Cornstarch-based Diets Research Articles

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal fed to gestating or lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex

An experiment was conducted to determine coefficients of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of P in canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex (MC). Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were assigned at random to the 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 313 g/kg solvent-extracted CM as the only source of P, without or with MC, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous amino acid losses (amino acid digestibility data reported elsewhere), and a P-free diet to determine the endogenous P losses. All diets contained 3 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/day, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to diets. Samples were collected over 3 phases; mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Each phase had 4 experimental periods lasting 8 days. In each period, after 5-day acclimation to the experimental diets, fecal samples were collected by grab sampling via rectal palpation on day 6. Results indicated no differences in total tract digestibility of nutrients between mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and P, and CSTTD of P during lactation. The CSTTD of P in CM was 0.445 (without MC) and 0.504 (with MC) in mid-gestation, 0.455 (without MC) and 0.492 (with MC) in late-gestation, and 0.442 (without MC) and 0.489 (with MC) in lactation. In conclusion, the average CSTTD for P in CM fed to sows was 0.447 and MC significantly improved the CSTTD of P in CM during lactation.

PSVI-13 Nutritional Value of Corn Sourced from US, Brazil, and Argentina on Growth Performance, Energy Digestibility, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs

Abstract This study was conducted to identify the nutritional value of corn from US, Brazil (BRZ), and Argentina (ARG). A total of 96 nursery pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.79 kg] were used in the feeding trial for 25 days and fed one of three diets with sole corn source (3 treatments, 8 replicates, 4 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. The BW and feed consumption of pigs were measured every week to calculate the average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Twelve barrows (average BW = 23.7 ± 2.6 kg) housed in metabolic crates were fed one of three experimental diets with corn as a sole energy source to determine the energy value of the corn. The pigs had 7 d of adaption, followed by 4 d of fecal and urine collection with a total collection method for two periods (3 treatments, 8 replicates, 1 pig/crate). Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (average BW = 20 kg) were fed one of four diets, such as corn starch-based diet with different corn sources, and a nitrogen-free diet supplemented with titanium dioxide, in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design (4 treatments, 10 replicates, 1 pig/crate) to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids by using an indicator method. The ileal-cannulated pigs had 5 days of adaptation, followed by 2 days of ileal digesta collection. Pigs were fed the diets at three times of maintenance energy requirement according to NRC (2012) in two equal meals daily. Pigs fed the US corn diet showed greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F for d 0 to 7 than those of pigs fed ARG diet by 13% and 16%, respectively, and tended to have greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) ADG and G:F for d 0 to 7 than those of pigs fed BRZ corn diet. Pigs fed the US corn diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) G:F for the overall period (d 0 to 25) than that of pigs fed the BRZ diet by 4% and had a tendency of greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) G:F for the overall period than that of pigs fed the ARG diet. Dietary corn sources have no significant influence on the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein in pigs. The metabolizable energy values for US, ARG, and BRZ were 3,297 kcal/kg, 3,297 kcal/kg, and 3,240 kcal/kg, respectively. The net energy values for US, ARG, and BRZ were 2,644 kcal/kg, 2,636 kcal/kg, and 2,592 kcal/kg, respectively. However, dietary corn sources had no significant differences in metabolizable energy and net energy values. In conclusion, dietary US corn improved the growth performance of nursery pigs through the improved energy values in pigs compared with the Brazil and Argentina corns.

Nutritional value of Spanish Camelina sativa co-products for pigs

This study evaluated and compared the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in camelina expellers (CAE) and camelina meal (CAM) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, thirty-six barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 61.8 ± 2.83 kg body weight were allotted to 6 diets, a basal corn-soybean meal diet and 5 diets in which a proportion of the corn and soybean meal in the basal diet was replaced by CAE (100, 200 or 300 g/kg) or CAM (100 or 200 g/kg). The experiment lasted 15 days and during the last 5 days the total amount of feces and urine were collected to calculate the energy metabolizability of diets. The CTTAD of energy and DE and ME concentration in CAE and CAM were calculated by the difference procedure as well as by the regression method. In Exp. 2, thirty-three barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 82.0 ± 2.57 kg body weight were allotted to three treatments, two cornstarch-based diets containing 350 g/kg CAE or 300 g/kg CAM as the sole source of CP and AA and a N-free diet. After 7 days of feeding, animals were euthanized and ileal digesta were sampled. The CISD of AA on CAE and CAM was determined using the direct method. Camelina meal had a greater concentration of CP and AA and a lower ether extract than CAE. The most abundant indispensable AA were arginine, leucine, valine, and lysine in both ingredients (26.3, 21.9, 19.1 and 16.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) in average, respectively). Camelina expellers contained 8.0 g/kg DM more soluble and 4.6 g/kg DM less insoluble fiber than CAM. The CTTAD of energy was 0.682 and 0.665 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when calculated using the difference method, and 0.665 and 0.655 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when estimated via the regression method. The DE and ME were on average greater (P < 0.05) for CAE compared with CAM both, using the difference or the regression method (DE, in average:14.3 MJ/kg DM and 13.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively and ME, in average: 14.1 MJ/kg DM and 12.9 MJ/kg DM, respectively). Between methods, no statistical differences were detected. The CISD of CP was greater (P < 0.05) in CAM compared with CAE (0.579 in CAE and 0.670 in CAM). The most digestible essential AA in both ingredients were methionine, arginine and histidine, with average digestibilities of 0.77, 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. The CISD of leucine and cysteine was greater in CAM compared with CAE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CAE had greater energy value than CAM, whereas the digestibility of leucine and cysteine was less in CAE than in CAM, probably due to the greater concentration of soluble dietary fiber in CAE.

Nutritional value of high protein ingredients fed to growing pigs in comparison to commonly used protein sources in swine diets.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that 2 high protein dried distillers with solubles and yeast mass added (GDDY) products fed to growing pigs had comparable amino acid (AA) digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) to feeds commonly used in swine diets. In Exp. 1, 7 barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 25 ± 0.8kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum to allow for digesta collection. Experimental diets were N-free diet and 6 cornstarch-based diets containing 6 ingredients as the sole source of AA: spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM), and Fish meal (FM) provided at 4% of BW. The experiment was conducted as a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 collection periods of 7d (5d adaptation and 2d ileal digesta collection). In Exp. 2, a total of 28 barrows (28.8 ± 1.4kg BW) were used in a 2-period switch back design with 7 diets and 4 replicate pigs in each period (n=8 reps/diet). Experimental diets were a corn-based basal diet and 6 corn-based diets containing spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, DDGS, SBM, ESBM and FM. Fecal and urine samples were collected using the marker-to-marker approach for 5d after 7d of adaptation to determine ME concentration. Overall, SID values were within the mean +/- SD of NRC (2012) values for all ingredients evaluated. The SID of AA was greater (P < 0.05) in ESBM than the other protein feedstuffs (90.09% vs. 78.71 - 81.51%). There were not significant differences in SID of AA (P > 0.05) in SBM, FM, spray dried GDDY and ring dried GDDY (81.49, 78.71, 81.52, and 79.20 %). With respect to the most common first limiting AA for swine, the SID of Lys was greater (P < 0.05) in spray dried GDDY than ring dried GDDY and DDGS (83.56 vs. 77.33 and 68.53 %, respectively). There were not significant differences (P > 0.05) for ME in corn (3313 Kcal/kg), ESBM (3323 Kcal/kg), and FM (3454 Kcal/kg) when compared with spray dried GDDY and ring dried GDDY (3995 Kcal/kg and 3442 Kcal/kg respectively). However, spray dried GDDY had greater DE and ME when compared to SBM. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GDDY products have an AA profile and digestibility comparable to SBM; ME in GDDY products is not different than corn. Therefore, GDDY has potential as a feed ingredient for pigs, which could provide an alternative source of protein and energy in swine diets.

Ileal nutrient and energy digestibility of steam-exploded canola meal in cannulated grower pigs and total tract nutrient digestibility and growth performance of diets containing steam-exploded canola meal in weaned pigs

Canola meal is a relatively highly fibrous protein meal that could benefit from further processing to disrupt its fibre matrix, reduce anti-nutritional factors and increase nutrient availability. Two studies were conducted to determine effects of steam-explosion on digestibility of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in solvent-extracted Brassica napus canola meal in grower pigs and diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs. Canola meal was steam-exploded at either 0.7 MPa (CM7) or 1.1 MPa (CM11) for 5 min. In study 1, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (29 kg mean initial body weight) were fed 3 corn starch-based diets including 400 g non-steam-exploded canola meal (CM0), CM7 or CM11/kg and a N-free diet in a replicated 4 × 3 Youden square. The canola meal sample contained 361 g CP/kg and 17.2 g chemically available lysine/kg that was reduced to 14.1 g/kg in CM7 and 14.6 g/kg in CM11. Steam-explosion of canola meal at 0.7 MPa decreased (P < 0.05) the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter (DM) and GE. Steam-explosion decreased (P < 0.05) the coefficient of standardised ileal digestibility (CSID) of CP and AA in canola meal except for tryptophan, proline and tyrosine. In study 2, four wheat-based diets were formulated to include 200 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), CM0, CM7 or CM11 and to provide 9.6 MJ net energy/kg and 12 g standardised ileal digestible lysine/kg. In total, 256 weaned pigs (10 kg mean initial body weight) were fed the diets for 4 weeks starting 2 weeks post-weaning. The CM0, CM7, and CM11 diets had lower (P < 0.05) coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of DM, CP and GE than the SBM diet. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced (P < 0.05) dietary CATTD of CP. For the 28-day nursery trial, average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs fed the CM0 diet was lower (P < 0.05) than of pigs fed the SBM diet. Steam-explosion of canola meal increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among pigs fed the 4 diets. Finally, gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the 3 canola meal diets than the SBM diet. In conclusion, steam-explosion reduced ileal digestibility of CP, most indispensable AA and GE of canola meal in grower pigs. Dietary inclusion of 200 g canola meal/kg supplemented with crystalline amino acids and canola oil to replace dehulled soybean meal reduced ADFI, but not ADG, and thus increased G:F in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced dietary CATTD of CP and increased ADFI, but not ADG or G:F of weaned pigs.

Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in two modified soy protein concentrates and soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0 ± 1.3 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with one additional period (n = 7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d followed by 2 d of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA was calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using a nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The total Lys content was 33% and 38% greater for MSPC1 vs. MSPC2 and SBM, respectively. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P < 0.05), whereas an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3% ± 1.2%). The SID of Ile (93.8%), Leu (93.6%), Lys (93.9%), Phe (96.7%), and Val (93.2%) were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (88.8% ± 1.3%, 87.8% ± 1.2%, 84.5% ± 1.7%, 92.9% ± 1.0%, 86.5% ± 1.7% for Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val, respectively; P < 0.05). The SID of His and Thr was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Met was greater for MSPC1 and SBM vs. MSPC2 (P < 0.05). The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P < 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (average; 3,896 ± 239 kcal/kg; P < 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID Lys and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a highly digestible protein ingredient in swine rations.

(PSIV-18) Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids and Digestible Energy Contents in Two Modified Soy Protein Concentrates and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0±1.3 kg initial BW) were used in an incomplete Latin square design over four periods (n=7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 days followed by 2 days of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 days of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 hours. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using the nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P &amp;lt; 0.05), while an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3±1.2%). The SID of Ile, Leu, Lys (93.9%), Phe, and Val were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (SID Lys: 84.5±1.7%; P &amp;lt; 0.05). The SID of His, Met, and Thr were greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P &amp;lt; 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (3,896±239 kcal/kg; P &amp;lt; 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID AA and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a high-quality protein ingredient in swine rations.

Net energy value of canola meal, field pea, and wheat millrun fed to growing-finishing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to (1) determine net energy (NE) values of soybean meal (SBM), Napus canola meal (NCM), Juncea canola meal (JCM), field pea, and wheat millrun (WM) using indirect calorimetry, and (2) compare the determined NE values with the calculated NE values of the same feedstuffs based on a prediction equation. In experiment 1, six ileal-cannulated barrows (31 kg) were fed five diets in 5 × 6 Youden square to give six replicates per diet. Diets were cornstarch-based diets containing SBM, NCM, JCM, field pea, or WM. The SBM was included as a reference. In experiment 2, six ileal-cannulated barrows (70 kg) were fed a N-free diet for determining energy digestibility and NE values of test feedstuffs fed in experiment 1 by difference method. The NE values of test feedstuffs were also calculated from the digestible energy (DE) values and analyzed macronutrient content of the test feedstuffs. On dry matter (DM) basis, SBM, NCM, JCM, field pea, and WM contained 51%, 41%, 42%, 28%, and 18% crude protein; 1.52%, 2.95%, 2.36%, 1.33%, and 3.12% ether extract; 2.93%, 0.14%, 1.44%, 36.7%, and 28.7% starch; and 5.30%, 21.0%, 13.4%, 9.49%, and 16.1% acid detergent fiber, respectively. The determined NE value for SBM (2.29 Mcal/kg) did not differ from that of NCM (1.72 Mcal/kg DM) or JCM (2.14 Mcal/kg DM). The NCM and JCM did not differ in NE value. Also, the determined NE value did not differ between field pea (2.00 Mcal/kg) and WM (2.55 Mcal/kg). The calculated NE values for SBM (2.18 Mcal/kg DM), NCM (1.73 Mcal/kg DM), and JCM (1.86 Mcal/kg DM) did not differ from the corresponding determined NE values of the same feedstuffs. However, the calculated NE value for field pea (2.51 Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.004) than the determined NE value of field pea, whereas the calculated NE value for WM (2.27 Mcal/kg DM) tended to be lower (P = 0.054) than the determined NE value of WM. In conclusion, the NE value for SBM and canola meals can be predicted based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs. However, the NE value for field pea and WM may not be predicted precisely based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs.

PSVI-18 Nutritional Value of High-protein Yeast Products Fed to Growing Pigs in Comparison to Commonly Used Protein Sources in Swine Diets

Abstract Alternative ingredients and co-products from the ethanol and biofuel industries represent an opportunity for utilization in swine diets. The objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in two yeast-based high protein DDGS products (HP-DDGS) fed to growing pigs in comparison to common swine diet protein sources. Cornstarch-based diets were formulated using six ingredients as the sole source of AA: spray dried HP-GDDS, ring dried HP-GDDS, conventional DDGS, soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically-treated soybean meal (HP300) and fishmeal (FM). A N-free diet was used to estimate endogenous ileal AA losses. Seven barrows (25 ± 0.8 kg BW) were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. The experiment was conducted as a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 collection periods of 7d (5d adaptation and 2d ileal digesta collection). Pigs were fed at 4% of BW. Diets and ileal digesta were analyzed for AA and titanium. Digestibility values were calculated according to the marker method. The CP and AA concentrations in Spray HP-GDDS and Ring HP-GDDS samples were higher than in the DDGS sample and similar to the SBM and HP300 samples. General SID values were within the mean +/- SD of NRC (2012) values for the six ingredients evaluated. The SID of AA was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in HP300 than in the other protein sources (90.09 vs. 79.97). The SID values were generally similar (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in SBM, FM, Spray HP-GDDS, and Ring HP-GDDS samples (81.49, 78.71, 81.52, and 79.20). The SID values for Lys were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in Spray HP-GDDS than in Ring HP-GDDS and DDGS (83.56 vs. 77.33 and 68.53). The HP-GDDS products are potential alternative ingredients to commonly used protein sources in swine diets and the obtained data allows its use in practical diet formulation.

Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.

169 Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermatia illucens) fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA (Exp. 1) and available energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) sources [full fat (FF) and defatted (DF)] for growing pigs. Two corn starch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy. In Exp. 1, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1±0.41 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 5d followed by 2d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, 8 barrows (23.4±0.54 kg initial BW) were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n=8). In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 7d, followed by 5d of total urine and fecal grab sample collection, and 24hr in indirect calorimetry chambers to determine heat production. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P=0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible, metabolizable, and net energy (4101 vs 3257±224 kcal/kg) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P&amp;lt; 0.05). The ATTD of phosphorus, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P&amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the SID AA in FF and DF BSFLM were high and similar to those of soybean meal. The FF BSFLM is a better source of available energy for growing pigs compared to DF BSFLM.

PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase

Abstract Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P &amp;lt; 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P &amp;lt; 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.

Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs may be reduced by autoclaving soybean meal

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time heat is applied will affect standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. One source of SBM was divided into 9 batches and used in 2 experiments. One batch was not autoclaved and considered the control. Two batches were autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min and 6 batches were autoclaved at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In Exp. 1, a corn-based diet and 9 diets based on corn and each source of SBM were fed to 20 barrows (43.6 kg) that were used in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square design. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 days after 7 days of adaptation. In Exp. 2, nine cornstarch-based diets included 400 g/kg of each of the 9 sources of SBM. An N-free diet was also used. Ten growing barrows (36.8 kg) with a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that the ATTD of GE, and the DE and ME, the SID of crude protein (CP) and all AA were less (P < 0.001) if SBM was autoclaved at 150 ºC than at 110 ºC. The ATTD of GE, the DE and ME, and the SID of CP and AA were not affected by increasing duration of autoclaving at 110 °C, but there were linear reductions (P < 0.001) in ATTD of GE, in DE and ME, and in SID of all AA if duration of autoclaving was increased at 150 ºC. These observations demonstrate that over-heating of SBM not only results in reduced SID of AA, but ATTD of GE will also be impaired with a subsequent reduction in concentrations of DE and ME.

Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and net energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) samples [full fat (FF; 42.5% crude protein (CP), as-fed) and defatted (DF; 40.8% CP; as-fed)] for growing pigs. Two cornstarch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used, and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy (DE) by difference method. In each experiment, pigs were fed 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1 ± 0.41 kg initial body weight) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 5 d followed by 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, eight barrows [23.4 ± 0.54 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The SID of CP (80.6 ± 1.1%) and Lys (88.0 ± 1.4%) were not different between FF and DF BSFLM. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P = 0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible energy (4,927 vs. 3,941 ± 75 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (4,569 vs. 3,396 ± 102 kcal/kg), and predicted net energy (3,477 vs. 2,640 ± 30 kcal/kg, using equations from Noblet; 3,479 vs. 2,287 ± 28 kcal/kg, using equations from Blok, respectively) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P ≤ 0.05). Both FF and DF BSFLM had high SID for most AA; however, FF BSFLM was a better source of net energy for growing pigs. Therefore, both FF and DF BSFLM could be used as protein alternatives in growing pig diets.

Torula yeast has greater digestibility of amino acids and phosphorus, but not energy, compared with a commercial source of fish meal fed to weanling pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, concentrations of DE and ME, and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a source of torula yeast are not different from values obtained in Menhaden fish meal. In experiment 1, six weanling barrows (initial BW: 11.7 ± 0.4 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. In each period, there were 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of collection. Two cornstarch-based diets using the torula yeast or fish meal as the sole source of AA and a N-free diet were formulated. The SID of CP and all AA was greater (P < 0.05) in torula yeast than in fish meal. In experiment 2, 24 weanling barrows (initial BW: 14.4 ± 1.1 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn-based diet or 2 diets based on a mixture of corn and torula yeast or corn and fish meal. Feces and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 5-d adaptation period. There were 8 replicate pigs per diet and fecal and urine materials were collected. Results of this experiment indicated that there were no differences in the concentration of DE and ME (DM basis) between torula yeast and fish meal. In experiment 3, a total of 32 weanling barrows (initial BW: 11.9 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to 4 diets and 8 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were placed in individual metabolism crates. The torula yeast or fish meal were used in 2 diets containing either 0 or 500 units of microbial phytase. Feces samples were collected as described for experiment 2. The STTD of P in torula yeast was greater (P < 0.05) than in fish meal, but regardless of ingredient, there was no effect of the inclusion of phytase in the diets. In conclusion, the SID of AA and the STTD of P in torula yeast is greater than in fish meal, but values for the concentration of DE and ME in torula yeast are not different from those in fish meal. Therefore, the torula yeast that was used in the present experiments may be included at the expense of fish meal in diets fed to weanling pigs if the concentration of standardized ileal digestible AA is considered in the formulation.

PSVIII-6 The small intestinal responses in the determination of true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of phosphorus in corn for growing pig using the regression analysis technique

Abstract It is of important methodological considerations to understand how the small intestine would respond to feeding of a series of assay diets deficient in gradient levels of phosphorus (Pi) associated with corn in growing pigs by the regression analysis technique (TRAT). A total of 48 barrows, with an average initial BW 32 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 grower pig diets and were fed close to ad libitum for 10 d, with 8-d adaptation and 2-d collection fecal samples, according to a randomized complete block design. Six cornstarch-based diets, containing 6 levels of Pi at 1.3, 1.9, 2.0, 3.6, 3.4 and 4.0 g/kg DMI, were formulated from corn. The gut permeability marker of D-mannitol was fed 0.30 g/kg BW at 4 h, prior to be sacrificed for sampling. ADG and the apparent ileal DM digestibility were linearly affected (P &amp;lt; 0.05); however, the ADFI, feed conversion ratio, the apparent fecal DM digestibility, transcellular gut permeability and the jejunal alkaline phosphatase kinetics were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05) by the increasing dietary levels of corn inclusion. There were linear relationships (P &amp;lt; 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the apparent ileal and fecal digestible Pi and the total intake of dietary Pi, suggesting that true ileal and fecal Pi digestibility (33.3±4.7 vs. 52.7±3.8%); and the endogenous Pi outputs (0.37±0.12 vs. 0.60±0.09, g/kg DMI) associated with corn could be estimated by the TRAT. Our results have shown that the intestinal physiological functions were not affected in the grower pigs fed on a series of test diets that were deficient in gradient levels of multiple assay nutrients, including macro-minerals, crude protein and amino acids supplied from the testing corn, for a period of 10 d, in the determination of corn-specific true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of Pi by the TRAT.

PSVIII-5 Determination of true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of magnesium in corn for growing pigs by using the regression analysis technique

Abstract Dietary magnesium (Mg) is essential to bone mineralization. Supplemental Mg is typically not considered in commercial swine diets by assuming high bioavailability of Mg from bulky feed ingredients such as corn grain. The objectives of this study were to determine true ileal and fecal digestibility and the endogenous losses of Mg associated with corn in growing pigs by the regression analysis technique. A total of 48 barrows, with an average initial body weight (BW) 32 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 grower pig diets and were fed close to ad libitum for 10 d, with 8-d adaptation and 2-d collection fecal and the terminal ileal digesta samples, according to a randomized complete block design. Six cornstarch-based diets, containing 6 levels of Mg at 0.22, 0.32, 0.38, 0.51, 0.71 and 0.79 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) of diets, were formulated from corn. There were linear relationships (P &amp;lt; 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the ileal and fecal outputs of Mg and the total intake of dietary Mg, suggesting that true ileal and fecal Mg indigestibility values (94.8±12.5 vs. 89.2±17.7%); and the ileal and fecal endogenous Mg outputs (0.16±0.02 vs. 0.21±0.11, g/kg DMI of diets) associated with corn could be estimated by the regression analysis. Our results have shown that Mg associated with conventional corn grain was very poorly digested and the gastrointestinal endogenous fecal loss of Mg was significant in the grower pig. Thus, Mg bioavailability in feeds for pigs should be assessed and supplemental of Mg may be warranted in swine diet formulation.

Nutrient digestibility of soybean products in grower-finisher pigs1.

Solvent extraction of soybean creates soybean meal (SBM), but an array of other soybean products can be created using further processing of SBM or soybean. For accurate inclusion of these products in pig feed, characterization of digestible AA profile and energy value is required. Soybean products from processes such as extrusion (EX) of soybean and thermo-mechanical (TM) treatment, bioconversion using fermentation or enzymes (BC), and ethanol-water extraction (EW) of soybean meal were collected together with SBM. These 9 soybean products were tested in cornstarch-based diets together with an N-free diet for a total of 10 diets. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (30.4 ± 0.7 kg initial BW) were fed 10 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE for six 9-d periods with a 6 (periods) × 10 (pigs) Youden square. The control SBM contained 47.0% CP, 1.4% ether extract, and ADF 6.0%. The 9 soybean products contained 35.6% to 66.4% CP, 0.9% to 21.6% ether extract, and 4.4% to 8.0% ADF. The EW soybean products were high in CP (>61%), whereas the 2 EX soybean products were low in CP (<36%) but high in ether extract (≥19%). Chemically available Lys ranged from 92.6% to 100% of total Lys, indicating that minor Lys damage occurred during processing. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy was lower (P < 0.05) for soybean products with greater ether extract and ADF content than SBM, and varied among soybean products. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) did not differ (P > 0.05) among soybean products for most AA, except for lower SID of Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Tyr (P < 0.05) for EX2 and BC1 than other soybean products. The DE and predicted NE value did not differ (P > 0.05) among soybean products. The greater SID AA content (P < 0.05) in EW, BC, and TM1 soybean products than SBM was mainly a result of greater total AA content due to removal of other macronutrients. In conclusion, extrusion of soybean creates soybean products with a greater energy value but lower ATTD of energy and lower SID AA content than SBM. Further processing of SBM creates soybean products with greater CP and SID AA content but similar SID of AA than SBM. Thus, new technologies to process SBM or soybean create high-value ingredients to be included in pig diets, especially for young pigs with high nutritional requirements.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in canola meal fed to gestating and lactating sows1.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in solvent extracted canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex. Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 31.3% CM as the only source of AA, without or with a multi-enzyme complex, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous AA losses, and a phosphorus-free diet (phosphorus digestibility data reported elsewhere). All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/d of the respective experimental diets, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to experimental diets. Ileal digesta samples were collected in midgestation, late gestation, and lactation. In each period, after 6-d acclimation to the experimental diets, on days 7 and 8, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 12 h. Results indicated that sows in lactation had greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and all AA (P < 0.05) compared with sows in gestation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the AID of histidine, lysine, methionine, valine, and alanine, and a tendency (P < 0.10) for improvement in AID was observed for arginine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and cysteine during lactation, but not during gestation. However, the SID of most AA was not affected by collection phase, but enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the SID of arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, and valine during lactation. The SID of indispensable AA in CM fed to gestating and lactating sows were as follows: arginine, 89.2 and 91.3%; histidine, 93.1 and 94.0%; isoleucine, 85.9 and 87.0%; leucine, 89.2 and 89.2%; lysine, 87.0 and 87.7%; methionine, 92.2 and 93.2%; phenylalanine, 89.2 and 87.8%; threonine, 84.3 and 82.7%; tryptophan, 88.1 and 91.5%; valine, 85.9 and 84.3%. In conclusion, the SID of AA in CM fed to lactating sows may be improved if a mixture of carbohydrases is included in the diet, but under the conditions of this experiment, the carbohydrase mixture did not affect SID of AA in CM fed to gestating sows in midgestation or late gestation.