Time Of Corn Planting Research Articles

Land Optimization With Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata, Sturt) and Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Overlapping Systems in Nagari Gadut, Tilatang Kamang District

Research conducted experiment using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments that is the time of planting eggplant as secondary crops to the cultivation of sweet corn (M) consisting of: M1 = planting at same time; M2 = time of planting eggplant 1 week after planting sweet corn; M3 = time of planting eggplant 2 weeks after planting sweet corn; M4 = time of planting eggplant 3 weeks after planting sweet corn; M5 = single planting sweet corn planting time = M1. M6 = single eggplant planting time = M1. The results planting showed that eggplant can be planted together with sweet corn planting time, up to three weeks after planting sweet corn. Results of sweet corn is not influenced by the timing of planting different eggplant. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in relatively more profitable production based on the total relative yield (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER).

Suppression of Annual Ryegrass in Corn with Nicosulfuron

AbstractField studies were conducted to determine the possible rate and timing of nicosulfuron to suppress annual ryegrass (ARG) seeded as a cover crop at the time of corn planting without affecting corn performance near Ridgetown, ON, Canada, in 2016 and 2017. Nicosulfuron was applied at rates from 0.8 to 50 g ai ha–1when the ARG was at the two- to three- or four- to five-leaf stages, or approximately 3 or 4 wk after emergence of both corn and ARG. There were no differences between the two application timings in grain yield responses or ARG suppression. As the rate of nicosulfuron increased from 0.8 to 50 g ai ha–1, ARG was suppressed 6% to 76% and 5% to 96%, at 1 and 4 wk after application (WAA), respectively. At 4 WAA, ARG biomass decreased from 29 to 1 g m–2as the rate of nicosulfuron increased from 0.8 to 50 g ai ha–1, compared to 36 g m–2in the untreated control. Where nicosulfuron was not applied to ARG, grain corn yield was reduced by 6% compared to the ARG-free control; similar effects on corn yield were observed with nicosulfuron at the lowest rate applied at 0.8 g ai ha–1. Grain corn yield was reduced by 2.5% with the application of nicosulfuron at 25 g ai ha–1(label rate for corn) compared to no ARG control, but this was not statistically significant. This study identified rates of nicosulfuron that suppressed ARG when emerged approximately the same day as corn, but there was evidence that grain corn yields were lowered because of interference, possibly during the critical weed control period. Based on this study, an ARG cover crop should not be seeded at the same time as corn unless one is willing to accept a risk for corn grain yield losses for the sake of the cover crop.

Understanding N timing in corn yield and fertilizer N recovery: An insight from an isotopic labeled-N determination.

Early fertilizer nitrogen (N) application on cover crops or their residues during the off-season is a practice adopted in Brazil subtropical conditions under no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) systems. However, the effect of early N application on yield, plant N content, and N recovery efficiency (NRE) for corn is not yet well documented. Five fertilizer N timings in an oat-corn system were evaluated in two studies utilizing an isotopic-labeled N determination, 15N isotope. The N fertilization timings were: (i) oat tillering, (ii) 15 days before corn planting time, over the oat residues, (iii) at corn planting time, (iv) in-season at the three-leaf growth stage (V3), and (v) in-season split application at V3 and six-leaf (V6) growth stages. Based on the statistical analysis, the N fertilization timings were separated into three groups: 1) N-OATS, designated to N applied at oat; 2) N-PLANT, referred to pre-plant and planting N applications; and 3) N-CORN, designated to in-season corn N applications. Corn yield was not affected by the N fertilization timing. However, the N-CORN N fertilization timings enhanced NRE by 17% and 35% and final N recovery system (plant plus soil) by 16% and 24% all relative to N-OATS and N-PLANT groups, respectively. Overall, N-OATS resulted in the largest N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) amount in the deeper soil layer, in overall a delta of 10 kg N ha-1 relative to the rest of the groups. Notwithstanding corn yield was not affected, early N fertilization under subtropical conditions is not a viable option since NRE was diminished and the non-recovery N increased relative to the in-season N applications.

Optimasi Lahan Dengan Sistem Tumpang Sari Jagung Manis (Zea Mays Saccharata, Sturt) Dan Kangkung Sutra (Ipomea Reptans) Di Pekanbaru

Research conducted experiments using a completely randomized design environment with three replications, and design of treatment that is the time of planting silk kale as secondary crops to the cultivation of sweet corn (K) consisting of: k1 = planting at the same time; k2 = time of planting silk kale 1 week after planting sweet corn; k3 = time of planting silk kale 2 weeks after planting sweet corn; k4 = time of planting silk kale 3 weeks after planting sweet corn; K5 = single planting sweet corn planting time = k1; k6 = single silk kale planting time = k1. The results showed that silk kale can be planted together with sweet corn planting time, up to three weeks after planting sweet corn. Results of sweet corn is not influenced by the timing of planting different silk kale. Land values in the cropping system Equality sweet corn with silk kale is 1.83. Competition index between sweet corn and silk kale is 1.73.

Cover Crop Impacts on Soil Water Status

Water is a primary concern for producers in the Great Plains; as such, research is warranted to quantify how much cover crops affect the amount of soil water available to subsequent cash crops. Cover crop mixes have been marketed as a means to conserve water in no-till cropping systems following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest. The objectives of this study are to quantify changes in soil profile water content in the presence of different cover crops and mixtures of increasing species complexity, to quantify their biomass productivity and quality, and to quantify the impact of cover crops on subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) yields. We hypothesized the change in soil water brought on by the cover crop treatments would be correlated to the quantity of biomass produced and the species composition, rather than mixture complexity. Soil moisture was measured using a neutron probe to a depth of 9 ft. Results from 2013–14 showed no difference in water use between cover crop mixtures and single species. Cover crops depleted the soil profile by a maximum of 3.5 in. during growth, but fallow was able to gain 0.75 in. of water during the same period. At the time of corn planting, soil moisture under all cover crops had replenished to levels at cover crop emergence, except for the brassicas, which had extracted water from deeper in the profile. Corn yields were reduced following the grass cover crops and the six-species mix. Corn yields were more closely related to the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the cover crop residue than to profile soil moisture at corn emergence. The fact that yields were similar for corn after fallow and for corn after brassica cover crops implied that water was not the cause of yield reductions after the other cover crops.

남부지역 논에서 사료맥류-사료용 옥수수-하파귀리 삼모작 시 조사료 생산성 및 사료가치

Multiple cropping system is an important agricultural system in Korea, which is significant to increase forage yield and promote agricultural economic development. This experiment was carried out to develop triple cropping systems (winter cereals crop for forage - silage corn - summer oats) for maximum year-around forage production at paddy field in southern region. We also to select a winter forage crop to determine corn planting time, and to examine the forage productivity and feed value of summer cultivated oat, which was planted after corn cultivation. When winter cereal crops for forages are harvested in accordance with and corn planter, the fresh yield and dry matter yield of rye were 32.0 ton/ha and 5.8 ton/ha, respectively, showing higher yielding compared to other winter crops. Corn silage as summer crop was showed the fresh yield and dry matter yield of 72.1 ton/ha and 20.2 ton/ha, respectively. In the feed value, crude protein and TDN contents were 7.4% and 69.3%, respectively. They was showed higher productivity and feed value. The heading date of High-speed oat was October 10, and its fresh yield and dry matter yield were 37.6 ton/ha and 8.0 ton/ha, respectively. As a feed value, crude protein and TDN content was 11.4% and 59.1%, respectively. Therefore, triple cropping systems for the production of forage all throughout the year are possible with the introduction of summer oats in the southern region, and rye could be the most suitable winter forage crops for triple cropping systems.

Corn as trap crop to control Helicoverpa zea in tomato fields: importance of phenological synchronization and choice of cultivar

Trap cropping is an environmentally friendly “alternative” pest management strategy. To maximize the efficiency of corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we (i) tested the trap crop potential of corn varieties that are not a source of infestation, and (ii) determined the best corn planting time so as to concentrate H. zea in this trap crop and divert the pest from tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). When corn silk emergence was synchronized with tomato flowering and fresh corn silk was present during the tomato flowering stage, H. zea infestation was lower in the tomato field with a corn border than in those without a corn border. Sugar Jean and Java corn varieties were good trap crops because few larvae persisted on the silks and their growth was low. These two varieties could reduce the risk of H. zea development and dispersion from corn borders.

Corn Response to Mesotrione as Affected by Soil Insecticide, Application Method, and Rate

Corn Response to Mesotrione as Affected by Soil Insecticide, Application Method, and Rate

Crop Management and Corn Nitrogen Rate Effects on Nitrate Leaching

AbstractExcess N use in crop production is often identified as a major contributor to NO3 enrichment of ground water. Little information is available to show the specific relationships between crop management systems and N fertilizer use on the amounts of NO3 lost by leaching. This study determined the effect of several cropping systems and N rates, providing a range of N availability to corn (Zea mays L.), on soil water NO3 concentrations and leaching below the root zone. Four cropping‐manure management systems were established in 1993 and 1994 (8‐site years) at Arlington, WI, on a Plano silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Ammonium nitrate (0 to 204 kg N ha−1 in 34‐kg increments) was broadcast at the time of corn planting. Economic optimum N rates (EONR) for corn ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha−1 depending on site‐year. Soil water NO3 concentrations were determined for 18‐mo using porous‐cup samplers installed at a 120‐cm depth in the 0 and 204 kg N ha−1 treatments. Nitrate N concentrations in the samplers increased as the amount of N applied in excess of the observed EONR increased. Predicted soil water NO3−N concentration at EONR was 18 mg L−1. Average NO3−N concentrations were <10 mg L−1 where fertilizer N rates were >50 kg N ha−1 below the EONR and >20 mg L−1 where fertilizer N rates were >50 kg N ha−1 above the EONR. Total NO3−N leaching estimates based on water budget data and soil water NO3 concentrations for the 18‐mo study period ranged from 3 to 88 kg ha−1 depending on crop and manure management system, N fertilizer rate, amount of water drainage, and time of drainage event relative to treatment establishment. An end‐of‐season soil NO3 test appears to be capable of evaluating corn N management practices and indicating the amount of excess N fertilizer applied that may be leached from the root zone. These results illustrate the direct relationship between NO3 loss by leaching and N application rates that exceed crop needs.

Optimizing foliar activity of isoxaflutole on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) with various adjuvants

Greenhouse, laboratory, and field studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of nonionic surfactant (NIS), crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) to enhance whole plant efficacy, absorption, and spray retention of foliar applications of isoxaflutole to giant foxtail. In greenhouse studies, isoxaflutole at 10 g ai ha−1reduced giant foxtail growth 5%, whereas the addition of a spray adjuvant reduced giant foxtail growth at least 75%. The addition of UAN improved giant foxtail growth reduction when used in combination with isoxaflutole plus NIS. Isoxaflutole spray retention on the leaf surface was increased with an adjuvant and a further increase was observed with the addition of UAN. Isoxaflutole applied with NIS, COC, and MSO resulted in 42, 60, and 91%14C absorption, respectively, compared to 21% absorption from isoxaflutole applied alone 24 h after treatment (HAT). Increased14C absorption and entry into the cuticle when an adjuvant was utilized with isoxaflutole resulted in greater translocation of14C from isoxaflutole out of the treated leaf. Significant basipetal movement from foliar applications of14C-isoxaflutole suggests phloem mobility. In field studies, isoxaflutole applied with MSO provided greater giant foxtail growth reduction compared to isoxaflutole applied with NIS and in some cases COC. The addition of UAN to isoxaflutole did not increase whole plant efficacy in field studies. These studies indicate isoxaflutole has excellent potential to be used for control of existing giant foxtail present at the time of corn planting if an adequate adjuvant is utilized.

Effect of Tillage and Application Method on Corn (Zea mays) Response to Imidazolinone Residues in Soil

Field studies on a sandy loam soil determined the influence of application method and rate and subsequent tillage on corn response to imazaquin and imazethapyr residues remaining in the soil. Imazaquin was applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) at 70, 140, and 280 g ai/ha and postemergence (POST) at 70 and 140 g/ha. Imazethapyr was applied PPI and PRE at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha and POST at 70 and 105 g/ha. Subsequent tillage included fall moldboard plowing followed by spring field cultivation, fall chisel plowing followed by spring field cultivation, and no tillage. Herbicide dissipation was determined by analyzing soil cores taken in the spring at the time of corn planting and by measuring corn height and grain yield. Imidazolinone residues were detected in only 1 of 2 yr. Imazaquin was detected more frequently than imazethapyr. Imazaquin concentrations in the upper 10 cm of soil 11 mo after a PPI application of 280 g/ha were 5, 6, and 7 ng/g of soil in moldboard plow, chisel, and no-tillage systems, respectively. Imazaquin (5 ng/g) was also detected in the 10–18-cm soil depth in the moldboard plow system. Corn height and grain yield were not reduced from imazaquin or imazethapyr, regardless of application method or rate in any tillage system.

Response of Corn Grain Yield to Early and Late Killed Red Clover Green Manure and Subirrigation

Killing a legume green manure weeks before planting a subsequent grain crop may prevent legume induced water deficits that can be detrimental to a subsequent crop. However, little research has been reported on the effect this strategy has upon a subsequent grain crop. This field study was conducted to determine the effect of time of killing a legume green manure on the yield and N uptake of a subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop in subirrigated (SI) and nonirrigated (NI) systems. Three 2-yr cropping systems were studied: (i) wheat (Triticum aestivium L. var. Frankenmuth) (no-greeen manure)-corn; ii) wheat (Red clover IRC, Trifolium pratense L. 'medium'] early-kill)-corn (cv. Pioneer 3751); and (iii) wheat (RC late-kill)-corn. Soil type was Kilmanagh loam (fine-loamy, mixed, nonica, mesic Aeric Haplaquepts). Red clover was established by interseeding into wheat. Red clover was killed either 2 wk (early-kill) or several days (late-kill) prior to planting corn the spring following the year of establishment. Early-kill RC accumulated less N than late-kill RC (50 and 28 lb N/acre in 1993 and 1994, respectively, averaged across irrigation). However, time of kill did not significantly affect ear-leaf N content, grain, or N yield of the following corn crop. Grain yield of corn following red clover with no N fertilizer applied was similar to grain yield with no green manure and 125 lb N/acre (1993) or 187 lb N/acre (1994) applied. Soil water contents were higher in the early- than late-kill RC systems at the time of corn planting in 1993. Subirrigation did not significantly affect corn grain yield in either year. The legume based cropping systems were equally or more profitable than the no green manure system. Results indicate that (i) corn planting should not be delayed in order to allow a green manure to accumulate N or biomass and (ii) killing RC early may be effective for limiting soil water depletion in spring without sacrificing benefits to a following grain crop.

Corn-Planting Time

Corn-Planting Time The spring sun lies so gentle on our skin. The ground, warm and moist, is ready to till. We need only the signal to begin. So we strain our ears awaiting the thrill of the lonesome cry of the whippoorwill It's a sound that's so sad and so forlorn telling us it's time now to plant the corn. —Aubrey G. Bebout 79 ...

Cover crop contributions to N supply and water conservation in corn production

AbstractWinter annual legume cover crops can reduce nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements and provide a water-conserving mulch to a subsequent crop. A two-year study was designed to test cover crops of rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and big/lower vetch (Vicia grandiflora Scopoli) for their ability to produce N and to conserve soil water for a succeeding corn (Zea mays L.) crop. We measured the cover crops' biomass, N yield, carbon (C) to N ratio, and influence on a subsequent corn crop grown under two tillage regimes (disk tillage or no-till). Nitrogen content in cover crop biomass at time of corn planting ranged from 37 to 187 kg/ha. Pure stands of hairy vetch and a mixture of hairy vetch plus bigflower vetch had generally higher N yields, and rye was lowest. Rye growing in association with hairy vetch had lower C:N ratios than rye growing alone. Legume C:N ratios remained generally unchanged from earlier (disked) to later (herbicide) kill dates, but total N and biomass typically increased in the last 2 to 3 weeks before corn planting. Soil water retention was affected by tillage in some cases; no-till was superior to disk incorporation in each case where there was a tillage effect. Cover crops with greater biomass resulted in greater soil water retention. Among cover crops, uptake ofNby corn was greater from hairy vetch or hairy vetch plus bigflower vetch mixture. Biological immobilization of N appeared to be reducing N uptake by corn grown in rye residues. Corn in nonlegume plots fertilized with 140 or 210 kg N/ha took up more N than corn following legumes, but there was no corresponding yield increase. Corn biomass yields following the cover crops ranged from 8.6 to 18.0 Mg/ha with no additional fertilizer N. In the second year of the study, average corn yields following hairy vetch (15.3 Mg/ha) or hairy-bigflower vetch mixtures (16.4 Mg/ha) were not statistically different from corn yields produced by a 140 kg N/ha fertilizer rate (17.4 Mg/ha). These results suggest N from a legume cover crop can replace or substantially reduce fertilizer N requirements in corn production systems in the Appalachian region.

Tillage and Cover Crop Management for Soil Water Conservation

AbstractThe effectiveness of a conservation tillage system depends on the amount and distribution of plant residues left on the soil surface. We determined effects of tillage systems, N fertilizer rates, and cover crop management on soil temperature, soil moisture, and corn (Zea mays L.) yields. Tillage treatments were chisel‐plow tillage, conventional tillage (moldboard plowing and disking), disk tillage, and notillage. Nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 75, 150, or 225 kg N ha−1 were broadcast on the soil surface. Rye (Secale cereale L.) on one‐half of each split plot was killed 3 wk before corn planting time, while the other half was allowed to grow until the corn was planted. Corn yields in 1986 were 4.41, 4.03, 3.64, and 2.25 Mg ha−1 for notillage, chisel‐plow tillage, disk tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. The yields were significantly greater with early killed rye (3.85 and 5.05 Mg ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively) than with late‐killed rye (3.32 and 4.58 Mg ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively). Soil temperature tended to be slightly higher under the latekilled rye mulch in 1986 with no significant difference in 1985. Soil moisture content was significantly higher for early killed rye treatment in the early part of the season in 1986 because there was less soil moisture depletion due to the growing rye.

Corn‐Peanut Intercrop Performance in Relation to Component Crop Relative Planting Dates

AbstractA two‐yr (1982 and 1983) field study was conducted to determine the vegetative and reproductive effects of three intercrop treatments on corn (Zea mays L.) SS 335 A hybrid and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ‘Florunner’. Three planting time treatments of corn relative to peanut (2 or 3 wk before, simultaneous, and 2 or 3 wk after) were compared. Sole crops of each species were also established. Initial vegetative growth of peanut was greatest when intercropped with corn planted after peanut. Intercropped corn planted before peanut matured early but, after harvest, did not result in an environment favorable for peanut to compensate for early season growth reductions. Dry weights of intercropped peanut, regardless of relative time of corn planting, were reduced to half or less of those of sole‐crop peanut. Reproductive development of both species when intercropped was generally not affected by relative planting times. Grain yields of intercropped corn were 85 to 90% and 46 to 74% of sole‐crop yields in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Intercropped peanut yielded 33 to 37% and 47 to 49% of sole‐crop yield in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Land equivalent ratios for intercrop combinations were not significantly affected by relative planting times; they ranged from 1.20 to 1.25 and 0.96 to 1.26 in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Corn contributed 69 to 72% and 49 to 62% of total intercrop production in 1982 and 1983, respectively. The results suggest that greatest total productivity in a corn‐peanut intercrop will occur when corn is planted either simultaneously with or earlier than peanut. The highest intercrop peanut yields tended to occur when corn and peanut were planted simultaneously.

Establishment Methods for Alfalfa in Irrigated Corn1

AbstractEstablishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under irrigation is expensive and production is low during the establishment year. Our objective was to determine, in the absence of moisture stress and weed competition, which combinations of corn (Zea mays L.) types and alfalfa planting dates would be most productive during the year of planting and the year following establishment. Alfalfa was planted at corn planting time, at last corn cultivation, or after the harvesting of corn for silage. Weed control was obtained by cultivation or using 4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4‐DB), 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) or S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) without cultivation. Alfalfa stand and yield were increased 27 and 9%, respectively, when alfalfa was planted simultaneously with the corn and the corn harvested as silage; however, this planting method reduced corn silage production from 20 to nearly 50% and grain yields from 1,000 to 3,000 kg/ha compared to alfalfa planted at last cultivation or following silage harvest. Generally ‘Brachytic dwarf’ corn was a poor competitor to alfalfa. Full‐season and midseason hybrids had about the same silage yields, but the full‐season hybrid produced more corn. Under the conditions of our experiment, a midseason corn hybrid planted at 59,000 seeds/ ha, with corn and alfalfa planted at the same time and corn harvested as silage, proved to be an excellent establishment method. This combination gave high silage yields, and removing the corn crop permitted good fall growth of the alfalfa.

Insecticides for Control of the Sugarcane Beetle on Corn

Several insecticides were applied in a band along the drill at corn-planting time or soon after plants emerged for the control of the sugarcane beetle, Euetheola rugiceps (Lee.), in Mississippi. Aldrin and heptachlor granules and sprays at 1 pound per acre were the most effective and gave about equal control. Dieldrin was as effective as aldrin in a spray, but not in granules. Thiodan, Thimet, Guthion, Chlorthion, and Sevin were ineffective at the dosages used.

Effect of Sudan Grass and of Soybeans on Yield of Corn1

Three 2-year rotations in which sudan grass, soybeans, and oats were alternated with corn were compared between 1919 and 1933, inclusive. All crops were removed except corn stalks and some fallen soybean leaves. On O'Neill black fertile soil corn yielded 50.8 bushels per acre after sudan grass, 49.0 bushels after soybeans, and 47.8 bushels after oats. The differences are not statistically significant. The results were not changed by superphosphate applied at corn planting time to half of each plat in the later years. It is believed the soil was well supplied with other minerals. Sudan grass removed over twice as much dry matter as soybeans or oats, over twice as much nitrogen as oats, and appreciably more than soybeans. Despite these heavier withdrawals the sudan grass plats appeared to be just as productive after 13 years of cropping as the soybean and oat plats. On soil similar to that used for the other test, fall plowing sudan grass stubble increased the yield of corn 10.7% over spring plowing. Yields obtained in dry years and water determinations of the soil indicate that moisture deficiency is not a cause of the depressed yields sometimes obtained following sudan grass.