Corporate Debt Levels Research Articles

Abnormal Stock Returns In Stability And Crisis Scenarios: An Analysis Of The Brazilian Market

This article aimed to analyze the abnormal return on stocks in the Brazilian market, in periods of stability and national crisis, considering the variables profit, dividend distribution, company size and level of corporate debt. A documentary research with a quantitative approach and descriptive purpose was carried out. The data were obtained from the Economática database and analyzed through multiple linear regression. The results showed that, in the Brazilian scenario, the distribution of dividends, profit and level of corporate debt had a positive relationship with the abnormal return on stocks. However, the distribution of dividends and profits tend to decrease and the level of debt tends to increase in periods of crisis. On the other hand, size had a negative relationship with the abnormal return on stocks

The Impact of Employee Stock Ownership Plans on Capital Structure Decisions: Evidence from China

The determination of the capital structure is a critical component of a company’s financial decision-making process. The question of how to optimize a firm’s capital structure to increase its value has been a significant topic of interest within the financial community. The employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) has developed rapidly in China’s capital market over the past decade, providing a suitable context for studying the impact of employee equity incentives on capital structure decisions. This paper employs cross-sectional ordinary least squares regression models and unbalanced panel fixed effect models to investigate the impact of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) on firms’ capital structure decisions. The analysis is conducted on a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. The research considers both static capital structure choice and dynamic capital structure adjustment. We find that the implementation of an ESOP reduces the level of corporate debt and accelerates the dynamic adjustment of capital structure, suggesting that employee equity incentives play a role in optimizing firms’ capital structure decisions. We also find that the impact of ESOPs on the dynamic adjustment of capital structure is asymmetric. Specifically, the implementation of ESOPs markedly accelerates the downward adjustment of capital structure, yet has no impact on the upward adjustment of capital structure. Further analysis demonstrates that the impact of ESOPs on capital structure decisions is contingent upon the macroeconomic environment, industry characteristics, corporate governance, and ESOP contract designs. First, the optimization of ESOPs on capital structure decisions is more pronounced in an economic boom environment, in a poor market climate, or in competitive industries. Second, the reduction effect of ESOPs on corporate debt is more pronounced in non-state-owned companies, high-tech companies and those with lower ownership concentration. In contrast, the acceleration effect of ESOPs on capital structure adjustment is more pronounced in state-owned companies, non-high-tech companies and those with higher ownership concentration. Ultimately, ESOPs financed by loans from a firm’s major shareholders—or with a longer lock-up period, smaller shareholding size or executive subscription ratio—demonstrate a more pronounced optimization effect on capital structure decisions. This paper not only contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between equity incentives and capital structure decisions, but also provides guidance for listed companies on the reasonable design of their ESOPs and the optimization of their capital structure decisions.

The Influence of Current Ratio, Net Profit Margin, and Debt to Equity Ratio on Profit Changes in Technology Sector Companies

The study analyses the impact of Current Ratio, Net Profit Margin, and Debt to Equity Ratio on the change in profits on companies in the technology sector listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. (BEI). Annual financial data of a number of companies were taken for the last few years, namely 2020-2022, and analyzed using regression methods. The results show that Current Ratio and Net Profit Margin have a significant positive relationship to profit changes, suggesting that the company's ability to manage liquidity and operational efficiency contribute to profit performance. On the contrary, Debt to Equity Ratio shows an uninfluential and significant relationship, indicating that the corporate debt level can influence profit changes. The implications of these findings can help financial managers and investors to make more informed decisions in managing risk and improving corporate financial performance in Indonesian capital markets.

The Impact of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016: A Comprehensive Study

Insolvency and bankruptcy have emerged as significant concerns in the global economy, impacting firms, economies, and individuals alike. Economic volatility, high corporate debt levels, industry disruptions, and inadequate financial management contribute to the escalation of insolvency risks. The COVID-19 epidemic has made these difficulties worse., leading to a surge in bankruptcy filings worldwide. In response to the need for efficient resolution mechanisms, India introduced Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), introduced for streamlining insolvency proceedings and protecting stakeholders' interests. While the IBC has achieved notable successes in resolving cases, challenges still must be addressed, including declining recovery rates and prolonged resolution times.

COMPANY'S FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND COMPANY'S DEBT LEVEL ITS EFFECT ON TAX MANAGEMENT WITH COMPANY SIZE AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE AT PT. BANK NEGARA INDONESIA (Persero) Tbk PERIOD 2016-2022

This study aims to determine the effect of company financial performance and corporate debt levels on tax management with company size as a mediating variable at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the period 2016-2022 which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2017 - 2021. This type of research uses secondary data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data analysis method used is Path Analysis with SPSS. The results of this study show that the company's financial performance and the company's debt level influence tax management with company size as a mediating variable at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2016-2022 period both partially and simultaneously, there are those that have a positive and significant effect and there are those that have a negative and insignificant effect.

Bankruptcy Prediction Model Development and its Implications on Financial Performance in Slovakia

Abstract Research purpose. Financial distress being a global phenomenon makes it impact firms in all sectors of the economy and predicting corporate bankruptcy has become a crucial issue in economics. At the beginning of the last century, the first studies aimed to predict corporate bankruptcy were published. In Slovakia, however, several prediction models were developed with a significant delay. The main aim of this paper is to develop a model for predicting bankruptcy based on the financial information of 3,783 Slovak enterprises operating in the manufacturing and construction sectors in 2020 and 2021. Design / Methodology / Approach. A prediction model that uses the appropriate financial indicators as predictors may be developed using multiple discriminant analysis. Multiple discriminant analysis is currently used in prediction model development. In this case, financial health is assessed using several variables that are weighted in order to maximise the difference between the average value calculated in the group of prosperous and non-prosperous firms. When developing a bankruptcy prediction model based on multiple discriminant analysis, it is crucial to determine the independent variables used as primary financial health predictors. Findings. Due to the discriminant analysis results, the corporate debt level of the monitored firms may be regarded as appropriate. Despite the fact that the model identified 215 firms in financial distress due to an insufficient debt level, 3,568 out of 3,783 Slovak enterprises operating in the manufacturing and construction sectors did not have any problems with financing their debts. The self-financing ratio was identified in the developed model as the variable with the highest accuracy. Based on the results, the developed model has an overall discriminant ability of 93% since bankruptcy prediction models require strong discriminating abilities to be used in practice. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The principal contribution of the paper is its application of the latest available data, which could help in more accurate financial stability predictions for firms during the current difficult period. Additionally, this is a ground-breaking research study in Slovakia that models the financial health of enterprises in the post-pandemic period.

The Effect Of Good Corporate Governance, Company Size, And Leverage On The Integrity Of Financial Statements

The Integrity of financial reports is defined as the extent to which the financial statements presented show true and honest information. Two things become the primary qualities in financial reports, namely relevance, and reliability. This study aims to empirically determine the role of good corporate governance and financial performance on the Integrity of financial statements. The variables used in corporate governance are institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and independent commissioners. Financial performance using company size and leverage. The population in this study are property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2021. The samples in this study were 16 property and real estate companies determined based on the purposive sampling method. The analytical tool used to test the hypothesis is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and firm size harm the Integrity of financial statements. The amount of institutional and managerial ownership does not make financial reports more relevant and reliable. The presence of an independent commissioner positively affects the Integrity of financial reports, and it can be considered as overseeing the process of making financial reports. While leverage does not affect the Integrity of financial statements, the low level of corporate debt cannot guarantee that financial statements are presented with high Integrity. Future research can develop this research by observing the effectiveness of the company's internal audit team. The internal audit team has an important role in the Integrity of the entity's financial statements.

The Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Corporate Excessive Debt Mechanism: Evidence from Difference-in-Difference Equation Model

This paper uses the difference in difference (DID) model to explore the impact of the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI) on the level of corporate debt and its mechanism based on quasi-natural experiment of the promulgation and implementation. The results indicate that the excessive debt level of enterprises has a hump trend after the implementation of the BRI. The excessive debt level of enterprises shows a hump trend—that is, although the excessive debt level of enterprises in the initial stage of the implementation of the BRI increases to a certain extent, showing a significant downward trend in the middle and later stages. By using the placebo test and DID propensity score matching model to alleviate the possible endogeneity problem, the above conclusion is still robust. The mechanism analysis shows that: during the implementation of the BRI, the government, and financial institutions have increased tax support for companies participating in the BRI, expanded corporate financing sources, reduce corporate financing costs, and increase companies’ demand for funds. As a result, the level of corporate debt has been increases. The conclusions of this paper not only provide micro-evidence for the interaction between the BRI and the micro-behavior of enterprises, but also have certain implications for evaluating the implementation effect of the BRI and subsequent reforms and refuting the “debt trap” of the “Belt and Road” construction from a microscopic perspective.

Performance, Macro Economic Factors, and Company Characteristics in Indonesia Consumer Goods Company

It and internal company conditions strongly influence company performance in the consumer sector. This study examines how macroeconomic and company characteristics affect corporate financial performance in consumer goods companies. This study's population now seems to be goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results of the systematic sampling technique and data analysis methods using several regression analyses confirmed that macroeconomic factors had no significant effect on company performance. Significant company. The characteristic is the level of corporate debt. The level of debt leverage has a negative and significant impact on company performance, indicating that the higher the company's debt, the reduced the company's performance. The sample size of this study is confined to consumer goods companies, so it cannot be generalized to other business sectors.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TAX AVOIDANCE SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19

The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence on these factors are the variables of commisioner independent, committe audit, profitability, leverage, company size, sales growth and tax avoidance. The population of this research is all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2018 to 2020. There were 168 manufacturing companies that are listed from 2018 to 2020. Samples are obtained through purposive sampling method. The sample taken for this research is 70 companies, so that the total data used as the research sample was 210. The analysis method used in this research is multiple regression.This results of this research that profitability and leverage have a significant influence on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, commisioner independent, audit committee, company size, sales growth has no effect on tax avoidance. Profitability has an effect on tax avoidance because if the company has a high profit, the company will try to reduce tax expense by tax avoidance, so that the profit earned by the company can still be maximized. The results of this study are in line with agency theory which states that managers have the hope of being able to increase profits or high company profitability because of the benefits obtained, namely getting compensation from the principal (company owner). The principal does not want the company to do tax avoidance, but the manager wants to do it to keep getting optimal profit so that the manager can get compensation from the principal. Leverage has an effect on tax avoidance because the increasing level of corporate debt will increase the amount of debt from third parties, with an increase in the amount of debt it will increase interest costs and will make the tax expense paid decreases. So that the use of debt by the company can be used for tax savings by obtaining incentives in the form of interest expense which will be a deduction from taxable income. The results of this study are in line with the trade off theory which states that if a company uses debt as its financial funding, it will provide benefits to reduce the company’s tax costs, because according to the company, debt has a fixed burden, namely interest costs. Interest costs are part of the burden that reduces the company’s taxable income (deductible expense) so that using debt will provide a positive relationship with tax avoidance actions taken by the company. Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Profitability, Leverage, Sales Growth, Size, Independent Commissioners, Audit Committe.

The effect of ownership structure on the level of agency conflict

This study aims to examine the effect of ownership structure on the level of agency conflict and examine the effect of corporate debt levels on the relationship between ownership structure and agency in manufacturing companies which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). In this study, researchers use two ownership structures, namely family ownership and insider ownership. The ownership structure is measured by the percentage of share ownership by family and insiders. The population of this study is all manufacturing companies listed on the IDX (Indonesian Stock Exchange) from 2017 to 2019. This study uses the purposive sampling technique. This study also has 19 companies with family ownership structures and 21 companies with insider ownership structures as samples. The data analysis technique uses descriptive statistical analysis by SPSS. The results of this study indicate that family ownership and insider ownership have a negative effect on the level of agency conflict in the company. In addition, this study also proves that the level of debt in the company strengthens the relationship between ownership structure and the level of agency conflict.

The effects of taxes and stock repurchases on domestic and multinational companies’ debt levels

AbstractIn past decades, corporate debt levels have risen to historical highs and remained elevated. This study examines one of the key reasons that caused the high debt levels––income taxes. Specifically, this study contrasts the effects of tax planning on corporate debt levels in domestic companies (DCs) and multinational companies (MNCs) in the United States. It also explores how stock repurchase enhances such effects. The findings show that the association between debts and the outcomes of tax of planning is stronger in DCs than in MNCs. This suggests that DCs are more likely to use debt tax shields than MNCs. In addition, compared to tax‐efficient DCs, tax‐efficient MNCs are more likely to borrow in order to repurchase stock, resulting high debt levels. Moreover, the study provides evidence that the credit rating adjusts DCs’ and MNCs’ credit ratings when they raise debts to repurchase stocks.

DETERMINAN MANAJEMEN PAJAK DENGAN INDIKATOR TARIF PAJAK EFEKTIF PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR

This research aims to find out and analyze the determinant on tax management with indicators of effective tax rates on manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. 
 
 The research uses secondary data in the form of financial statements from the IDX www.idx.co.id. The population in this study was a manufacturing company registered in the IDX period 2018-2019. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, and obtained as many as 84 companies or 168 samples. Research approach using quantitative approach. The results showed that profitability affects tax management, while the level of corporate debt and intensity of fixed assets have no effect on tax management.
 
 Keywords: Profitability, Corporate Debt Level, Fixed Asset Intensity, Tax Management, Effective Tax Rate

Determinants of stock return of property and real estate companies in the developing market

Macroeconomic risk factors can determine the expected return on property and real estate stocks (Khan, Khan, Ahmad, & Bashir, 2021), in addition to other factors: property prices (Das, Füss, Hanle, & Russ, 2020) and financial performance (Medyawati & Yunanto, 2017). This study aims to empirically prove the effect of interest rates (SB), exchange rates (KURS), commercial property price index (IHPK), return on assets (ROA), debt-to-equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR) on stock returns estimated using panel data regression model. The sample of this research is 23 companies from 63 companies in the property and real estate industry which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2015–2019 period. The empirical findings of this study prove that the ROA, CR, IHPK, and KURS variables have a negative effect on stock returns, while the SB variable has a positive effect. The level of corporate debt (DER) was not proven to determine stock returns. The exchange rate has the greatest influence on stock returns, and the fact does show that the Indonesian stock market is dominated by foreign investors, so that every time foreign currencies appreciate because they leave the stock exchange, the stock price immediately declines. The results of this study have implications for investors that investment decisions to buy shares of property and real estate companies must understand the changes that occur, especially macroeconomic variables and also the company’s financial performance

Wealth creation through corporate diversification – the bondholders’ perspective

The influence of corporate diversification on firm value is an important field in strategy research. Studies in strategic management and finance research have analyzed value creation through product and geographic diversification from a shareholder’s perspective. This study completes this picture by analyzing the bondholders’ perspective. It is suggested that product diversification creates value for bondholders, while geographic diversification destroys bondholder value. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of S&P 1,200 firms in 2001–2011 using a fixed-effects panel model. Drawing on prior research, bondholder value creation is measured using the Merton model. The empirical results support the hypothesis that bondholders gain value through product diversification but lose value through geographic diversification. Considering prior research results, these results show that product diversification is preferable for bondholders, while geographic diversification is preferable from a shareholder’s perspective. The opposite effects of both diversification strategies on shareholders, respectively, bondholders offer an important new perspective on corporate diversification. The results show that firms with a high level of corporate debt should struggle to justify a strategy involving geographic dispersion of activities and support a more diversified product portfolio strategy. This study also offers several avenues for investigating the bondholder’s perspective on corporate diversification in more detail.

Dampak Non-Debt Tax Shield dan Resiko Bisnis Terhadap Struktur Modal Perusahaan Manufaktur Indonesia

Capital structure decision is an important act made by company’s financial manager as mismanagement causes financial distress. This study aims to determine the effect of non-debt tax shield and business risk on capital structure. The data in this study were collected from the financial reports of 137 manufacturing companies in Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. Hypothesis testing was carried out using a fixed effect panel regression model. The results showed that the non-debt tax shield had a significant negative effect on capital structure, while business risk had a positive effect. Thus, companies that have a low non-debt tax shield will increase their debt to get compensation for tax deductions from interest expenses, while companies with a high risk level prefer internal financing to decrease the debt level. This study contributes to the literature by uncovering the factors that influence the determination of corporate debt levels in manufacturing industries in Indonesia. The result of this research can be used by the company managers to consider business risk and non-debt tax shields in determining the optimum capital structure to increase the value of the company.

Soaring corporate debt is a risk to global growth

▀ Corporate borrowing is accelerating as a result of the coronavirus crisis. In part, this is a healthy development as firms look to ride out a period of low or even zero sales. But it also brings potential risks to growth, especially in the longer term, including via lengthy balance sheet restructuring that hurts investment and productivity growth. ▀ In the advanced economies, we estimate the aggregate corporate debt/GDP ratio could rise as much as 10ppts in 2020, to 95% of GDP ‐ well above the 2009 peak. Debt service ratios may also rise into risky territory despite low interest rates. Risks look especially elevated in France and Canada. ▀ Evidence for both advanced and emerging economies suggests high corporate debt levels can damage growth. Highly indebted firms tend to invest less in both the near and medium terms, and some estimates suggest the rise in aggregate debt this year could cut GDP growth by up to 0.2% per year. ▀ The coronavirus crisis may also crystallise some pre‐existing risks in corporate debt. Despite government assistance, defaults by low‐rated firms have started to rise and commercial real estate prices are falling. ▀ Sectoral concentrations of risk may also be intensified and new ones created in industries hit hard by the virus like energy and consumer discretionary sectors. ▀ Emerging market corporate debt is also on the rise ‐ sharply in some cases. In some economies, this mostly reflects exchange rate effects. But negative balance sheet effects of this kind are also a risk to growth.

Do macroeconomic factors impact corporate debt? Evidence from India

We study the impact of macroeconomic factors on corporate debt in India during April 2000 to March 2018 period using quantile regression. Our quantile regression outcomes reveal that the impact of consumer price index on corporate debt is significant and positive across the quantiles. However, the wholesale price index has a significant and negative impact on debt level. Interest rate and exchange rate do not show similar impact across the quantiles. In this paper, the results of quantile regression are also compared with ordinary least squares regression. The results of ordinary least squares regression indicate that all macroeconomic factors under study affect the corporate debt level.

Determinants of Stock Return: A Comparison of Financial Distress and Non Financial Distress Firms in Manufacturing Company Listed of Indonesia Stock Exchange

AbstractPurpose –The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of stock return between financial distress and non-financial distress firms and to examine the influence of financial health, financial leverage, liquidity, profitability, book to market equity and size to stock return on the manufacturing firms listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2012-2016.Design/Methodology/Approach- The dependent variable in this study is the stock return (SR), while the independent variable are financial health, financial leverage, liquidity and profitability while the variable control are book to market equity and size. The method used is a non-parametric difference test using mann-whitney U and multi-regression panel data with dummy variable using fixed effect model.Findings - The findings obtained this study indicate that there is difference of stock return between financial distress and non-financial distress company, financial distress and financial leverage has a negative influence to stock return and there is positive influence profitability and size to stock return, while liquidity and book to market equity has no impact on stock return. The firms need to increase the level of financial health and increase corporate profits by reduce the level of corporate debt so it will increase the stock return.

Capital Reallocation and Capital Investment

Corporate debt levels have grown substantially during the 10-year recovery from the global financial crisis. This debt might be expected to finance investments that support firm expansion, as the U.S. economy has experienced strong growth over the last 10 years. However, much of the corporate debt has been used to reallocate capital through mergers and acquisitions rather than to fund investment activity. Perhaps as a result, some market watchers have expressed concerns that corporations are crowding out, rather than complementing, new investment. {{p}} David Rodziewicz and Nicholas Sly show that rising merger and acquisition activity does not fully crowd out new capital investment, as both sales of existing capital between firms and investment in new capital tend to rise and fall together. Moreover, they find that this relationship holds both in the aggregate and within most U.S. industries. Their results suggest that rising merger and acquisition activity complements investment growth by allowing firms to strategically position themselves and build their productive capacity.