Coronaria Sinistra Research Articles

Investigation of anastomoses between coronary arteries in Akkaraman sheep by plastic injection and corrosion method.

Since it is critical to understand the anatomy of the coronary arteries and the anastomoses between them in Akkaraman sheep, the coronary arteries will be examined using a plastic injection and corrosion technique. In our investigation, researchers used 20 Akkaraman sheep's hearts collected from slaughterhouses in and near Kayseri, and hearts from animals aged 2-3 years were included. The anatomy of the coronary arteries of the hearts was studied by plastic injection and corrosion method. The macroscopically examined patterns of the excised coronary arteries were photographed and recorded. This approach indicated arterial vascularisation of the heart in sheep, with a. coronaria dextra and a. coronaria sinistra developing from the commencement of the aorta. It was determined that a. coronaria sinistra, after leaving the initial part of the aorta, proceeds to the left and divides into two branches called r. interventricularis paraconalis and r. circumflexus sinister, forming a right angle between them, immediately after reaching the sulcus coronarius. Anastomosis of the branches of r. distalis atrii dextri with the branches of r. intermedius atrii dextri and r. ventriculi dextri; anastomosis of a thin branch separated from r. proximalis atrii sinistri with the branch of r. proximalis atrii dextri running in the initial part of the aorta; anastomosis of r. distalis atrii sinistri with r. intermedius atrii sinistri were detected. In one heart, the r. septalis protruded roughly 0.2 cm from the beginning of a. coronaria sinistra.

An Innovative Solvent-Responsive Coiling-Expanding Stent.

Coronary artery disease is the "first killer" in the world, while the classical treatment for this disease is to implant stent. An ideal vascular stent should be nontoxic with self-expanding characteristics, quick expanding speed, and appropriate mechanical supporting property. However, no existing vascular stent covers all properties. Herein, a two-way shape-memory cellulose vascular stent, which can realize shape adjustments by mild solutions such as water and alcohol, is constructed. The shape-memory characteristics, mechanical properties, cell toxicity, and biocompatibility, are systemically investigated by ex vivo experiment as well as molecule simulation and theoretical modeling, revealing that the achieved bilayer two-way shape-memory films (BSMFs) can be used as an artificial vascular stent. In particular, this vascular stent made from BSMFs shows superb biocompatibility according to live/dead cell viability assays. Ex vivo experiments reveal that the novel vascular stent can support arteria coronaria sinistra, or the left main coronary artery, at the opening state while the cross-section of the vessel becomes two times larger than that of the initial state after implantation. Thus, it is believed that effective and scalable BSMFs can make meritorious fundamental contributions to biomaterials science and practical applications such as vascular stents.

Macroanatomical Investigation of Arteria Coronaria and Myocardial Bridges in Tuj and Hemshin Sheep

In the study, it was aimed that the macroanatomic features of the coronary arteries and myocardial bridges were investigated in Tuj and Hemshin sheep. 10 hearts of male Tuj sheep and 10 hearts of male Hemshin sheep were used as the study material. It was applied the latex injection and corrosion cast techniques. It was observed that the hearts were vascularized by arteria (a.) coronaria dextra and a. coronaria sinistra. A. coronaria sinistra was dominant in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, a. coronaria dextra was dominant in 2 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. The r. interventricularis subsinuosus was formed by ramus (r.) circumflexus sinister in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, by r. circumflexus dexter in 1 Tuj sheep, and by r. proximalis atrii dextri in 1 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. There were myocardial bridges on the r. interventricularis paraconalis in all of the hearts. There was a statistical difference in the length of the myocardial bridges on the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis between the hearts of Tuj and Hemshin sheep (P less than 0.05).

Macroscopic description of the coronary arteries in Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus)

A total of 25 (13 male, 12 female) adult, healthy Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the origin, course and anastomoses of coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the aortic arch to enable these arteries to be clearly discerned. A. coronaria sinistra was larger than A. coronaria dextra. It was divided into a Ramus interventricularis paraconalis and a Ramus circumflexus sinister. However, in 2 specimens, the septal ramus, was observed to stem directly from the left coronary artery, and only 1 ventricular branch arose from the left circumflex. The collateral branches of the paraconal interventricular ramus had a larger diameter and more extensive distribution was observed in these specimens. The A. coronaria dextra was divided into a Ramus septalis and Ramus circumflexus dexter. The Ramus interventricularis subsinuosis was not detected in this study. The ventricular branches of the left coronary artery run intramyocardially whereas the branches of the right coronary artery course subendocardially.

Specific anatomical aspects of the aortic opening (Ostium aortae) and of the left cardiac artery (A. coronaria sinistra) in swine.

Our researches focused on high lightening the possible particularities existent at different subjects taken into study, regarding the aortic ventricular foramen, the semilunar valves and the original aperture of the left coronary artery. Also the possible trajectory and distribution variability of the left coronary artery was analyzed, taking into consideration the variations of this artery in human. The left coronary artery were studied on fresh hearts, gathered from 11 subjects of different ages, sexes and sizes. The vascular and hollow lumen was washed repeatedly with water and then injected progressively with Palux substance colored for contrast with red pigment. The hearts injected were introduced for 48 hours in a formaldehyde 2% solution and afterwards the dissection under a magnifying glass was made. In a single case the lack of the left arterial trunk was noticed, the paraconal artery and the left cardiac artery presenting a common foramen in the left aortic sinus. Regarding the existence of the left coronary artery, this was in a direct continuance with the paraconal artery and forming a right angle with the left cardiac circumflex artery. Through their distribution, the collaterals of the paraconal artery involve the right ventricular myocardium, as well as the left one in different proportions. The atrium collaterals of the left circumflex artery involve also the atrium-ventricular nodule. The vascular foramen measurements and their trajectories are not related to the age and size of the subject. The sigmoid valves are reduced. In one case the lack of the left coronary arterial trunk was noticed.

Macroanatomy of coronary arteries in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in Bactrian camels. Ten hearts of adult healthy Bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% ABS coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in Bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. The results showed that ramus interventricularis subsinuosus is one branch of a. coronaria dextra in Bactrian camels, which is characteristic of a. coronaria dextra pattern. Ramus septi interventricularis that supplied the interventricular septum mainly originates from ramus interventricular paraconalis. Two muscular bridges ware observed crossing ramus interventricular paraconalis in the middle third of sulcus interventricularis paraconalis. Muscular bridge was not found above ramus interventricularis subsinuosus in this study.

The Distribution of the Coronary Arteries in the Angora Rabbit

The aim of this study was to determine the origin, course, termination and anastomosing of the coronary arteries in Angora rabbits. Eight adult healthy male Angora rabbits were used. Coloured latex was injected into the ascending aorta. A. coronaria sinistra of the Angora rabbit had larger diameter than a. coronaria dextra. It was divided into r. proximalis atrii sinistri, r. interventricularis paraconalis and r. circumflexus sinister in six Angora rabbits as well as r. septi interventricularis in two. R. septi interventricularis that stem directly from a. coronaria sinistra in two animals and from r. interventricularis paraconalis in six was a principal vessel responsible for the septum interventriculare. R. marginis ventricularis sinistri originating from r. circumflexus sinister was the most prominent artery on the auricular surface of the heart. R. interventricularis subsinuosus was not detected in Angora rabbits examined. A. coronaria dextra, crossing the sulcus coronarius immediately after its origin, ran obliquely in direction of the sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus to supply the right portion of the heart. The ventricular and septal branches of a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra ran subepicardially at the beginning then intramyocardially and mostly parallel to the muscle fibres as surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. Their atrial branches were seen continuously to run subepicardially.

The Arterial Vascularization of Septum Interventriculare in Donkeys (Equus asinus L.)

In this study, arteries that supply the septum interventriculare in donkeys, their course and variations, if present, were defined. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of varying age and sex constituted the material of the study. In order to expose the arteries, latex coloured with Rotring ink was injected into a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra and dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys is supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronoria dextra, which have their origin at the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra gives off two branches: one is ramus interventricularis paraconalis, which extends into the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and the other is ramus circumflexus sinister, which lies within the sulcus coronarius. A. coronaria dextra is formed by the union of ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter. Septum interventriculare is supplied by rr. septales, which originate from ramus interventricularis paraconalis, a branch of a. coronaria sinistra, as well as rami septales which have their origin in ramus interventricularis subsinuosus, a branch of a. coronaria dextra.

The macroanatomy of coronary arteries in donkeys (Equus asinus L.).

The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.

A case of a persistent left vena cava superior with atresia of the right atrial ostium of the coronary sinus

A persistent left vena cava superior with an atretic ostium of the coronary sinus was found during the routine dissecting course in the embalmed cadaver of an 83-year-old woman who had died from cardiac infarction. The left vena cava superior was very narrow in diameter (4 mm), originated at the lateral part of the left vena brachiocephalica and ran down between the venae pulmonales sinistrae and the auricula sinistra. The vena cava opened into the sinus coronarius of the heart, which terminated as a blind sac due to an atretic ostium. The vena coronaria sinistra as well as the vena interventricularis posterior drained into the sinus coronarius. Congenital atresia of the coronary opening is a rare malformation and is usually associated with other anomalies. The congenital ostial atresia could be the cause of a persistent left vena cava superior, which then takes over the drainage of the cardiac veins.

Epicardial branches of the coronary arteries and their distribution in the rabbit heart: the rabbit heart as a model of regional ischemia.

The rabbit heart has been frequently used to study regional ischemia, but there is hardly any detailed information on the epicardial branching of the coronary arteries. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether there is a constant branching pattern and how comparable this pattern is with the human heart. We investigated epicardial branching of the coronary arteries in 30 adult rabbit hearts. For vessel visualisation, we used injections of Technovit, followed by corrosion. We found that there is not one constant pattern but rather a bifurcation or a trifurcation of the arteria coronaria sinistra (15 of 15 hearts). The left coronary artery is always the dominant artery; a vessel comparable to the human ramus interventricularis anterior is rarely found in the bifurcation type. The ramus circumflexus is a constant but minor branch of the posterior or posterolateral division and does not originate directly from the main stem of the left coronary artery, as it does in humans. As a consequence, ligation of the left ramus interventricularis anterior leads to severe ischemic injury only where trifurcation exists (50% of our population). A ligation of the ramus circumflexus proximal to its origin produces a large posterolateral infarction in the bifurcation type (50% of our population). Because a defined ischemic area is difficult to reproduce under these anatomical conditions, the rabbit heart may be a model only for regional ischemia if the investigator is knowledgeable about the distributions of the coronary arteries.

An analysis of hemodynamics of the anterior descending branch of the arteria coronaria sinistra

This paper analyses the anterior descending branch of the arteria coronaria sinistra from the view of hemodynamics.

Heterochronia and general pathology illustrated by the example of the human heart.

Heterochronia, heterotopia and heterometria are important elements of the pathogenic process. Heterochronia has its historical roots in the philosophy of Aristotle. As the organs of living creatures and especially man have developed, the process has been one of fitting together a variety of evolutionary bricks. Each complex organ shows evidence of a gradual control of its cellular structure. Parts of organs observed at different stages of man's development all appear to retain certain heterologous (identical) organisational features. Thus, the different pathoclisis is explained. Classical Neuropathology has made headway in this field. Its methodical procedure was adopted - mutatis mutandis - by General Pathology. The inherent structural weaknesses within the organisation of the human brain are, in their organic type of differentiation, also present in the muscular heart. The right ventricle has developed mainly from the myoepicardium of the proampulla; the left ventricle has its origin in the metaampulla. The right ventricle consists mainly of priscomyocardium, the left one of neomyocardium. This is the basis on which are founded the main characteristics of the muscular structures, the arrangement of the coronary arteries and the organisation of the conduction system. A. Keith had already discovered in 1906 that the elements of specific muscle texture contain old structures. We believe that the pacemaker cell represents the historical paradigm of the working muscle cell of the heart (the transporter). Atrioventricular collateral connections (anastomoses) are only found within the priscomyocardium, the arteria coronaria dextra being the original. The coronaria sinistra was evolved later. From the summary of facts originating from the heterochronia of heart development we can draw conclusions about the development of the major heart diseases such as: Those which are dependent on interference with the ventricle walls following oxygen deprivation and the resulting toxic stress; Those which are characterised by infarction of the myocardium which occur in areas which have a predilection for such reaction and which can be set out in a predetermined topology; Those characterised by rhythmic interferences of the heart caused by atrioventricular collateral connections; as a result of an anthropological pathomorphology.

Contribuição ao estudo da irrigação arterial do nó sinu-atrial em coelhos de raça Nova Zelândia

The arterial blood-supply of the sinuatrial node has been studied in 50 rabbits (26 females and 24 males). In 26 (52.0% ± 7.0) hearts examined, the sinus node received only the ramus proximalis atrii sinistri collateral of the a. coronaria sinistra. In 22 (44-0% ± 7.0) animals, the sinus node was exclusively nourished by collaterals of the a. coronaria dextra; in 20 cases (40.0% ± 6.9) only by the ramus proximalis atrii dextri and in 2 cases (4.0% ± 2.7) by the latter and the ramus intermedius atrii dextri. In the remaining 2 cases (4.0% ± 2.7) both the rami proximalis atrii sinistri and proximalis atrii dextri respectively originated from the a. coronaria sinistra and, a. coronaria dextra nourished the sinus node area. The AA. did not observe arterial anastomosis among the vessels involved in the sinus node arterial vascularization.

Contribuição ao estudo da irrigação arterial do nó sinu-atrial em bovinos azebuados

The arterial blood supply of the sinus node has been studied in 100 zebu cattle (87 males and 13 females). In 75 hearts (75.0% ± 4.3) the sinus node is nourished through collaterals of both the a. coronaria dextra and the a coronaria sinistra: in 73 hearts (73.0% ± 4.4) from the ramus proximalis atrii sinistri plus, in 48 cases (48.0% ± 5.0) the ramus intermedins atrii dextri, in 5 cases (5.0% ± 2.2) the ramus proximalis atrii dextri, in 3 cases (3.0% ± 1.7) the ramus distalis atrii dextri, in 13 cases (13.0% ± 3.4) the ramus proximalis atrii dextri plus the ramus intermedins atrii dextri and in 4 cases (4.0% ± 2.0) the ramus intermedins atrii dextri plus one collateral from the ramus ventricularis dexter. In the remaining 2 cases (2.0% ± 1.4) the arterial blood supply to the sinus node is through the ramus proximalis atrii dextri, plus one collateral from the ramus ventricularis dexter, in 1 case (1.0% ± 1.0), and by that collateral plus the ramus intermedins atrii dextri, in 1 case (1.0% ± 1.0). In 19 hearts (19.0% ± 3.9) the sinus node is nourished exclusively by collaterals of the a. coronaria dextra: in 2 cases (2.0% ± 1.4) only by the ramus proximalis atrii dextri, in 17 cases (17.0% ± 3.8) from the ramus proximalis atrii dextri plus, in 13 cases (13.0% ± 3.4) the ramus intermedins atrii dextri, in 3 cases (3.0% ± 1.7) the ramus distalis atrii dextri and in 1 case (1.0% ± 1.0) the ramus intermedius atrii dextri plus the ramus distalis atrii dextri. In 6 remaining hearts (6.0% ± 2.4) the sinus node is nourished exclusively by collaterals of the a. coronaria sinistra; in 3 cases (3.0% ± 1.7) only by the ramus proximalis atrii sinistri and in 3 cases (3.0% ± 1.7) by that branch and one collateral from the ramus ventricularis dexter. Arterial anastomosis were observed in 37 cases (37.0% ± 4.8) between collaterals from rami proximalis atrii sinistri and proximalis atrii dextri, in 19 cases (19.0% ± 3.9) between collaterals from the rami proximalis atrii sinistri and intermedius atrii sinistri, in 9 cases (9.0% ± 2.9) between one collateral from the ramus ventricularis dexter, that is directed to the sulcus terminalis and vessels originated from the ramus circumflexus dexter, in 8 cases (8.0% ± 2.7) between collaterals from the ramus proximalis atrii sinistri, in 7 cases (7.0% ± 2.6) between collaterals from the ramus proximalis atrii dextri and from the a. coronaria sinistra, in 6 cases (6.0% ± 2.4) between collaterals from the ramus proximalis atrii dextri and, in 3 cases (3.0% ± 1.7) between collaterals from the rami proximalis atrii dextri and intermedius atrii sinistri. There was no sexual influence in the pattern of the blood supply to the sinus node.