Surface Of Corolla Research Articles

Campanula quercetorum subsp. densiflora: A New Taxon of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from Eastern Anatolia (Türkiye)

Türkiye is a crucial country for the genus Campanula diversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Also, more than half of Campanula species in Türkiye are endemic. In this paper, Campanula quercetorum subsp. densiflora (Campanulaceae) is described as a new subspecies from Tunceli (Türkiye). According to its morphological features, it belongs to the Campanula subgen. Campanula sect. Rupestres. This section mainly consists of perennial polycarpic or perennial monocarpic and chasmophyte species. It is morphologically closely related to C. quercetorum subsp. quercetorum. It is easily distinguished from C. quercetorum subsp. quercetorum by its dense inflorescence, dense indumentum, densely hairy corolla surface, conspicuous purplish-blue corolla veins, and ascending to erect habitus. Diagnostic characteristics, a full description, and comprehensive photographs are given in this study.

Osmophores and petal surface traits in Bignonieae species.

This study characterizes the osmophores and corolla traits in 18 species of Bignonieae Dumort., a Bignoniaceae tribe occurring in the Cerrado, a neotropical savanna in Brazil. To detect osmophore distribution, whole, newly opened flowers were immersed in Neutral Red Solution. Samples from the corolla tube and lobes were also fixed and analyzed micromorphologically, anatomically, and histochemically. The osmophores showed six markedly different distribution patterns that were not clearly associated with histological features. In most species, osmophores comprised papillose secretory epidermises and a few layers of subepidermal parenchyma. Starch grains, lipid droplets, and terpenes were detected in osmophores. An ornamented cuticle, cuticular folds, glandular and non-glandular trichomes, raised stomata and epicuticular wax granules are common traits in the species studied and may be useful in determining the taxonomy of the group. We found that 94% of the species visited by bees had papillose epidermises while the single hummingbird-pollinated species presented a flattened epidermis. Variations in osmophore pattern among species visited by bees, including variations within the same plant genus, are novel finding. Additionally, the Bignonieae species visited by bees presented a textured corolla surface, which has been reported as facilitating bee attachment and movement towards the floral resource. Future studies with a greater number of Bignonieae species and more detailed pollinator behavioral assays may help in the interpretation of the variations in corolla traits and functional relationships between flowers and pollinators.

Vaccinium (Ericaceae) in Sulawesi: a new species and a list of known taxa

Vaccinium sulawesiense Mustaqim & P.W.Fritsch, a newly discovered endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, is described. This species is similar to V. simulans Sleumer but differs in having an acuminate leaf apex, larger floral organs, and an absence of trichomes in the upper half of the inner surface of corolla and disk. This species is known from the two specimens, one from a mid-montane rain forest in Mamasa Regency, Sulawesi Barat Province and the another from Poso Regency, Sulawesi Tengah Province. An updated list of the 17 known Vaccinium species in Sulawesi is also provided.

Henckelia viridiflora (Gesneriaceae), a New Species from the Southern Western Ghats, India

Henckelia viridiflora J. Mathew & P.M. Salim (Gesneriaceae), a new species from the southern Western Ghats, India, is described based on morphological data. It resembles H. fischeri, but differs from it by e.g. having campanulate vs. ventricose flowers and a green vs. pale lilac inner surface of corolla. A detailed description and colour images of the new taxon are presented.

Floral morphs of Justicia adhatoda L. differ in fruit and seed, but not floral, traits or pollinator visitation

Pigment patterns in corollas are common, and act as nectar guides for pollinators. We discovered multiple floral morphs of Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae) with variable extents of corolla vein pigmentation in a population in Sariska, Rajasthan. Two floral morphs, one completely white and the other white with dark purple vein pigmentation, were compared in order to investigate any possible differences relating to: (a) corolla surface structure, (b) pollinator visitation, (c) reward for the pollinator, and (d) fitness parameters in the morphs. Both morphs showed similar UV reflectance, had distally located conical cells in petals, indicated similar pollinator visitation and had similar nectar content. Contrastingly, seed germination and seed weight were significantly higher in the purple-veined morph, while fruit set and seed set were higher in the white morph which also showed higher amounts of saturated fatty acids in the seeds. The results about aborted seeds differed inconsistently. Thus, variation in corolla pigmentation in J. adhatoda suggests fitness trade-off between the morphs with higher fruit and seed set, but lower seed germination and seed weight in the white morph compared to the purple-veined. We are led to the possibility of different selective pressures acting on the morphs and resulting in adaptive polymorphism.

A Study on Determination of Anatomical and Micromorphological Properties of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) in Turkey

In this study, we aimed to reveal the anatomical features of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., a medicinal plant. Samples of C. pastoris taxon were collected from Tokat and its environs in June 2018. The collected samples were placed in 70% alcohol and fixed. Transversal section sections were taken from the root, stem and petiole of the plant for anatomical research. Both transversal section and superficial sections were taken of the leaves by hand. There were 2-3 rows of periderm cells on the outermost part of the root transversal section section of the plant. In the stem transversal section, the collenchyma was in the form of a continuous ring of 7-8 rows, just below epidermis. Sclerenchyma forms an intervascular ring. The epidermis cells on the lower and upper surfaces of the leaf were single-row. The leaves were bifacial type. Palisade parenchyma cells were in 1-2 rows. The sponge parenchyma was 3-4 stratified The epidermal cell edges of the lower surface of the leaf of C. bursa-pastoris were wavier than the upper surface cell edges. Stomata were anisocytic. The vascular bundle in the petiole mid-vessel region of the taxon was large and 4-5 of them. The vascular bundles were surrounded by a sclerenchymatic scabbard. The petiole epidermis was monolayer and had cuticle on the surfaces. The fruit of the taxon was heart-shaped and had a striate pattern. Seed shape was elliptical, striate- undulate cell shaped, cell wall thickening was very pronounced. Ornamentations were reticulate. Wax was observed on the abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaf. Corolla surface showed very intense longitudinal cuticular folds. Sepal surface had plenty of sail-shaped papillae. As a result, the root, stem, leaf anatomical features, and fruit, seed, leaf sepal and petal micromorphological features of C. bursa-pastoris had been revealed in detail.

Temperature and water stress affect plant-pollinator interactions in Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae).

Climate change alters the abiotic constraints faced by plants, including increasing temperature and water stress. These changes may affect flower development and production of flower rewards, thus altering plant–pollinator interactions. Here, we investigated the consequences of increased temperature and water stress on plant growth, floral biology, flower‐reward production, and insect visitation of a widespread bee‐visited species, Borago officinalis. Plants were grown for 5 weeks under three temperature regimes (21, 24, and 27°C) and two watering regimes (well‐watered and water‐stressed). Plant growth was more affected by temperature rise than water stress, and the reproductive growth was affected by both stresses. Vegetative traits were stimulated at 24°C, but impaired at 27°C. Flower development was mainly affected by water stress, which decreased flower number (15 ± 2 flowers/plant in well‐watered plants vs. 8 ± 1 flowers/plant under water stress). Flowers had a reduced corolla surface under temperature rise and water stress (3.8 ± 0.5 cm2 in well‐watered plants at 21°C vs. 2.2 ± 0.1 cm2 in water‐stressed plants at 27°C). Both constraints reduced flower‐reward production. Nectar sugar content decreased from 3.9 ± 0.3 mg/flower in the well‐watered plants at 21°C to 1.3 ± 0.4 mg/flower in the water‐stressed plants at 27°C. Total pollen quantity was not affected, but pollen viability decreased from 79 ± 4% in the well‐watered plants at 21°C to 25 ± 9% in the water‐stressed plants at 27°C. Flowers in the well‐watered plants at 21°C received at least twice as many bumblebee visits compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, floral modifications induced by abiotic stresses related to climate change affect insect behavior and alter plant–pollinator interactions.

A Synoptic Revision of the Malagasy Endemic Genus Socratina Balle (Loranthaceae)

Callmander, M. W., I. Luino, S. Da-Giau, C. Rakotovao & L. Gautier (2014). A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Socratina Balle (Loranthaceae). Candollea 69: 65–73. In English, English and French abstracts.The hemiparasitic endemic genus Socratina Balle (Loranthaceae) is revised for Madagascar. Three species are recognized, including a new one, Socratina phillipsoniana Callm. & Luino. The vegetative and floral morphology of the new species is distinctive; in particular the conspicuous longitudinal villous fringe of long dendritic trichomes on the outer surface of its corolla along each suture of the lobes that contrasts with the shorter floccose indument that covers the rest of the outer corolla surface. All three known species are provided with preliminary risk assessments based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. A key to the genus is presented and a discussion of the morphological affinities of each species is also provided.

Ecological adaptations of Hypocyrta glabra Hook. flowers

The research on the blooming ecology and the flower morphology of <i>Hypocyrta glabra</i> Hook. (Gesneriaceae) cultivated in laboratories and outdoors have been carried out. The life span of flowers and morphological changes in successive phases of the blooming period have been observed. The <i>H. glabra</i> flowers are protandrous and the stamens translocate during the flowering process. The macro- and microstructure of calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium and nectaries have been analyzed. The size, shape and viability of pollen grains have been designated and their number per stamen head has been calculated. The location of nectaries in <i>H. glabra</i> flowers has suggested that they stem from the 5<sup>th</sup> stamen during phylogenesis. It has been proved that the nectaries are provided by numerous vascular bundles and that the nectar is secreted by stomata. The stomatal field comprises 2/5 of nectary height and is situated on the abaxial side of the apix part. The average number of stomata is 63.2 per 1 mm<sup>2</sup>. The average amount of nectar produced by 10 flowers in their fourth day of life reached 223.7 mg. The sugar concentration was 32.7%. Numerous glandular and non-glandular trichomes have been noticed on the surface of calyx, corolla and gynoecium, which indicate the xeromorphic adaptation of the flower. It has been observed that the numbers of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit of the external surface of corolla are similar. Outdoors the secretion produced by calyx and corolla glands was willingly collected by wasps. It seems that such features of <i>H. glabra</i> flowers as position, shape and colour of corolla, the abundance of the nectar and pollen produced are connected with their adaptation to pollination by humming-birds in the species natural environment.

The structure of floral elements of Anchusa officinalis L. creating attractants for insects

The present study involved the measurement of size and the micromorphology of the floral elements of <i>Anchusa officinalis</i> L. which are attractants for insects. The structure of the epidermis on the surface of the calyx, petals, throat scales, pistil and nectary were analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For light microscopy observations, semi-permanent slides were prepared, which were treated with Lugol's iodine solution, Sudan III and fluoroglucine. The dark violet lobes of the corolla of <i>Anchusa officinalis</i>, with a velvety surface, and the throat scales, contrasting with them, belong to the most important optical attractants which lure insects from large distances. The dark pink colouring of the sepals additionally increases the attractiveness of the flowers. The epidermis covering the calyx formed different-sized non-glandular trichomes as well as glandular trichomes. The glandular trichomes were composed of a uni - or bicellular leg and a unicellular head. The colour of the corolla petals was determined by anthocyanins accumulated in the epidermal cells and in the more deeply situated parenchyma. The velvety surface was formed by the conical papillae, densely growing from the adaxial epidermis. The pink-violet throat scales with white hairs, covering the inlet to the tube of the corolla, were found at the inlet to the corolla throat. The longest trichomes on the surface of the scales were located in their lower and middle parts, whereas the shortest ones at their tips. The epidermis of the central part of the throat scales formed small papillae. The trichomes had thin cell walls, large vacuoles, numerous plastids and lipid droplets. The two-parted stigma of the pistil was covered by characteristic expanded outgrowths with wavy edges which performed the functions of structures facilitating the capture of pollen grains. As a result of the present study it was found that the structures affecting the attractiveness of the flowers, through various light effects within the corolla of <i>Anchusa officinalis</i>, include the papillae on the corolla surface, trichomes of the throat scales and the epidermal cells of the style. The trichomes of the scales can also be responsible for protecting pollen and nectar against rainfall.

EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF THE LONG-LASTING FLOWER TRAIT (MISOME-SHO) OF AZALEA CULTIVARS

The trait of long-lasting flower corolla with temporal change of colour exists in Japanese evergreen azalea. This trait called misome-sho has been found in several species and cultivar groups from Edo era. For the purpose of application of this trait for breeding, we investigated several characteristics of these cultivars. Wild species of Rhododendron kaempferi, R. indicum and R. macrosepalum and long-lasting flower cultivars were used in this study. All long-lasting flower cultivars have smaller corolla compared to wild types and have stomata in the corolla surface, while wild types do not have stomata in their surface. Pot planted long-lasting flower cultivars kept their corolla more than 100 days and corolla colour was changed from red or purple-red in anthesis to green later. In contrast, wild type plants in pot finished flowering in about 20 days. Microscopic observation of the longitudinal section of flowers revealed that the abscission layer in the basal portion from wild type corollas is not observed in long-lasting flower cultivars. These cultivars have high pollen fertility and stabilized seed set ability. Inheritance of this trait is investigated using cross progenies. The long-lasting trait of corolla would be derived from the sepaloid nature of petals caused by homeotic gene mutation.

Taxonomic revision of Rhododendron mariae (Ericaceae) and related taxa

Based on a literature survey and a field trip with specimen examination, statistical analysis including principal components analysis (PCA) on morphological characters have been carried out on Rhododendron mariae and related taxa. Cluster analysis and PCA showed three independent groups, which corresponded to three species except R. loniceriflorum. As a consequence, nine taxa are reduced to synonyms of R. mariae, and two new combinations, viz R. mariae subsp. microphyton, and R. mariae subsp. flumineum are made. Rhododendron microphyton var. trichanthum is reduced to a synonym of R. mariae subsp. microphyton, and R. malipoense to a synonym of R. mariae subsp. flumineum. Three names are synonymized and a new combination, viz R. chryocalyx subsp. meridionale, is proposed within R. chryocalyx. The third entity, R. naamkwanense, has got two new synonyms. Rhododendron loniceriflorum, with whitish pubescence on the inner corolla surface, is recognized as the fourth distinct species. Each entity is illustrated with line drawings for identification.

The role of mechanosensory input in flower handling efficiency and learning byManduca sexta

Nectar-foraging animals are known to utilize nectar guides-- patterns of visual contrast in flowers-- to find hidden nectar. However, few studies have explored the potential for mechanosensory cues to function as nectar guides, particularly for nocturnal pollinators such as the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. We used arrays of artificial flowers to investigate the flower handling behavior (the ability to locate and drink from floral nectaries) of naïve moths, looking specifically at: (1) how the shape and size of flat (two-dimensional) artificial corollas affect nectar discovery and (2) whether three-dimensional features of the corolla can be used to facilitate nectar discovery. In these experiments, we decoupled visual from tactile flower features to explore the role of mechanosensory input, putatively attained via the extended proboscides of hovering moths. In addition, we examined changes in nectar discovery times within single foraging bouts to test whether moths can learn to handle different kinds of artificial flowers. We found that corolla surface area negatively affects flower handling efficiency, and that reliable mechanosensory input is crucial for the moths' performance. We also found that three-dimensional features of the corolla, such as grooves, can significantly affect the foraging behavior, both positively (when grooves converge to the nectary) and negatively (when grooves are unnaturally oriented). Lastly, we observed that moths can decrease nectar discovery time during a single foraging bout. This apparent learning ability seems to be possible only when reliable mechanosensory input is available.

Are flowers physiological sinks or faucets? Costs and correlates of water use by flowers of Polemonium viscosum.

Water loss through inflorescences may place extreme demands on plant water status in arid environments. Here we examine how corolla size, a trait known to influence pollination success, affects the water cost of flowering in the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. In a potometry experiment, water uptake rates of inflorescences were monitored during bud expansion and anthesis. Corolla volume of fully expanded flowers predicted water uptake during bud expansion (R 2=0.61, P=0.0375) and corolla surface area predicted water uptake during anthesis (R 2=0.59, P=0.044). To probe mechanisms underlying the relationship between corolla size and water uptake, cell dimensions and densities were measured in several regions of fully expanded corollas. Corolla length was positively correlated with cell length in the middle of the corolla tube and cell diameter in the corolla lobe (Pearson's r from 0.26-0.33, n=86, P ≤ 0.05). Cell density was negatively correlated with cell dimensions in the upper corolla tube and lobe (Pearson's r from -0.39 to -0.42, P ≤ 0.0015). These findings suggest that more water may be required to maintain turgor in large corollas in part because their tissues have lower cell wall densities. The carbon cost of water use by flowers was assessed in krummholz and tundra habitats for P. viscosum flowering, respectively, during dry and wet portions of the growing season. For plants in full flower, average leaf water potentials were significantly more negative (P=0.0079) at mid-day in the krummholz (June) than in the tundra (July), but were similar before dawn (P=0.631). Photosynthetic rate at the time of flowering declined significantly with increasing corolla size in the krummholz (P=0.0376), but was unrelated to corolla size on the tundra (P>0.72). Plants losing water through large corollas may close leaf stomata to maintain turgor. If photosynthesis limits growth in this perennial species, then the water cost of producing large flowers should exacerbate the cost of reproduction under dry conditions. Such factors could select for flowers with smaller corollas in the krummholz, countering pollinator-mediated selection and helping maintain genetic variation in corolla size components of P. viscosum.

A New Species of Deciduous Azalea (Rhododendron Section Pentanthera; Ericaceae) from South Carolina

A new species of deciduous azalea, Rhododendron eastmanii, has been discovered in South Carolina, U.S.A. This azalea can be distinguished from the other members of Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera by its distinctive morphology, flowering time, and fragrance. It is presently known only from Orangeburg and Richland counties. A new species of Rhododendron for South Carolina is recognized based on the diagnosability criterion of Davis and Nixon (1992). The deciduous leaves, narrow corolla tube, and 5 declinate stamens strongly exserted from the corolla place this species in Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera G. Don. Within the section, 14 species are currently recognized in North America (Kron, 1993). Known from only two localities in South Carolina, R. eastmanii presently consists of approximately 500 individuals at each site. Rhododendron eastmanii Kron & Creel, sp. nov. TYPE: U.S.A. South Carolina: Orangeburg Co., Santee State Park along Limestone Sink hiking trail, 17 May 1993, Kron 3023 (holotype, WFU; isotypes, MO, USCH, WFU). Figures 1, 2. Species haec a Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh) Torrey differt corolla supra macula aurea, perulis gemmis marginibus glandulosis, ramunculis dense pubescentibus, et floribus fragrantibus. Shrub or small tree to 5 m tall, non-rhizomatous; young twigs usually reddish brown, densely covered with unicellular and multicellular eglandular hairs. Vegetative bud scales glabrous abaxially; margin unicellular-ciliate. Leaf blade membranaceous, ovate or obovate to elliptic, 4.3-7.1 X 1.8-2.9 cm; base acute to oblique; apex acute to obtuse, mucronate; adaxial surface sparsely to densely covered with unicellular hairs, the midvein densely covered with unicellular hairs, multicellular eglandular hairs sparsely scattered on adaxial surface; abaxial surface moderately to densely covered with unicellular hairs and multicellular eglandular hairs, the midvein densely covered with unicellular hairs and multicellular eglandular hairs, 20 veins occasionally with multicellular eglandular hairs; margin entire, ciliate with multicellular eglandular hairs; petioles 0.25-0.70 cm long, densely covered with unicellular hairs and sparsely to densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs. Flower bud scales chestnut brown; abaxial surface glabrous; margin unicellular-ciliate near apex, glandular along the lower 2/3 of margins. Flowers appearing after the leaves have expanded; inflorescence a shortened raceme of 5-9 flowers. Pedicels 0.5-1.1 cm long, densely covered with unicellular hairs and sparsely to densely covered with multicellular eglandular hairs, occasionally with multicellular glandular hairs. Sepals 0.05-0.1 cm long, often varying in length on the same flower; margins setose with multicellular eglandular hairs; abaxial surface sparsely to densely covered with unicellular hairs and multicellular eglandular hairs, occasionally with a few weakly glandular multicellular hairs. Corolla white with a yellow blotch on the upper corolla lobe and pink-tinged lobes on newly opened flowers, fragrance strong, fresh, and sweet, the tube longer than the limb and gradually expanding into it; upper corolla lobe 0.9-1.7 x 0.8-1.6 cm; lateral lobes 1.1-2.5 x 0.5-1.1 cm; corolla tube 1.3-2.5 cm long, 0.25-0.35 cm wide at base; outer surface of corolla densely covered with unicellular hairs and sparsely to densely covered with multicellular gland-tipped hairs, the glands usually weakly developed; inner surface of corolla densely covered with unicellular hairs. Stamens 4.5-6.7 cm long, with dense flattened unicellular hairs on proximal 2.3-2.7 cm of filament, exserted 2.2-3.5 cm beNovoN 9: 377-380. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.185 on Thu, 26 May 2016 04:59:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

New taxa of Stapelia L. (Asclepiadaceae) from the Cape Province

Six new species of Stapelia L. and three new varieties are described. Line drawings of coronal parts and pollinia, photographs of flowers and a distribution map are provided. Stapelia erectiflora N.E. Br. var. prostratiflora Leach, from the western Cape, is distinguished by its prostrate inflorescence. S. montana Leach, with var. grossa Leach and S. scitula Leach, both belong in the S. immelmaniae Pillans group from the southwestern Cape, but are smaller plants with a basally disposed inflorescence; S. scitula with densely pubescent stems and those of S. montana glabrous. The very variable S. kougabergensis Leach in the S. acuminata Masson relationship is distinguished by its broad, widely spaced, shallow corolla rugosities. S. baylissii Leach and S. praetermissa Leach with var. luteola Leach, from the eastern Cape, both belonging in the S. asterias Masson affinity, are separated by their virtually glabrous stems, the glabrous corolla of the former and the randomly disposed inflorescence of smaller flowers of the latter. S. obducta Leach, also an eastern Cape species is closely related to S. tsomoensis N.E. Br., but differs in coronal form and in its corolla surface being completely covered with fine hairs.