Corn Varieties Research Articles

Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices

Abstract This study aimed to identify the best combination of corn technologies and varieties to increase yield, a study case in Torowang, South Sulawesi. The findings of this study used a split-plot design with three replications. The cultivation technology package is composed of planting spacing, chemical fertilizer, and biofertilizer, with three levels of treatment. Meanwhile, varieties treatment as subplot consisted of six varieties of treatment: Nasa 29, Bisi 18, Sinhas 1, NK7328, Pioneer 27, and ADV 313. The study determined the effectiveness of six agronomy and three chlorophyll pigment characters. Based on the results, varietal diversity dominates the differences in growth traits, both morphological and physiological. Varietal potential differs from the diversity of crop technology packages, which show no significant effect on all growth traits. However, the interaction between the growth package and varieties shows a significant effect, indicating that the crop technology package significantly affects the growth response. Yield was significantly correlated with plant height, 1,000 grain weight, peeled ear weight, chlorophyll content meter (CCM) chlorophyll, and NDVI-UAV. The total chlorophyll trait based on CCM showed a significant correlation with yield but did not correlate with NDVI-UAV. The study concluded that Pioneer 27 and ADV 313 varieties are recommended for cultivation in Takalar, with the combination of planting space of 75 × 20 cm + N:P:K fertilizer dose of 200:100:50 kg ha−1 + 25 kg of KNO3 + 5 cc L−1 of Eco-Farming fertilizer to Pioneer 27 (Pc2V5) recommended. Further dissemination is required in other regions.

Microbiological activity of typical chernozem in cultivation of agricultural crops using agrobiotechnology

The article presents the results of a study of the microbial cenosis of typical slightly eroded chernozem under crops of corn for grain and oats under conditions of the use of agrobiotechnologies, including the treatment of seeds, soil, plants and post-harvest residues with microbiological preparations based on Trichoderma and Lactobacillus, as well as the use of nitrogen fertilizers and lime against the background of surface incorporation by-products. The research was carried out on the territory of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Kursk FATS” (Medvensky district, Kursky district, Panino village) in two fields. In 2022, in the first field (grain crop rotation) oats (Avena sativa L.) variety “Borets” (predecessor – buckwheat) were cultivated, in the second (grain crop rotation) – hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) variety “Delitop” ( predecessor – winter wheat). The soil of the experimental field is typical low-humus, slightly eroded, heavy loamy chernozem on carbonate loess-like loam. It was established that during the harvesting phase under corn and oats, regardless of the factors (microbiological preparations, nitrogen fertilizers and lime) of the experiment, the soil was characterized by an increase in the number of saprophytic microflora and micromycetes compared to the phase of crop germination. The introduction of microbiological preparations based on Trichoderma and Lactobacillus with nitrogen fertilizers and by-products contributed to an increase in soil biogenicity, which on average during the growing season exceeded the control by 43.9 and 57.2%, respectively, under corn and oats. The maximum number of microscopic fungi was noted with the combined use of Trichoplant, SK and Biogor-Zh with mineral nitrogen, but the soil under oats in terms of the content of fungal microflora was 8.9 thousand CFU/g soils exceeded their amount under corn crops. The highest value of the transformation coefficient of organic matter was observed when by-products were inoculated with microbiological preparations with lime, regardless of the culture and timing of determination (phases of germination and harvesting of crops).

Growth Rate and Production of Hybrid and Local Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Response to Various Doses of Nitrogen Fertilization

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a strategic commodity after rice so that the productivity need to be optimize through nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of various doses of urea fertilizer on the growth rate and yield of hybrid corn and local corn. This research was conducted from June to October 2022 on the pilot land of the Agricultural Training Center (Bapeltan), Hajimena, Bandar Lampung. The factorial experiment (5x2) was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor is urea fertilizer doses, namely: 200 kg/ha (N1), 250 kg/ha (N2), 300 kg/ha (N3), 350 kg/ha (N4) and 400 kg/ha (N5), while other fertilizers were given to all experimental plots in the same rate (150 SP-36 kg/ha and 100 kg KCl kg/ha). The second factor is the corn variety, included V1 (BISI-18) and V2 (Tongkol Merah) varieties. The results showed that increasing dose of urea from 200 to 400 kg/ha was not able to increase the growth rate of both corn varieties. The productivity of the BISI-18 corn variety is higher than that of the Tongkol Merah as indicated by the wet weight of the cobs (g), the dry weight of grains per plot (g), and the yield of corn dry grains (tons/ha). The yield of dry corn seeds for the BISI-18 corn variety was 11.7 tons/ha, while for the Tongkol Merah variety was 9.44 tons/ha. Keywords: Fertilizer dosage, Hybrid corn, Local corn, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield.

Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management Based on Silicon to Morpho-Physiological Changes on Maize: Enhancing Light Interception and Radiation use Efficiency

Environmentally sustainable maize cultivation is essential to optimise its growth and yield potential for global food security as a key goal in sustainable agriculture. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), when coupled with silicon (Si) supplementation, has gained attention for its potential to improve crop productivity. This study investigates the impact of INM practices enriched with silicon on maize morphology and physiology changes, with a particular focus on increasing light interception (f) and Plant solar energy conversion efficiency (P-SECE) or the commons term called RUE. Experiments were conducted during the wet season of December 2022 to March 2023 in Triguna Abadi Grower group's Field Trial Center, Sukorambi Village, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. Two corn varieties which one is hybrid (P5027) and the other open pollinated (Lamuru) were cultivated using conventional chemical fertilizer and combined with the sole of INM and Si as well as INM+Si under a split plot design. The results showed that INM+Si significantly changed the morpho-physiological characteristics of plants so that the canopy architecture was ideal for increasing light interception in the vegetative phase by up to 3,23% compared to conventional fertilisation. In general,the INM, Si, and INM+Si fertilization methods were able to increase interception and photosynthetic efficiency compared to conventional fertilization, which had a positive impact on P-SECE levels till 1,66-2,36% and plant growth which illustrated an increase in dry weight up to 47,45%. Meanwhile, P5027, which has a more ideal canopy architecture than Lamuru, has relatively better interception efficiency, P-SECE, and growth. Significant findings related to sustainable agriculture are that Si fertilisation has a better macro-nutrient balance illustrated by the N/P ratio at 8.75. The increase in interception efficiency, RUE, and macro-nutrient balance due to the INM with Si Based fertilisation method led to increased plant growth and yield that support food security.

A membrane localized RTX-like protein mediates physiochemical properties of the Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii cell envelope that impact surface adhesion, cell surface hydrophobicity and plant colonization

Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss), is the bacterial causal agent of Stewart’s wilt of sweet corn. Disease symptoms include systemic wilting and foliar, water-soaked lesions. A Repeat-in-toxin (RTX)-like protein, RTX2, causes cell leakage and collapse in the leaf apoplast of susceptible corn varieties and is a primary mediator of water-soaked lesion formation in the P. stewartii-sweet corn pathosystem. RTX toxins comprise a large family of proteins, which are widely distributed among Gram-negative bacteria. These proteins are generally categorized as cellulolysins, but the Biofilm-Associated Proteins (Bap) subfamily of RTX toxins are implicated in surface adhesion and other biofilm behaviors. The Pnss RTX2 is most phylogenetically related to other Bap proteins suggesting that Pnss RTX2 plays a dual role in adhesion to host surfaces in addition to mediating the host cell lysis that leads to water-soaked lesion formation. Here we demonstrated that RTX2 localizes to the bacterial cell envelope and influences physiochemical properties of the bacterial cell envelope that impact bacterial cell length, cell envelope integrity and overall cellular hydrophobicity. Interestingly, the role of RTX2 as an adhesin was only evident in absence of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production suggesting that RTX2 plays a role as an adhesin early in biofilm development before EPS production is fully induced. However, deletion of rtx2 severely impacted Pnss’ colonization of the xylem suggesting that the dual role of RTX2 as a cytolysin and adhesin is a mechanism that links the apoplastic water-soaked lesion phase of infection to the wilting phase of the infection in the xylem.

Evaluation of Seed Quality of Grain Corn Varieties through Accelerated Ageing

In an accelerated ageing test carried out to evaluate seed quality two hybrid grain corn varieties, 4546 and 888, were subjected to ageing conditions to assess their tolerance. The objective was to identify any differences between the varieties in their ability to maintain seed quality under accelerated ageing conditions. These tests simulate and hasten the natural ageing process of seeds, providing insight into their performance during storage over time and under adverse conditions. Following the ageing process, factors such as germination rate, vigour, and overall seed quality were assessed. The seeds of hybrid grain corn varieties 4546 and 888 were exposed to accelerated ageing by maintaining them at 40°C and 100% relative humidity in a growth chamber. Evaluations were conducted at intervals of 0, 48, 96, and 144 hours. The overall results indicated that seed quality in grain corn deteriorates following accelerated ageing treatment. Variety 4546 showed a rapid decrease in germination, germination rate, and seedling vigour throughout the testing period. Both varieties experienced an increase in moisture content from 11% to 20% during the ageing process. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of seed leachate increased for both varieties as the testing progressed. The experiment concluded that the 888 grain corn variety outperformed 4546 in all evaluated parameters. The 4546 variety was found to be highly sensitive to accelerated ageing.

Growth and nitrogen uptake modeling in composite and hybrid corn varieties

Corn is a strategic commodity in Indonesia's agricultural and economic development. The problem of corn production can be overcome with proper usage of nitrogen fertilization. Dynamic modeling can be used as a tool to solve this problem. This study aimed to develop a dynamic model for the growth and nitrogen uptake of composite and hybrid corn varieties. Stages in the model construction: (1) identifying system components, (2) model construction, (3) simulation, and (4) validation. The growth model is a construction of the plant's ecophysiological response to solar radiation and temperature in photosynthesis. A growth model in composite and hybrid corn varieties with simulated dry weight as output has been constructed validly. The model input components, such as light use efficiency, extinction coefficient, specific leaf area, and carbohydrate partition coefficient varied at each development phase for each variance. The actual total dry weight on the Pioneer 27 variety was 6,406 kg ha-1 with a simulated total dry weight was 6,228 kg ha-1, and the actual total dry weight on the Bisma variety was 5,127 kg ha-1 with a simulated total dry weight was 4,864 kg ha-1. The level of validity of the Pioneer 27 variety growth model reached 83.5% and the Bisma variety reached 80%. Keywords: Bisma; dry weight; growth model; nitrogen uptake; Pioneer 27; simulation; validation

Agrobiological Characteristics of Different Varieties of Corn Grown in Rainfed Farmed Conditions of Zakatala and Their Role in Breeding

Effective norms of nutrients on agrobiological features of regionalized corn variety samples in mountain-forest soils of Zakatala region have been determined. The role of each structural indicator as a starting material in productivity formation and selection research has been considered.

Combined applications and Multi-Faceted evaluations of humic acid, seaweed, and vermicompost with chemical and organo-mineral fertilizers on corn, part I: chlorophyll concentration

This study investigated the effects of various fertilizers on the leaf chlorophyll content of the Simpatico (FAO300) silage corn variety under field conditions. Different application combinations were tested, including treatments with and without foliar fertilizers. The foliar fertilizers used were seaweed (SW), humic acid (HA), and vermicompost (VC), combined with granular fertilizers DAP, UREA, OMB, and OMT. Granular fertilizers were applied to the soil, while foliar fertilizers were applied at four different stages: the 4-6 leaf period, 11-13 leaf period, 14-16 leaf period, and at corn tassel. Chlorophyll content in plant leaves was measured using a SPAD-502 device during these periods. The highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were recorded with OMB-OMT (42.583) and DAP-OMT (42.150) treatments, which did not include foliar fertilizers. Conversely, the lowest SPAD chlorophyll ratio, 28.983, was observed in the DAP-UREA treatment. Treatments with foliar fertilizers resulted in an increase in SPAD chlorophyll by 11.3% to 15.7%, with the greatest improvements observed with vermicompost and humic acid, compared to treatments without foliar fertilizers. Additionally, analysis of periodic effects showed that the highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were found during the third and second measurement periods, while the lowest ratios were observed in the first measurement period. The use of organo-mineral fertilizers and foliar applications of vermicompost and humic acid were found to enhance the leaf chlorophyll content of corn.

Effectiveness of Weed Control on Two Varieties of Corn (Zea Mays L.) in West Aceh Regency

This research aims to find out which weed control techniques are most effective in suppressing weed growth on corn plants, to find out the interaction of manual, mechanical, and chemical weed control on corn plants, to find out the influence of weed control techniques on the production and growth of corn plants. This research be carried out in West Aceh Regency on corn farming land in the Pante Ceureumen District. The time allocation is from April to June 2014. The research was conducted using a randomized block design with a factorial pattern with two factors being studied. The first factor is the weed control technique (T): no control, manual control, using husk charcoal, chemical, atrazine + mesotrion 1.35 ml each 9 m² and the second factor is the variety (V): Bisi-2 and Bisi-18. Based on the treatment of 12 plots with 3 repetitions times until there are 36 experimental units. Each treatment plot measures 300 cm x 300 cm with a planting distance of 75 cm x 25 cm so that the number of sample plants in each plot is 48 plants and the number of sample plants in each plot is 8 plants. The distance between plots is 50 cm and the distance between replications is 100 cm. The results obtained from observations are analyzed using the F test. If the results obtained from the variance are significantly different at the 5% level. The result of the research that has been carried out is that the most effective control technique in suppressing weed growth in corn plants is found at T5 (chemistry, topramezone + atrazine 1.35 ml each 9 m², at 21, 40, and 56 HST), followed by T2 (culture technique using rice husk charcoal), T4 (Chemical, nicosulfuron + atrazine 1.35 ml each 9 m², at 21, 40, and 56 HST) and T1 (manual, at 21, 40, and 56 HST) have the same position, then T3 (chemistry, atrazine + mesotrione 1.35ml each 9 m², at 21, 40 and 56 HST), and the last position in weed control techniques is WC (without control).

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMULIA VARIETAS JAGUNG TALENTA ATAS PEREDARAN TANPA HAK BENIH OLEH PETANI KONTRAK MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NO 29 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN VARIETAS TANAMAN

(E) Plant Variety Protection Rights are special rights granted by the state to breeders and/or Protection of Plant Varieties rights holders to use their own varieties resulting from their breeding or to give approval to other people or legal entities to use them for a certain time. The main problem in this case is how legal protection is for corn plant breeders who produce the Talenta corn variety according to Law number 29 of 2000 on Protection of Plant Varieties and how the government is trying to prevent violations of breeders' rights. This research uses descriptive normative legal research methods, the type of data uses secondary data and is studied qualitatively, so that way of drawing conclusions uses deductive logic. The results and conclusions are Law number 29 of 2000 on Protection of Plant Varieties is adequate to protect breeders both from its articles and the implementation of law enforcement. Farmers do not yet understand what legal restrictions there are in implementing contracts, so the challenge lies in monitoring and controlling the use of plant varieties. Collaboration between plant breeders, government, related institutions, and the seed industry is key to maintaining the success of PVP systems.

Разработка технологических режимов получения крахмала из дальневосточных сортов кукурузы и исследование показателей качества

This research describes the substantiation of technological regimes to produce the target product (starch) with high biological value from the Far Eastern varieties of corn (Yuzhanka and Slavyanka) and the study of its quality indicators. The characteristics and biochemical composition assessment of corn varieties used for starch production are presented. The following technological rational regimes of soaking corn grains were established: soaking time, water temperature, and chemical reagent concentration. The basic technological scheme for the corn starch laboratory samples production was developed. The obtained laboratory samples were analysed on organoleptic, physico-chemical and safety indicators. The correspondence of the results of characterized samples to the regulatory documents is shown.

Influence of drying chamber, energy consumption, and quality characterization of corn with graphene far infrared dryer

This study used a graphene far infrared dryer to experimentally evaluate the two varieties of corn (ZD88 and RP909) at three varying temperatures (35, 45, and 55 °C) to analyze the drying process. The experimental finding showed that ZD88 observed a minimum energy consumption of 2.93 kWh at 55 °C. The ZD88 at 35 °C did not show any effect on the structure on the surface of the corn grains with a higher RC of 43.85%. The RP909 showed the starch granules formed an amorphous granular structure on the surface with a lower RC of 37.45% at 55 °C. The color parameter values showed an L* and b* decrease, while the a* values increased. ZD88 and RP909 observed an A-type peak pattern crystal structure. Therefore, this innovative graphene far infrared drying system could be a promising solution to enhance food industrial applications and improve corn characteristics.

Alteration of stress-physiological mechanisms in sRNA-treated sweet corn plants during MDMV infection.

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) can significantly reduce the growth and development of susceptible varieties of sweet corn. The virus utilises the energy and reserve sources of plant cells to ensure its reproduction in the microspaces formed by cell membranes. Therefore, the severity of stress can be monitored by examining certain physiological changes, for example, changes in the degree of membrane damage caused by lipid peroxidation, as well as changes in the amount of photosynthetic pigments. The activation of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties can indirectly protect against the oxidative stress caused by the presence of the positive orientation, single-stranded RNA-virus. This study demonstrates the changes in these physiological processes in a sweet corn hybrid (Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern.) susceptible to MDMV infection, and suggests that exogenous small RNA treatment can mitigate the damage caused by virus infection.

Prediction of potential invasion of two weeds of the genus Avena in Asia under climate change based on Maxent

Avena sterilis L. (A. sterilis) and Avena ludoviciana Dur. (A. ludoviciana) are extremely invasive weeds with strong competitive ability and multiple transmission routes. Both species can invade a variety of dryland crops, including wheat, corn, and beans. Asia, as the world's major food-producing continent, will experience significant losses to agricultural production if it is invaded by these weeds on a large scale. This study used the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS to map the distribution of suitable habitats of the two species in Asia under climate change conditions. The constructed model comprised four levels, with a total of 25 index-level indicator factors used to evaluate the invasion risk of the two species. The results showed that the distribution of suitable habitats for both Avena species was highly dependent on precipitation and temperature. Under climate warming conditions, although overall the total suitable area is predicted to decrease compared to the current period, there are still moderately or highly suitable areas. Asian countries need to provide early warning for areas with significant increases in moderate and highly suitable zones for these two species of weeds under the background of climate change. If there is already an invaded area or if the suitability of the original area is increased, this should be closely monitored, and control measures should be taken to prevent further spread and deterioration.

Breeding of local white glutinous corn (Zea mays ceratina L.) with multigamma irradiation methods to obtain superior mutant cultivars

This study aims to enhance local white glutinous corn through breeding with multigamma irradiation to develop high-yielding varieties that are resilient to extreme weather, drought stress, and pests. The research addresses the significant decline in white sticky corn production due to adverse conditions and a lack of superior seeds. Methods included observation, sampling, irradiation at 3000 rads for 30 minutes, and rigorous selection processes. The results showed that the newly developed corn varieties adapted well to harsh conditions and exhibited a substantial increase in production, averaging 12.16 tonnes per hectare compared to the parent variety's 7.15 tonnes per hectare, reflecting a 41.20% production increase. This method significantly outperformed conventional breeding techniques, which yielded between 2.50 and 3.21 tonnes per hectare.

Evolving intellectual property protection for new corn varieties in the United States: An empirical analysis

Evolving intellectual property protection for new corn varieties in the United States: An empirical analysis

Comparative Study on Early-Maturing High-Quality Sweet Corn Varieties Introduced from Abroad for Autumn Cultivation in the Pearl River Delta Region

Comparative Study on Early-Maturing High-Quality Sweet Corn Varieties Introduced from Abroad for Autumn Cultivation in the Pearl River Delta Region

TOXICITY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AND THEIR SUBLETHAL EFFECTS ON NUTRITIONAL INDICES OF FALL ARMYWORM IN SWEET CORN PLANT

Corn is a vital cereal crop in Bangladesh, significantly contributing to food security and economy. However, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, poses a severe threat to corn cultivation. This study evaluates the toxicity of four insecticides and their effect on the nutritional indices of fall armyworm. Experiment was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023 with sweet corn variety BU Misty Vutta 1 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. In this research four insecticides: Winmax 40 WDG, Ripcord 10 EC, Marshal 20 EC, and Shobicron 425 EC, were tested on fall armyworm larvae at multiple concentrations. The mortality of fall armyworm larvae was observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatment. Results indicated significant differences in larval mortality across treatments, with Shobicron 425 EC showing the highest mortality rate (100% at 72 hours after treatment), while Winmax 40 WDG showed the lowest. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal concentration for 95% mortality (LC95) values supported the findings, with Shobicron 425 EC demonstrating superior efficacy. Additionally, Shobicron 425 EC resulted in the lowest food consumption (0.1), consumption index (0.2), Approximate digestibility (19.5%), Efficiency of conversion of ingested food (3.9%) and Efficiency of conversion of digested food (1.1%). The study concludes that Shobicron 425 EC is the most effective insecticide for controlling fall armyworm in sweet corn, suggesting its potential for integrated pest management strategies.

Solid-state fermentation of corn to make Chinese liquor: Effect of corn variety and dynamic microbial community variation

This study aims to evaluate the impact of different corn varieties (Lancaster Sure Crop-LSC, Hickory King White-HKW, and Yellow Dent Corn-YDC) on baijiu fermentation especially focusing on ethanol yield and flavor compounds) and characteristics of dried distillers grains (DDG); and reveal the relationship between flavor compounds and the microbial community in baijiu fermentation. The results showed that LSC generated the highest ethanol (14.73%, v/v) and least methanol (6.6 g/L) concentrations in zaopei (fermented grains before distillation) among the three studied varieties. The DDG from the LSC variety had higher protein (21.14%) and fat (12.20%) contents (dry weight basis) compared to the other two varieties. The results of High-throughput sequencing indicated that both Bacillus and Weissella were dominant bacteria, while Saccharomyces, Saccharmycopsis, and Rhizopus were predominant fungi in all zaopei. In addition, 17 different flavor compounds were found in zaopei, including esters, alcohols, acids, and phenolics. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Weissella, and Pseudomonas, along with Saccharomyces, Saccharmycopsis, Rhizopus, and Mucor fungi, played significant roles in the formation of flavor compounds. These findings deepen our understanding of the microbial contribution to flavor compounds and will help improve baijiu quality.