, which is less than 0.05, and Variable X2 has a coefficient of 4.735987 and a Probability of 0.406, which is more significant than 0.05 can be interpreted in the same direction and the Interaction Between X1, X2 ICG and IPI can be said to be Perfect that ICG Initially positive, from the ICG results, IPI becomes negative. Significantly, the higher the IPI score. An increase in ICG will reduce fraud cases.

An Empirical Study on Acquisition, Resale and Retirement of Treasury Stocks: Based on The Corporate Governance Characteristics and ESG Performance

This study presents the results of an empirical analysis of companies listed on the Korean domestic stock market from 2013 to 2021, following the 2011 revision of the Commercial Code. This study investigates how a company's governance structure and ESG activities affect the repurchase, resale, and retirement of treasury stock, and how such actions impact the company's market valuation. The empirical analysis shows that various corporate governance variables, including ownership structure, influence treasury stock-related actions. The impact on company value varies, depending upon the level of corporate governance variables. A company's ESG activities primarily have a positive impact on the repurchase and retirement of treasury stock. Furthermore, our study reveals that when companies with relatively low ESG evaluation ratings repurchase and retire treasury stocks, their value increases. However, the resale of treasury stock had a negative impact on company value for both the high and low ESG evaluation rating groups.

The Effect of Good Corporate Governance on Company Performance with Corporate Social Responsibility as a Moderating Variable

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Good Corporate Governance on Company Performance with Corporate Social Responsibility as a Moderating Variable. This research is an Empirical Study of Manufacturing Companies Listed on the IDX for the 2017-2022 Period. The method used in this research is quantitative method. Empirical analysis can involve collecting company financial data, including Good Corporate Governance practices that may be measured by certain methods (such as accruals or other qualitative methods), as well as Company Performance data that can be calculated and Corporate Social Responsibility data as a Moderating Variable. After the data is collected, statistical analysis such as linear regression may be used to test the relationship between Good Corporate Governance variables on Company Performance With Corporate Social Responsibility As A Moderating Variable. The results of this study indicate that Good Corporate Governance practices have a negative effect on financial performance, Corporate Social Responsibility has a positive effect on financial performance, simultas Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility have a significant effect on financial performance.

Family Ownership, Corporate Governance Quality and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from an Emerging Market—The Case of Jordan

This study examines the impact of family ownership on tax avoidance decisions. This study further investigates the effects of corporate governance quality on the relationship between family ownership and tax avoidance. We construct a sample of non-financial firms listed on the ASE for the period 2015–2021. The results demonstrate that family-owned firms have high levels of tax avoidance. This result supports the private-benefit expropriation hypothesis. Regarding the mediating effect of corporate governance variables, the results suggest that large audit committees and audit committees that meet more frequently curb attempts by family owners to avoid paying tax.

THE POST COVID EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BANK IN BANGLADESH

Due to extensive corporate disgraces and catastrophes around the globe, there has been a transformed attention in the influence of corporate governance (CG) and firm performance (FP). The mainstream of research concerning CG and its effect on FP has been assumed in developed markets and countries, mostly the US and UK, but somewhat little indication is provided in the developing countries like Bangladesh. This report has examined the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on firm performance from Bangladesh’s perspective. This study primarily employs agency theory that indicates that the firms with strong corporate governance outperform firms with weaker governance. We used Board Size, Board composition, board expertise and CEO chair duality as variables of CG and EPS, ROA, and ROE as indicators of FP. We collected information from the managers, senior managers, and CFOs of private financial institutions (commercial banks) in Bangladesh for 2022-2023 financial years. The results reveal that size, composition and expertise of board could extremely influence FP positively whereas CEO chair duality could influence negatively. The outcomes of the analyses advocated that firms that comply with good corporate governance practices can expect to achieve higher return on assets and firm performance. It implies that worthy corporate governance applies lead to reduce the various costs inside the organization. Hence, it is concluded that firms of the developing world can possibly enhance their performance by implementing decent corporate governance practices. Therefore, it is desired for firm to separate CEO chair duality to achieve better performance through direct management supervision in Bangladesh.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms on Earnings management in the Indonesian Banking Sector

Research Aims: This research aims to examine the influence of corporate governance on earnings management. The corporate governance variable is proxied by independent commissioners, audit committees, and audit quality. The data in this research is secondary data originating from the financial reports of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2022. 
 Design/methodology/approach: The analytical techniques used to test the hypothesis in this research are descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression analysis. The type of data used in this research is quantitative data. The sample for this research was obtained using a purposive sampling method, and a sample of 116 banking companies was obtained.
 Research Findings: Test results using multiple linear regression show that the independent commissioner variable does not affect earnings management. the audit committee variable has negative impact on earnings management while audit quality variable have a significant positive effect. Test results also show that the control variable ROA has a significant negative influence on earnings management (EM). However, the leverage control variable does not influence management (EM).
 Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This research contributes by providing nuanced insights into the specific impact of corporate governance components on earnings management within Indonesian banking companies. The findings offer a deeper understanding of the intricate relationships between governance mechanisms and financial practices.
 Research limitation and implication: Limitations include the focus on banking companies and the specific time frame. Future research may explore diverse sectors and extend the study period. The results imply the need for policymakers and practitioners to recognize the varying impacts of different corporate governance components on earnings management for effective financial oversight.

Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance terhadap Tax Avoidance dengan Manajeman Laba Sebagai Variabel Intervening pada Perusahaan IDX BUMN 20 yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2018-2022

This research aims to analyze and determine the influence of good corporate governance on tax avoidance with earnings management as an intervening variable. This research uses a quantitative approach and the data used is secondary data. The population in this study were 11 companies included in the idxbumn20 index published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2022 period, so a sample of 55 was obtained. The data analysis technique used the Partial Least Square method with the Smart PLS 4.0 software tool. The results of the research show that the good corporate governance variable has a positive effect on earnings management, good corporate governance has a negative effect on tax avoidance, earnings management has a negative effect on tax avoidance, and finally, earnings management can mediate the significant influence of good corporate governance on tax avoidance in a negative direction.

Corporate Governance and Sustainability of Listed Companies in Nigeria

This study examined the influence of corporate governance on corporate sustainability in Nigerian firms. The proxies for corporate governance were board size, board composition, board committees, and corporate reporting while the proxies for corporate sustainability were economic sustainability, social sustainability and environmental sustainability as given by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI). A sample size of 33 firms was selected for this study and data covering a ten (10) year period; 2012 to 2021 were collected from the audited annual reports of the 33 selected firms for the study. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study revealed that all the studied corporate governance variables (i.e. board size, board composition, board committees, and corporate reporting) have significant effect on corporate sustainability. Based on the findings, it was concluded that corporate governance has significant influence on corporate sustainability in Nigerian firms. Consequently, it was recommended, among other things, that Nigerian firms should improve upon their compliance with corporate governance practices. In this regard, emphasis should be placed on optimal board size and independence of the board. Also, firms’ consideration of optimal board size should be guided by such factors as the requirements of the industry, firm’s age, operational size, knowledge and experience requirement; professional and technical expertise required to strategically give direction to the company, level of sophistication of the firm and other diversity criteria relative to the firm.

The Impact of Corporate Governance (CG) on Firm Performance: Evidence from Emerging Countries Banking Industry

The aim of the study to find if there is an impact caused by corporate governance (CG) on the firm performance (FP) using ROA as a measure. The study covered the listed 9 commercial banks in the Kuwait Stock Exchange. The period covered in this study is 10 years starting from 2011 until 2020. The study used the number of members of the board of directors (BoD), role duality of CEO and chairperson of the BoD and the number of women in the board of director as variables representing the CG. The data was processed and analyzed properly using regression model. The study concludes that there is significant relationship between (CG) and firm performance. Moreover, the variables of CG all have insignificant relationship with the ROA. Furthermore, the bank size which represent the total assets have significant positive relationship with the ROA. The researchers faced several limitations during the preparation of the study, a handful suggestions has been given for future researchers to overcome the limitation.

The Influence of Good Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Operating Capacity on Financial Distress (Study of Retail Trade Sub-Sector Companies Listed on The Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2017-2022)

Financial distress is a situation that arises when a company has an unstable financial situation. If this condition continues, it will impact the company’s bankruptcy. This research aims to determine the influence of Good Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Operating Capacity on Financial Distress in the retail trade sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2022. The independent variables of Good Corporate Governance include the audit committee, board of commissioners, board of directors, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership. The research method uses a quantitative and associative approach. The population in this study was 27 companies with a sampling technique using purposive sampling, and 25 companies were obtained as samples, so 150 observation data were obtained. The data analysis technique in this research uses logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS 25 software. The partial research results show that the audit committee, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and firm size do not affect financial distress. The board of commissioners, board of directors, and operating capacity negatively affect financial distress. Simultaneously, Good Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Operating Capacity influence financial distress. This research implies that companies must pay attention to the good corporate governance sub-variables related to the board of commissioners and board of directors because these sub-variables have been proven to influence financial distress. Apart from that, companies must also pay attention to their operating capacity because, in this research, this variable was proven to influence financial distress.

Faktor yang Memengaruhi Financial Performance pada Perusahaan Manufaktur dengan Peringkat PROPER

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility, Good Corporate Governance, Environmental Performance and company size on the company's Financial Performance. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and processed using the Econometrics Vies (Eviews) version 12 program and Microsoft Excel 2018. The population in this study are manufacturing industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2017-2019 period which were PROPER participants during 2017-2019. The results of the study found that there was a positive and significant effect of the variables of social responsibility and company size on the company's Financial Performance. However, the study did not find any significant effect of the variables of corporate governance and environmental performance on the company's Financial Performance.