Corn Starch Levels Research Articles

Enhanced saccharification levels of corn starch using as a strategy a novel amylolytic complex (AmyHb) from the thermophilic fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea in association with commercial enzyme.

Amylases represent a versatile group of catalysts that are used for the saccharification of starch because they can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of starch molecules to release glucose, maltose, and short-chain oligosaccharides. The amylolytic complex of the thermophilic filamentous fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea (AmyHb) was produced, biochemically characterized, and compared with the commercial amylase Termamyl. In addition, the biotechnological application of AmyHb in starch saccharification was investigated. The highest production was achieved using a wheat bran medium at 50°C for 5-6days in solid-state fermentation (849.6 ± 18.2U·g-1) without the addition of inducers. Optimum amylolytic activity occurred at pH 5.0 at 60°C, and stability was maintained between pH 5.0 and 6.0, with thermal stability at 50-60°C, especially in the presence of Ca2+. These results were superior to those found with Termamyl. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+; however, AmyHb displayed increased activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Na+. In addition, AmyHb showed greater tolerance to a wide range of ethanol concentrations. AmyHb appears to be a complex consisting of glucoamylase and α-amylase, based on its substrate specificity and TLC. The hydrolysis tests on cornstarch flour showed that the cocktail of AmyHb50% + Termamyl50% significantly increased the release of glucose and total reducing sugars (36.6%) when compared to the enzymes alone. AmyHb exhibited promising physicochemical properties and good performance with commercial amylase; therefore, this complex is a biotechnological alternative candidate for the bioprocessing of starch sources.

Effect of micronization and meal size of corn grain on glycemic response and in vitro hindgut acidosis potential in horses

This study aimed to 1) evaluate the interaction of corn grain micronization and starch levels per meal on equine plasma glucose, and 2) determine if micronization affects the risk of hindgut acidosis. Six mature (aged 6 to 10 years), healthy, non-pregnant mares (initial body weight [BW]: 301 to 463 kg) were used in a 2×3 factorial cross-over design. The treatments included two forms of corn grain (ground and micronized flaked) at three levels of starch (1, 1.5, and 2 g/kg BW per meal). The blood was sampled before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min after morning feeding and the glucose concentration in the plasma was determined. Small intestine and hindgut dry matter (DM) disappearances of ground and micronized corn were also compared using in vitro techniques. Micronized flaked corn grain showed three times more in vitro enzymatic DM disappearance (p < 0.001) compared with ground corn. Residues of in vitro enzymatic digestion of micronized flaked corn fermented 38.59 % faster than ground corn during in vitro hindgut incubation. The horses that consumed micronized flaked corn had higher post-prandial plasma glucose concentrations (p < 0.001). Increasing starch levels per meal from 1–2 g/kg BW resulted in higher plasma glucose concentrations (P = 0.005). However, no interaction of processing and starch meal size was found. Overall, processing the corn grain by micronization or increasing starch level per meal increased the plasma glucose concentrations, but the magnitude of the increases did not match that expected from in vitro studies.

Classification of Quality Characteristics of Surimi Gels from Different Species Using Images and Convolutional Neural Network

In the aspect of food quality measurement, the application of image analysis has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool, enabling a highly accurate and efficient automated recognition and the quality classification of visual data. This study examines the feasibility of employing an AI algorithm on labeled images as a non-destructive method to classify surimi gels. Gels were made with different moisture (76–82%) and corn starch (5–16%) levels from Alaska pollock and Threadfin breams. In surimi gelation, interactions among surimi, starch, and moisture caused color and quality shifts. Color changes are indicative of structural and quality variations in surimi. Traditional color measuring techniques using colorimeter showed insignificant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in color values and whiteness among treatments. This complexity hindered effective grading, especially in intricate formulations. Despite insignificant color differences, they signify structural changes. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) predicts the visual impact of moisture and starch on gel attributes prepared with different surimi species. Automated machine learning assesses AI algorithms; and CNN’s 70:30 training/validation ratio involves 400–700 images per category. CNN’s architecture, including input, convolutional, normalization, Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation, and max-pooling layers, detects subtle structural changes in treated images. Model test accuracies exceed 95%, validating CNN’s precision in species and moisture classification. It excels in starch concentrations, yielding &gt; 90% accuracy. Average precision (&gt;0.9395), recall (&gt;0.8738), and F1-score (&gt;0.8731) highlight CNN’s high performance. This study demonstrates CNN’s value in non-destructively classifying surimi gels with varying moisture and starch contents across species, and it provides a solid foundation for advancing our understanding of surimi production processes and their optimization in the pursuit of high-quality surimi products.

Dietary Corn Starch Levels Regulated Insulin-Mediated Glycemic Responses and Glucose Homeostasis in Swimming Crab (Portunus trituberculatus).

Carbohydrate is the cheapest source of energy among the three major nutrient groups, an appropriate amount of carbohydrates can reduce feed cost and improve growth performance, but carnivorous aquatic animals cannot effectively utilize carbohydrates. The objectives of the present study are aimed at exploring the effects of dietary corn starch levels on glucose loading capacity, insulin-mediated glycemic responses, and glucose homeostasis for Portunus trituberculatus. After two weeks of feeding trial, swimming crabs were starved and sampled at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. The results indicated that crabs fed diet with 0% corn starch exhibited lower glucose concentration in hemolymph than those fed with the other diets, and glucose concentration in hemolymph remained low with the extension of sampling time. The glucose concentration in hemolymph of crabs fed with 6% and 12% corn starch diets reached the peak after 2 hours of feeding; however, the glucose concentration in hemolymph of crabs fed with 24% corn starch attained the highest value after 3 hours of feeding, and the hyperglycemia lasted for 3 hours and decreased rapidly after 6 hours of feeding. Enzyme activities in hemolymph related to glucose metabolism such as pyruvate kinase (PK), glucokinase (GK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were significantly influenced by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. Glycogen content in hepatopancreas of crabs fed with 6% and 12% corn starch first increased and then decreased; however, the glycogen content in hepatopancreas of crabs fed with 24% corn starch significantly increased with the prolongation of feeding time. In the 24% corn starch diet, insulin-like peptide (ILP) in hemolymph reached a peak after 1 hour of feeding and then significantly decreased, whereas crustacean hyperglycemia hormone (CHH) was not significantly influenced by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. ATP content in hepatopancreas peaked at 1 h after feeding and then decreased significantly in different corn starch feeding groups, while the opposite trend was observed in NADH. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, III, and V of crabs fed with different corn starch diets significantly increased first and then decreased. In addition, relative expressions of genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, insulin signaling pathway, and energy metabolism were significantly affected by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. In conclusion, the results of the present study reveal glucose metabolic responses were regulated by different corn starch levels at different time points and play an important role in clearing glucose through increased activity of insulin, glycolysis, and glycogenesis, along with gluconeogenesis suppression.

Corn-starch based formulated diet has growth and feed utilization efficiency advantages over trash fish diet for juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

Until now, trash fish/low valued fish continues to be widely used in marine cage culture of pompano and many other carnivorous species in China and other Asian countries. This study is the first attempt to compare the performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed trash fish or starch-based formulated diets. Three isonitrogenous (41 %) and isolipidic (11 %) diets containing 16, 22 or 28 % corn starch were prepared. Juvenile pompano (mean initial weight: 28.0 ± 0.3 g) were fed either formulated diets or trash fish on a equivalent dry-matter basis for 8 weeks. The survival rates were significantly higher in fish fed starch diets than fish fed trash fish (P < 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the 22 % and 28 % starch diets was significantly higher than fish fed 16 % starch diet and trash fish. Feed intake (FI) of fish fed trash fish was significantly higher than those fed formulated diets; however, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the formulated diets were higher than those fed trash fish, with the 22 % starch dietary group having a significantly higher FE value than fish fed trash fish. The whole-body energy retention (ER) of fish fed the diet containing 22 % starch had the highest ER, significantly higher than those fed 16 % starch and trash fish. The moisture in whole-body tissues of fish fed trash fish was significantly higher than the formulated dietary groups. On the other hand, whole-body protein and lipid contents of fish fed the 22 % starch diet was significantly higher than the other dietary treatments. The whole-body lipid level of fish fed trash fish was significantly lower than the other dietary groups. The body condition indices were significantly higher for fish fed formulated diets compared to those fed trash fish. The viscerosomatic index (VSI) was decreased with increasing dietary starch levels. Hexokinase (HK) activity significantly increased with increasing dietary starch levels, whereas pyruvate kinase (PK) activity had an opposite trend. The liver and muscle glycogen contents were generally increased with increasing dietary starch levels. In addition, the intestinal microbial communities of fish fed the formulated diets and trash fish was distinctly different. The results shown that formulated diet had advantages in performance and feed utilization efficiency over trash fish. Corn starch can be used as a suitable dietary carbohydrate. Evaluated on growth and FE, the optimal dietary corn starch level for T. ovatus is 22–24 % of diet.

The growth performance and metabolic responses of juvenile spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) fed diets with different precooked cornstarch to protein ratio

The effect of diets with varying crude protein-to-precooked cornstarch (P:S) ratios on growth performance, feed efficiency, carbohydrase activity, and blood chemistry of juvenile Lutjanus guttatus was evaluated. Four isoenergetic (19.0 kJ g-1) diets containing different P:S ratios (46:18, 38:30, 34:35, and 31:40) were formulated to feed fish for ten weeks in triplicate. Each diet was tested in triplicate in groups of 35 fish per tank (average body weight 19.4 ± 0.3 g) to apparent satiation three times a day. The weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio obtained with P38S30 and P34S35 were not significantly different vs. P46S18. Survival does not present significant differences among treatments. Biological indices (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and intraperitoneal fat rate) showed no significant differences among treatments. Body protein content decreased significantly with increasing precooked cornstarch concentration, while body lipid levels increased. Blood chemistry values were within those of healthy juveniles, except for glucose values. An increase in pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase blood chemistry values were within those of healthy juveniles, except for glucose values. An increase in pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase levels concomitant with increasing precooked cornstarch concentration showed the capacity of juvenile L. gutattus to digest high precooked cornstarch levels. Growth performance, biological indices, and hematological parameters showed that L. guttatus could digest and metabolize up to 35% of precooked cornstarch through increased plasma glucose levels and the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Without negative effect on growth performance.

Development and quality evaluation of spent hen meat spread incorporated with corn starch

Three different levels of corn starch i.e. 4%, 6% and 8% was incorporated after replacing meat in the formulation of spent hen meat spread (SHMS). The lowest scores for most of the sensory parameters were observed in product with 4% level of corn starch whereas the product with 6% corn starch level had highest scores for all the sensory parameters. Lightness values of SHMS increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with increase in level of corn starch level, whereas the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with the addition of corn starch. The pH of the treated spent hen meat spread showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) declining trend on incorporation of corn starch. Cooking yield and moisture content showed increasing trend with the increase in the incorporation level of corn starch. Protein and fat values were recorded lower in treatment products in comparison to control product. On basis of analysis of sensory parameters, instrumental colour profile, physico-chemical properties and proximate composition, the incorporation of corn starch at 6% level was found best for the preparation of excellent quality spent hen meat spread.

Abomasal infusion of corn starch and β-hydroxybutyrate in early-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows to induce hindgut and metabolic acidosis

The objectives of this study were to induce hindgut and metabolic acidosis via abomasal infusion of corn starch and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), respectively, and to determine the effects of these physiological states in early-lactation dairy cows. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (66 ± 18 d in milk) were subjected to 5 d of continuous abomasal infusion treatments followed by 2 d of rest. The abomasal infusion treatments followed a 3 × 2 factorial design, with 3 levels of corn starch and 2 levels of BHB. The infusions were water as control, 1.5 kg of corn starch/d, 3.0 kg of corn starch/d, 8.0 mol BHB/d, 1.5 kg of corn starch/d + 8.0 mol BHB/d, or 3.0 kg of corn starch/d + 8.0 mol BHB/d. A total mixed ration consisting of 35.0% grass silage, 37.4% corn silage, and 27.6% concentrate (on a dry matter basis) was fed at 90% of ad libitum intake of individual cows. The experiment was conducted in climate respiration chambers to facilitate determination of energy and N balance. Fecal pH decreased with each level of corn starch infused into the abomasum and was 6.49, 6.00, and 5.15 with 0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 kg of corn starch/d, respectively, suggesting that hindgut acidosis was induced with corn starch infusion. No systemic inflammatory response was observed and the permeability of the intestine or hindgut epithelium was not affected by the more acidic conditions. This induced hindgut acidosis was associated with decreased digestibility of nutrients, except for crude fat and NDF, which were not affected. Induced hindgut acidosis did not affect milk production and composition and energy balance, but increased milk N efficiency. Abomasal infusion of BHB resulted in a compensated metabolic acidosis, which was characterized by a clear disturbance of acid-base status (i.e., decreased blood total CO2, HCO3, and base excess, and a tendency for decreased urinary pH), whereas blood pH remained within a physiologically normal range. Abomasal infusion of BHB resulted in increased concentrations of BHB in milk and plasma, but both remained well below the critical threshold values for subclinical ketosis. Induced compensated metabolic acidosis, as a result of abomasally infused BHB, increased energy retained as body fat, did not affect milk production and composition or inflammatory response, but increased intestinal permeability.

An evaluation of the growth, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose metabolism and hepatocyte apoptosis in the genetically improved farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed diets with distinct protein to corn starch ratios

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary distinct protein to starch ratios on the growth, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose metabolism and hepatocyte apoptosis of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three iso-lipidic (ca 6.56%) diets were formulated with elevated corn starch levels at the cost of protein provision, being designated as diets P40S5 (40.4% protein and 4.62% starch), P30S25 (30.4% protein and 24.2% starch) and P20S50 (19.9% protein and 48.6% starch). Tilapia juveniles (initial mean body weight, 32.0 g/fish) were assigned to 12 rectangular tanks (250 L each) with 20 fish per tank and fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that either excess (40%) or insufficient (20%) amount of dietary protein impaired the growth of tilapia. Excess dietary protein led to unsatisfactory protein catabolism (lower protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, and higher mRNA levels of hepatic glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 1 and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase paralogs), while insufficient amount of protein resulted in lower whole-body protein percentage. An increase in dietary starch from 5% or 25% to 50% was associated with enhanced lipid and glycogen storages in the liver of tilapia. Consistently, dietary starch reception up to 50% upregulated the expression of hepatic representative genes involved with glycolysis (glucokinase and phosphofructokinase muscle type a) and lipogenesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase α and fatty acid synthase) while downregulated the expression of the gluconeogenic glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit paralogs. TUNEL staining suggested that stronger apoptosis signal was recorded at the bile duct epithelium of the P20S50 fish. Concomitantly, plasma bile acid level nearly doubled, and an incidence (50%) of ‘green liver’ was observed in this treatment as compared with the P40S5 and P30S25 fish, indicating that bile acid metabolism disorder might be induced. Though plasma glucose (4.66–5.11 mmol/L) was not responsive to different treatments, advanced glycation end-products accumulated in the blood of the P20S50 fish, suggesting that 50% starch reception was probably associated with the progression of diabetes-associated pathologies. The overall results in this study suggested that tilapia might possess capability to tolerate dietary corn starch level up to 50% in a short-term exposure, whereas a long-term exposure might induce detrimental effects on liver functions.

Impact of high dietary cornstarch level on growth, antioxidant response, and immune status in GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between different cornstarch levels in tilapia diet and immune function. All test fish were fed with three cornstarch levels: low-cornstarch (0, LS), medium-cornstarch (18%, MS) and high-cornstarch (36%, HS) diets. Three hundred and sixty fish (initial mean body weight 31.73 ± 1.36 g) were randomly allocated into twelve water-circulated tanks, and thirty fish per tank. Compared with the low and medium cornstarch diets, the results of growth showed that the high cornstarch diet significantly decreased the FBW, WGR, and SGR, and increased the FCR of tilapia (P < 0.05). The high cornstarch diet significantly decreased the content of crude protein and increased the content of crude lipid in whole body composition (P < 0.05). Moreover, the VSI and CF in HS diet were significantly higher than those of LS diet (P < 0.05). The results of blood biochemical index exhibited that the HS diet significantly increased the content of blood glucose, and liver/muscle glycogen (P < 0.05). The results of antioxidant experiments demonstrated that the content of SOD and T-AOC in MS diet were significantly higher than those of HS diet (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the content of MDA in MS diet was significantly lower than that of HS diet (P < 0.05). The results of immune index test showed that the lysozyme activities in the serum, liver, and gill, and the phagocytic activity and index in MS diet were significantly higher than those of HS diet (P < 0.05). The challenge assay results revealed that the mortality rate of HS diet was higher than those of LS and MS diets, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the overall results suggested that the 36% cornstarch diet reduced not only the growth performance, but also body immunity. Under this experimental condition, GIFT tilapia could tolerate 18% cornstarch, but not 36% cornstarch.

The Effect of Different Inclusion Levels of Corn Starch and Fine Ground Corn With Different Conditioning Temperature or Die Thickness on Pellet Quality

The Effect of Different Inclusion Levels of Corn Starch and Fine Ground Corn With Different Conditioning Temperature or Die Thickness on Pellet Quality

High dietary starch impairs intestinal health and microbiota of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

This study focused on the effects of starch levels on growth performance, intestinal dysbiosis and health of Micropterus salmoides. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing different corn starch levels (5%, 10%, 15%) were fed to experimental fish (initial body weight: 8.66 ± 0.04g) for 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that the 15% starch levels suppressed the growth, decreased the height and width of villus and number of goblet cell in midgut compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma endotoxin (PE) and diamine oxidase (DAO) increased significantly with dietary starch levels (P < 0.05). Notably, 15% starch diets up-regulated the expression of Claudin-1 and down-regulated the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-4 and Claudin-5 in intestine (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, fish fed 15% starch diets decreased antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels (Nrf2, CAT and SOD) and activities (SOD and CAT) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The increased dietary starch levels upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) (P < 0.05). Additionally, the abundance of intestinal probiotics (such as Lactobacillus) decreased with the increase of dietary starch level (P < 0.05), while abundance of intestinal potentially pathogenic bacteria (such as Brevundimonas and Ralstonia) increased (P < 0.05). Fish fed 15% starch diet had less concentrations of acetate and butyrate in intestinal digesta than the 5% starch group (P < 0.05). These results suggested that 15% starch diets would impair the intestinal health, suppress immune and antioxidant capacity and finally reduced growth of Micropterus salmoides. The imbalances in intestinal microbiota and the reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may be partly responsible for the loss of intestinal function.

157 The effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperatures or die thickness on pellet quality

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperature or die thickness on pellet quality. Experiment 1, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of corn starch inclusion level (0, 5 and 10%) and die thickness (4mm×13mm and 4mm×22 mm). Experiment 2, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of fine ground corn inclusion level (0, 10 and 20) and conditioning temperature (80 and 85°C) with treatments pelleted using a 4mm×22mm die (5.6 L:D). In both experiments, treatments were pelleted using a model CL-5 CPM pellet mill (Crawfordsville, IN). The result of experiment 1 demonstrated that there was no interaction between corn starch inclusion level and die thickness on modified pellet durability index (PDI), (P=0.636). Increasing die thickness from 12.7 to 22.2 mm increased PDI from 43 to 70% (P&amp;lt; 0.001). There was a linear decrease (P&amp;lt; 0.001) in PDI as the corn starch inclusion level increased from 0 to 10% (64, 60, and 46%, respectively). The result of experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no interaction between fine ground corn inclusion level and conditioning temperature on PDI (P=0.541). The fine ground corn inclusion level did not impact PDI (P=0.298). Increasing conditioning temperature from 80 to 85°C increased PDI (P&amp;lt; 0.001) from 76 to 85%, respectively (P&amp;lt; 0.001). Based on the results, the use of pure corn starch was not an effective binding agent in the feed when the diet contains at least 60% ground corn. The ratio of small corn particles to large corn particles in the diet did not impact pellet quality when the diets were conditioned above 80°C for 35 sec and then pelleted with a 5.6 L:D die. Increasing die thickness and conditioning temperature improved pellet quality.

High dietary starch impaired growth performance, liver histology and hepatic glucose metabolism of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

A 60-day experiment was carried out to investigate dietary starch levels on growth performance, hepatic glucose metabolism and liver histology of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish (initial weight 22.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed five graded levels of dietary corn starch (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg). Fish fed low (0 and 50 g/kg) dietary starch showed significantly higher weight gain than other groups (p < .05). Liver lipid and glycogen accumulations were induced when dietary starch higher than 100 g/kg. After 20 days of feeding, hexokinase activity and mRNA expression were decreased in fish fed dietary starch higher than 150 g/kg (p < .05) and the pyruvate kinase showed the opposite tendency. Insulin receptor 1 (irs1), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucose transport protein 2 (glut2) mRNA expression were decreased with the increasing dietary starch after 10 days of feeding (p < .05). These results indicated gluconeogenesis was depressed and β-oxidation was enhanced in response to high dietary starch, while the glycolysis was inhibited and endocrine system was impaired when fish fed high dietary starch; then, glucose homeostasis was disturbed and finally led to the glucose intolerance of largemouth bass.

Application of simplex lattice design for the development of extended release tablets of model drug diclofenac sodium.

Aim: Simplex lattice design was applied to predict extent of drug release from extended release diclofenac sodium tablets. Methods: The effects of composition on dissolution rate were evaluated by varying the levels of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, dicalcium phosphate and cornstarch via three component design. Results: The rate of drug release was primarily dictated by the proportion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and was also affected by the proportion of dicalcium phosphate and the method of processing (direct compression/wet granulation). Polynomial equations constructed for directly compressed and wet-granulated formulations could successfully predict the extent of drug release at an arbitrary time point of 3 h. Conclusion: Simplex lattice design is a viable tool to predict the drug release patterns of extended release formulations.

Changes in physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein combined with corn starch and application to low‐fat pork patties

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) gels as affected by different additional levels of corn starch and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and applied to pork patties at two levels of corn starch. MPs with MTGase have higher properties than those without MTGase, except cooking loss (CL), which improved with higher corn starch concentrations. Although gel strength did not differ among the treatments, microstructures of corn starch were swollen, which proved that they were holding water. When corn starch was added, CL and thawing loss decreased, but shear value increased. The diameter shrinkage values of pork patties decreased with increasing corn starch concentrations. In addition, the pork patties with 2 g/100 g corn starch have a higher water‐holding capacity than the controls. The meat industry could use 1.0 g/100 g corn starch as a water‐binding agent to manufacture pork patties.

EFFECTS OF INNOVATIVE GLUTEN-FREE COATINGS ON QUALITY, SENSORY AND MICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN NUGGETS

In parallel to the increased incidences of celiac diseases, the demand to produce a significant array of gluten-free products is rapidly growing. A total of 28 dry and liquid coatings of chicken nuggets were formulated using seven blend ratios of rice-to-corn flours (0:100, 100:0, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 40:60 and 30:70), two levels of corn starch (5 and 15%), 0.3% methyl cellulose (MC), and/or 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and other ingredients such as 2% xanthan gum, 2% sucrose, 2.5% salt and 1% spice. Based on visual evaluations 16 groups were eliminated at first stage. After sensory analyses, six group out of remaining 12 were selected and gluten analyses was performed. Although all had the gluten level below the legal limit of 20 mg/kg, three formulations (30:70, 40:60 and 60:40) with the lowest amounts of gluten out of six were selected, and the rest of the experiments were continued with these final three formulas. The CMC-containing formulations had higher sensory scores than the MC-containing ones. The addition of more than 40% rice flour adversely affected sensory and textural properties. The use of 15% corn starch, instead of 5%, enhanced the textural parameters.

Transcriptome analysis reveals carbohydrate-mediated liver immune responses in Epinephelus akaara

As the cheapest energy source, carbohydrates are used in fish feeds to improve physical quality and reduce catabolism of proteins and lipids. The liver is the primary organ for metabolism and is also an important site of immune regulation. Here, we investigated the effect of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and health by evaluating the liver transcriptome of Epinephelus akaara. In this study, E. akaara juveniles were fed diets containing few (0% corn starch), moderate (18% corn starch), and high (30% corn starch) levels of dietary carbohydrate. After an 8-week feeding trial, E. akaara fed 30% dietary carbohydrates exhibited poor growth performance compared with those fed 0% and 18% dietary carbohydrates (P > 0.05). Genes related to the immune system, including IL8, TLR9, CXCR4, CCL4, and NFκB inhibitor alpha, were over-expressed in E. akaara fed the highest level of carbohydrate (30%). This general over-expression could indicate activation of inflammatory processes in the liver. The liver transcriptome data of E. akaara reported here indicate that high carbohydrate level of diet can lead to poor growth and inflammatory immune response in E. akaara.

Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Levels on the Growth and Liver Function of Carp Cyprinus carpio

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of carbohydrate levels on the growth and liver function of Tianjin carp, Cyprinus carpio (mean body weight, 60.82 ± 0.38 g). Three diets, including 30% protein and 5.5% fat (dry matter) and 0, 15, or 30% corn starch (carbohydrate source) were provided to control, low carbohydrate, or high carbohydrate treatment groups, respectively. Weight gain, specific growth rate, hepatopancreas somatic index, and liver glycogen content were significantly higher in fish fed the 30% corn starch diet than fish fed 0% corn starch (P&lt;0.05) but did not differ between the other two treatment groups. Protein efficiency ratio increased significantly as corn starch level increased (P&lt;0.05), but feed conversion ratio showed the opposite trend (P&lt;0.05). Glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity in the serum significantly increased with increasing corn starch levels (P&lt;0.05), but total protein (decreasing trend) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (increasing trend) did not differ among dietary treatments. Histomorphological analysis of hepatopancreas sections showed that fish fed 15% or 30% corn starch diets presented mild hydropic degeneration and fatty degeneration or severe fatty degeneration, respectively. In summary, although carbohydrates promote carp growth, they enhance glycogen and fat accumulation in the hepatopancreas, reducing its function.

Effects of modulation dietary gelatinized cornstarch/protein ratio on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

An 8 week feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of gradual incorporation of gelatinized corn starch modulated with dietary protein on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. Four experimental diets (G16P28, G21P26, G26P23 and G34P25) contained gelatinized corn starch at gradual incorporation level of 30%, 40%, 50% or 60%, as replacement for fishmeal component of the control diet (G0P35). The highest final body weight (FBW) and Specific growth rate (SGR) were obtained with fish diets control diet (G0P31) and diet G16P28 (Containing 16% of gelatinized corn starch and 28% of protein). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly different among treatments (p < 0.05), with the highest values obtained in fish fed with diets G31P21. Protein gain (PG) and lipid gain (LP) increased with increasing dietary gelatinized corn starch level in linking to decrease of Nitrogenous losses (NL) and Net energy retention (NER) indicating protein-sparing effect of gelatinized corn starch in tilapia diet. The whole-body proximate composition was significantly affected by the different treatments. In view of the growth results and the economic evaluation, inclusion of gelatinized starch has substantially reduced the cost of feed and increased economic profitability.