Corn Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles Research Articles

Possibilities of Inclusion of corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) alone or in combination with Probiotic as Broiler Feed Ingredient

In the production of the ethanol from cereal grains, besides the main product which is ethanol, there are olso very valuable by-product that can be used as animal feed. The dried distilled grains with solubles (DDGS) is quite rich in protein and other nutrients. With the ever-increasing cost of soybeans and corn, many scientists are studying the possibilities of using DDGS in poultry nutrition. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of including corn DDGS and corn DDGS and probiotic in compound feeds on productive, slaughter performance and some meat physicochemical parameters of broiler chickens under floor-rearing conditions. The experiment included 3 treatments (T), namely T1: the control group received a balanced compound feed, according to the requirements of the hybrid, without the participation of corn DDGS, T2: the diett contained 15% corn DDGS and T3: the dietts contained 15% corn DDGS and supplemented 500g probiotic/ton of feed. Each experiment had 20 one-day-old sexed male Ross-308 broiler chickens, replicated 3 times, and ended when the chickens were 35 days old. The results shown that diets T2 and T3 did not positively affect the weight development of chicks compared to T1 (the control group). At 35 days old, chicken weight from the control group outperformed the two experimental groups: by 8.45% in the T3 (corn DDGS and probiotic) and by 11.76% in the T2 (corn DDGS) at P<0.05. Differences in feed consumption per 1 kg of growth over the 35-day fattening period between the control and experimental groups were small and statistically unproven. Feeding diets with 15% DDGS from corn significantly reduced carcass weight, grill, thight and wing weight in broiler chickens. There were no significant differences in slaughter yield between the study groups. Diets T2 and T3 improved the water holding capacity (WHC %) of breast meat in broilers (at P< 0.001). The lowest loss in thermal processing (cooking) was observed in breast and thigh meat of chickens fed the diets with 15% corn DDGS and probiotic (P<0.05).

PSIV-21 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for 22-, 56-, and 87-kilogram pigs

Abstract The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients is not constant in pigs with 3 different body weights (BW). Eight pigs with initial BW of 22.2 ± 1.2 kg cannulated at the distal ileum were used. Two experimental diets contained corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal-wheat mixture (SBM-W; 70% soybean meal + 30% wheat) as the sole source of nitrogen, respectively. The diets were assigned to the animals in a 2-period cross-over design. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d ileal digesta collection period. The animals, diets, and experimental design for 50 kg pigs (initial BW = 55.6 ± 3.3 kg) and 80 kg pigs (initial BW = 86.9 ± 5.1 kg) were identical to those used for 22 kg pigs. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the effect of ingredient type (corn DDGS or SBMM) and BW of pigs (from 22 to 87 kg) and the interaction between these 2 main effects. The AID of crude protein, lysine, and methionine in both corn DDGS and SBM-W linearly or quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in pig BW. An interaction between ingredient type and linear effect of BW was observed (P < 0.05) in histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Specifically, a linear increase in AID of these AA with increasing BW of pigs was greater in SBM-W compared with corn DDGS. In conclusion, the AID values of most AA differed between the BW range of 22 to 87 kg, and these patterns varied among different ingredients.

In vitro fermentation characteristics of different types of fiber-rich ingredients by pig fecal inoculum.

Dietary fibers with varying physicochemical properties have different fermentation characteristics, which may differently impact host health. The present study aimed to determine the fermentation characteristics including gas production kinetics, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production and microbial composition of different fibrous ingredients using in vitro fermentation by fecal microbiota. Sugar beet pule (SBP), wheat bran (WB), dried corn distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), rice bran (RB) and alfalfa meal (AM) were selected to fermentation in vitro for 36 h. The results showed that SBP had the greatest gas production. SBP had the highest in vitro dry matter fermentability (IVDMF) and production of acetate, propionate and total SCFAs, followed by WB, which were all greater than DDGS, AM and RB. The alpha-diversity was higher in the DDGS, AM and RB groups than in the WB and SBP groups. Differences in microbial community composition were observed among groups. The relative abundance of Treponema was highest in WB group. RB group showed lower Prevotella abundance than other groups but had higher Succinivibrio abundance. Interestingly, the Lactobacillus reached the highest abundances in the DDGS group. Correlation analysis indicated that the relative abundance of Treponema and Prevotella was positively associated with the gas production, IVDMF and SCFAs, whereas norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Lysinibacillus and Succinivibrio were the opposite. Collectively, WB and SBP were fermented rapidly by fecal microbiota compared to DDGS, AM and RB. Different fiber sources have different fiber compositions and fermentation properties that affect the microbial compositins and SCFAs production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

238 Impact of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio in Diets Containing 20% Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles fed to Growing-Finishing Pigs

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp to Lys ratio in diets containing a moderately high level (20%) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing-finishing pigs. A total of 2,232 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.41 kg ± 0.53 kg] were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 4 dietary treatments (18 pens/treatment; 31 pigs/pen, mixed gender) and fed experimental diets for 15 wk in a 6-phase feeding program. The level of SID Trp/Lys in each treatment was formulated to 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, and was manipulated by crystalline Trp inclusion. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained equal provisions of SID Lys, sulfur containing amino acids, Thr, and Ile. Diets met or exceeded NRC (2012) estimated nutrient requirements. The levels of SID Thr/Lys (0.65 – 0.70 from grower to finisher) and SID Ile/Lys (0.60 – 0.62 from grower to finisher) were adjusted to a greater level to accommodate the potential negative effects of greater levels of fiber and Leu, respectively, from the inclusion of DDGS. Results were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of SID Trp/Lys and the random effect of body weight block. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary SID Trp/Lys (Table 1). Results indicated that increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets containing 20% corn DDGS improved final body weight (FBW) in a quadratic pattern (128.67, 130.61, 130.83, and 130.37 kg, for diets formulated to SID Trp/Lys at 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, P < 0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was quadratically increased with increasing SID Trp/Lys (2.51, 2.57, 2.60, and 2.57 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.05). A linear tendency was observed on average daily gain (ADG) with increasing SID Trp/Lys (0.96, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.10). In summary, increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets with moderately high levels of corn DDGS improved FBW and ADFI in a quadratic pattern and tended to increase ADG linearly.

Effects of bacterial β-mannanase on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in various feedstuffs fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal. A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS. Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs. This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal in Pekin duck diets based on its predicted AME and the evaluated standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids

The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) levels on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (SIDAA) in Pekin ducks aged 11 to 42 d based on the evaluation of its SIDAA. A total of 560 eleven-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen based on the average body weight. Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis to produce diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS, respectively. With increasing of dietary DDGS levels, a linear and quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the body weight (BW) at d 42, average day gain (ADG) and average day feed intake (ADFI) from d 11 to 42, breast meat yield, the moisture and protein content in the breast meat, and dietary DM and EE utilization. Moreover, a linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the b* value of the breast meat and serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Compared with the control group, the group with 10% inclusion of DDGS exhibited no adverse effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and the SIDAA of the diets (P > 0.05). These results suggested that 10% of corn DDGS can function as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal, and the optimal levels of DDGS in the diets of ducks aged from 11 to 42 d depends more on its quality.

168 Evaluation of Increasing Dietary Threonine to Lysine Ratio in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets with and Without Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initial BW 35.1 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio in diets with and without DDGS on growth performance. Pigs were assigned to pens (27 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design by BW with 20 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of dietary Thr level (Normal vs High) and DDGS (with or without). Treatment diets were formulated in 4 phases from 35 to 57, 57 to 82, 82 to 105, and 105 to 136 kg BW. Diets with high DDGS were formulated to include 40% DDGS in phase 1 and 2, 30% in phase 3, and 15% in phase 4. Normal Thr diets were formulated to contain 61, 62, 63, and 65% SID Thr:Lys ratios for the 4 dietary phases, respectively. High Thr diets had SID Thr:Lys ratios of 67, 68, 69 and 72%, respectively. There were no (P&amp;gt;0.10) DDGS×Thr interactions. For the overall period (d 0 to 112), pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) ADG and BW, and reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.001) ADFI leading to improved (P &amp;lt; 0.001) G:F. There was no evidence for difference (P &amp;gt; 0.10) between diets with normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio regardless of DDGS inclusion. In summary, the addition of high levels of DDGS reduced ADG and increased ADFI, which resulted in poorer G:F and lighter final BW, regardless of the dietary SID Thr:Lys ratio. These results indicate that addition of an insoluble fiber source, such as corn DDGS, does not increase the Thr:Lys requirement of finishing pigs.

Evaluation of increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratio in corn-soybean meal diets without and with distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is commonly available and often can lower diet cost for swine diets. This corn co-product is recognized to be a source of dietary insoluble fiber, which can not only increase the villous length of the gut mucosa but also increase intestinal production of mucin. Mucin structure, functions, and synthesis are correlated to Thr intake; consequently, the dietary Thr level may need to be increased when feeding an insoluble fiber source such as corn-DDGS. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if feeding standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr:Lys ratio at or above the estimated requirement in diets without and with DDGS would influence growth performance in finishing pigs. A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1,050; initially 35.1 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (27 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design by body weight (BW) with 20 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to one of four dietary treatments that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of dietary Thr level (normal vs. high) and DDGS (without or with). Treatment diets were formulated in four phases from 34 to 57, 57 to 79, 79 to 104, and 104 to 130 kg BW. Diets with high DDGS were formulated to include 40% DDGS in phases 1 and 2, 30% in phase 3, and 15% in phase 4. The normal Thr diets were formulated to contain 61%, 62%, 63%, and 65% SID Thr:Lys ratios for the four dietary phases, respectively. High Thr diets had SID Thr:Lys ratios of 67%, 68%, 69%, and 72%, respectively. There were no interactions (P > 0.10) observed in any phase or overall between Thr level and added DDGS. For the overall period (day 0 to 112), pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P < 0.001) average daily gain (ADG) but reduced (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake (ADFI), leading to increased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency (gain-to-feed ratio [G:F]). There was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) between pigs fed diets formulated at normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio. In summary, feeding high levels of DDGS decreased ADG and increased ADFI, which resulted in decreased G:F and lower final BW, regardless of the dietary SID Thr:Lys ratio level. In the current study, increasing the level of digestible Thr in a diet that contained a highly insoluble fiber source did not increase the growth performance of grow-finish pigs.

Analysis of Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, HT-2, and T-2 Toxins in Animal Feed by LC-MS/MS Using Cleanup with a Multi-Antibody Immunoaffinity Column.

BackgroundRegulations limiting aflatoxin levels in animal feed and guidance values for maximum levels for fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins are in place both to protect animal health and to minimize potential transfer to animal products for human consumption. A multi-mycotoxin method which can handle complex feed matrices such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is essential for analysis and accurate quantification without the need to revert to separately analyze individual mycotoxins.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to generate single laboratory validation data for a method employing a multi-antibody immunoaffinity column (IAC) capable of providing cleanup for eleven mycotoxins, followed by LC–MS/MS quantification without the need for isotopic labelled and matrix-matched standards. The applicability of method is to be demonstrated for corn feed, pig feed, and DDGS by fortification and naturally occurring mycotoxins covering the range of regulated limits.MethodsFeed sample (1 kg) ground by milling to approximately 1–2 mm particle size and sub-sample (5 g) extracted with acetonitrile–water–formic acid, passing through a multi-mycotoxin IAC, washing, and eluting prior to LC–MS/MS analysis monitoring selected ion transitions.ResultsRecoveries were in the range 74 to 117% (excluding five outliers) for aflatoxins, FB1, FB2, DON, OTA, ZON, HT-2, and T2- toxins spiked into three commercial animal feed matrixes (n = 84) and within-day RSDs averaged 1.7 to 10.3% (n = 99).ConclusionSingle laboratory validation of a multi-antibody IAC method coupled with LC–MS/MS has shown the method to be suitable for accurate quantification of eleven regulated mycotoxins in DDGS, pig feed, and poultry feed.HighlightsIAC method capable of accurately quantifying eleven regulated mycotoxins in complex feed matrices.

Increasing dietary proportion of wheat grain in finishing diets containing distillers' grains: impact on nitrogen utilization, ruminal pH, and digestive function.

Because of its high crude protein (CP) content, dietary inclusion of corn dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in finishing cattle diets can increase the ruminal loss of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), which ends up excreted as urine urea-N (UUN). Increasing dietary fermentable energy supply can enhance ruminal use of N; however, it could also lead to acidotic conditions that compromise digestive function and animal performance. We evaluated the effects of partially replacing dietary corn grain with 20% or 40% (dry matter [DM] basis) wheat grain in finishing diets containing 15% corn DDGS on N utilization, ruminal pH, and digestive function. Nutrient intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, route of N excretion, and blood metabolites were measured. Six ruminally fistulated crossbred beef heifers (initial body weight ± SD; 797 ± 58.8 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Dietary treatments were either corn (73% of diet DM; CON), 53:20 corn:wheat blend (20W), or 33:40 corn:wheat blend (40W) as the major fermentable energy source. Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be lower for heifers fed the 40W than CON and 20W diets. Feeding diets containing wheat grain led to an increase (P = 0.04) in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. However, there was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.60) on apparent total tract DM and NDF digestibility. Feeding wheat grain led to a decrease (P ≤ 0.03) in mean and minimum pH, an increase (P = 0.04) in pH < 5.8 duration, and a tendency for an increase in the area and acidosis index for pH < 5.8 and 5.5. Nitrogen intake, which was lower (P = 0.04) for 40W than 20W heifers did not differ between CON and 20W heifers. There was no diet effect (P = 0.80) on ruminal NH3-N concentration and estimated microbial N flow. However, feeding diets containing wheat grain led to a decrease (P = 0.045) in UUN excretion (% total urine N). Fecal and total N excretion (% of N intake) increased (P < 0.01) following the addition of wheat grain to the diet. Apparent N retention was lower (P = 0.03) for 40W than CON and 20W heifers. In summary, although it led to a desirable decrease in UUN excretion, feeding wheat grain in corn DDGS-containing diets increased acidotic conditions in the rumen, which possibly led to the tendency for a decrease in DMI. The negative apparent N retention at the 40% wheat grain inclusion also suggests a decrease in nutrient supply, which could compromise feedlot performance.

Effect of feeding level on the digestibility of alternative protein-rich ingredients for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and individual amino acids (AA) for 13 feed ingredients as affected by feeding level were determined for African catfish, a species of economic importance in Africa. Results from two trials are reported. In each trial, ADC were determined using a reference diet and test diets with yttrium oxide as indicator. Juvenile African catfish (averaging 53.9 g, trial 1; 40.4 g, trial 2) were stocked in tanks connected to a common recirculation aquaculture system. Ingredients tested included hydrolysed feather meal (HFM), fishmeal (FM), insect meal (IM), soybean meal (SBM), sunflower meal (SFM), poultry meal (PM), corn dried distillers grains with solubles (CDDGS), faba beans (FB), lupine meal (LM), pea protein (PP), guar meal (GM), canola meal (CM) and yeast meal (YM). The effect of feeding level on ADC was determined by feeding fish restrictively (80% satiation) for 5 weeks and subsequently to apparent satiation for 2 weeks. Inclusion of yeast meal at 30% resulted in low palatability. ADC of nutrients were significantly affected by feeding level (except for fat and carbohydrate), but the effect was ingredient-dependent. African catfish was able to digest protein very effectively in almost all tested ingredients with ADC values ranging from 85.6 to 105.1% across feeding periods. Several ingredients tested, including animal protein ingredients and YM had similar high ADC for dry matter as FM. However, the ADC of AA differ among ingredients, indicating a need for digestible amino acid profile data. Methionine (Met) was the first limiting essential amino acid in HFM, FB, and LM with values ranging from 5−6 g/kg, expressed as digestible Met (dMet) per unit of digestible protein (DP), compared to FM (27 g dMet/kg DP). IM had comparable and sometimes higher overall digestible essential AA values compared to FM, except for methionine and lysine. For oilseeds and legumes, SBM tended to be the best quality AA source, as it had the highest digestible essential amino acid profile. These data provide information concerning nutrient and digestible AA values, which will allow a more efficient use of alternative ingredients in African catfish diets. Formulating diets based on the digestible AA in ingredients will aid precise feed formulation, thereby minimising economic losses and reducing the environmental footprint of aquaculture production.

Efficacy of corn dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement for soybean meal in Boer-cross goat finishing diets

Due to increased use of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal feed and accessibility of ethanol plants in the Midwest, the effect of feeding DDGS in place of soybean meal (SBM) on growth, economics, carcass characteristics, backfat fatty acid profiles, and fecal microbiome of Boer-cross goats was evaluated. Forty-eight Boer-cross goats (approximately 70 d of age; 28.21 ± 0.96 kg) were blocked by BW and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments were 0 %, 33 %, 66 %, or 100 % DDGS replacing SBM, equating to the inclusion of 0 % (0DDGS), 10.3 % (10DDGS), 20.5 % (20DDGS), or 31.1 % (30DDGS) DDGS in the total diet. The inclusion rates of corn and soybean hulls were adjusted to maintain isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Goats were provided ad libitum access to feed and water for 47 d. There were 3 goats/pen and 4 pens/treatment. The inclusion of DDGS linearly improved (P = 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F; P = 0.001), without affecting average daily feed intake (ADFI; P > 0.10) in goats fed DDGS in place of SBM. Feed cost/kg gain decreased (P < 0.0001) with increased inclusion of DDGS, which led to a linear increase in value of gain (P = 0.02) with increased DDGS inclusion. Bacterial and archaeal genera with individual relative abundances greater than 1% in feces that were impacted by 30DDGS were increased Ruminococcus and Methanobrevibacter (P < 0.01) and decreased Lachnoclostridium (P = 0.02). Ruminococcus and Methanobrevibacter most likely increased in goats fed 30DDGS due to greater amounts of soluble fiber passing through the rumen, thus being fermented in the hindgut. While there were no differences detected in overall percentage of phyla Bacteroidetes (P = 0.36) and Firmicutes (P = 0.12) among treatments; the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes was greater (P = 0.05) in goats fed 30DDGS than those fed 0DDGS. There was no observed impact (P = 0.47) of treatment on β-diversity, although Shannon Index tended to increase (P = 0.09) in goats fed 30DDGS possibly because more soluble fiber was available for fermentation in the hindgut. Polyunsaturated fatty acids over the 12th rib tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.06) with increased DDGS inclusion, yet there was no differences observed in the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio (P = 0.93) or iodine value (P = 0.36) with increased levels of DDGS. Up to 100 % of the SBM in a Boer-cross finishing goat ration can be replaced by corn DDGS with no detectable difference in growth performance, fecal microbial populations, carcass characteristics, or fatty acid profile.

Utilization of distillers dried grains with solubles as a cheaper substrate for sophorolipid production by Rhodotorula babjevae YS3

Sophorolipids (SLs) are a class of glycolipid biosurfactant with excellent surface-active properties, large yields, and appreciable antimicrobial properties. However, their commercial applications remain limited due to high production costs, primarily due to high-priced substrates. Therefore, the present work aims to utilize corn and rice-based distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of the ethanol production industry, as low-cost substrates for cheaper SL production. Maximum SL production was achieved after 72 h of fermentation at 17.81 gL−1 using rice DDGS (SL-R) and 19.27 gL−1 for corn DDGS (SL-C). SL-C and SL-R reduced surface tension (ST) of water to 34 mN m−1 (CMC 120 mg L−1) and 37 mN m−1 (CMC 110 mg L−1), respectively. SL-R and SL-C both exhibited stable surface activity over a wide range of – pH 2.0–12.0, salinity 2.0–12.0% (w/v), and heating time 0–120 min at 120 °C). SL-R exhibited the highest emulsifying activity (E24 100%) against crude oil. Structural characterization using FT-IR, LC-MS, and GC-MS revealed the SLs to be a mixture of acidic and lactonic forms. The SLs also exhibited potential for application as an antimicrobial agent against a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens, confirming its potential for biomedical applications. The results highlight the application of DDGS as a substrate for SL production, which is cheap and readily available, thereby lowering production costs (about $1.5 kg−1 of SL). In comparison to previous studies, we claim that this production process contributed to an almost 50% reduction in production costs.

Determination of in vitro dry matter, protein, and fiber digestibility and fermentability of novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants.

New processes are being used in some dry-grind ethanol plants in the United States and Brazil to improve ethanol yield and efficiency of production while also providing nutritionally enhanced corn coproducts compared with conventional corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 5 conventional corn DDGS sources and 10 emerging novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants, and compare coproducts produced using similar processes in the United States and Brazil. Chemical composition, on a dry matter (DM) basis, among the 15 coproducts ranged from 18.5% to 54.7% for crude protein (CP), 12.3% to 51.4% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 1.6% to 8.6% for acid detergent fiber, 4.7% to 12.3% for ether extract, and 1.6% to 8.6% for ash. For swine, in vitro hydrolysis of DM and CP were greater (P < 0.01) for the three U.S. corn DDGS sources compared with the two Brazilian corn DDGS sources, but in vitro fermentability of DM was comparable (P > 0.05) among all sources except one U.S. DDGS source that had less fermentable DM. High-protein and yeast dried distillers grains (Ultramax, UM; StillPro, SP) coproducts also had comparable (P > 0.05) DM fermentability for swine, but UM coproducts had greater (P < 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis compared with SP. High-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from Brazil had greater (P < 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis, but less (P < 0.01) DM fermentability for swine than HP-DDG produced in the United States, using the same process. For ruminants, total DM digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in conventional DDGS sources from the United States compared with the two DDGS sources from Brazil. Total protein digestibility for ruminants was comparable and above 81% for all coproducts except for a DDGS source from Brazil, a HP-DDG source from the United States, and a UM sample. Interestingly, the corn fiber + solubles coproduct had not only relatively high digestibility of NDF (67.9%), DM (91.6%), and total CP (81.9%) for ruminants, but it also had relatively high total tract digestibility of DM (86.2%) and CP (69.9%) for swine. These results suggest that nutrient digestibility of conventional DDGS sources produced in the United States appear to be greater than corn Brazilian DDGS sources, but new process technologies being implemented in ethanol and coproduct production in both countries can enhance the nutritional value of corn coproducts for both swine and ruminants.

Evaluation of Enogen Feed Corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.

Enogen Feed Corn (EFC; Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) hybrids contain a trait for expression of heat-stable α-amylase in the grain. α-Amylase is an enzyme responsible for breakdown of starch in the small intestine; supplementation of exogenous α-amylase to pigs may result in greater starch digestibility and thus improved gain efficiency. A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 × 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were utilized in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn (CONV) with EFC in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments balancing for initial body weight. There were nine pens per treatment with eight pigs per pen (an equal number of barrows and gilts per pen). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of corn source (CONV or EFC) and DDGS (0% or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in three phases: days 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On day 82, pigs were transported to a commercial abattoir for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no corn source by DDGS interactions (P > 0.05) observed for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P < 0.089) for pigs fed EFC than CONV with no evidence (P > 0.196) for difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed ratio (G:F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS decreased (P < 0.047) overall ADG and G:F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P < 0.071) HCW, less (P < 0.050) backfat depth, greater (P < 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P < 0.020) percentage lean and carcass fat iodine value (IV). In summary, addition of 25% DDGS to the diet decreased ADG and increased carcass fat IV. Pigs fed EFC tended to have improved overall ADG; however, G:F and carcass characteristics were not different between corn sources. These results suggest that EFC, although not beneficial, may be used as a substitute for CONV without any deleterious effects on growth performance. Further research should be conducted to understand whether addition of EFC to swine diets could be beneficial in younger pigs exhibiting decreased pancreatic α-amylase secretion following weaning or whether heat treatment of diets, such as pelleting, may influence the response to EFC.

Production performance and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows fed supplemental blends of rumen undegradable protein and rumen-protected amino acids in low- compared with high-protein diets containing corn distillers grains

Feeding corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in low crude protein (CP) diets could limit N waste in lactating cows. However, it also could possibly reduce metabolizable AA supply, especially Lys, and compromise milk production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding supplemental blends of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and rumen-protected (RP) AA in a low compared with high CP diet containing corn DDGS on milk production and selected measures of N utilization. Six multiparous Holstein cows (619.3 ± 49.8 kg of body weight; 26.8 ± 6.2 d in milk) were subjected to a split-plot, 3 × 3 Latin square design (21-d periods) with dietary CP content [low (14.6%; LP) or high (16.6%; HP)] as the whole-plot factor, and blend of RUP and RP-AA [control (CON), no supplement; blend A (0.11 kg/cow per d); or blend B (0.45 kg/cow per d)] as the sub-plot factor. All diets contained 10% corn DDGS; blends of RUP and RP-AA were top-dressed during morning feeding. There was no dietary CP content × supplemental blend interaction for all measured variables. Nutrient (dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and CP), milk and milk component yields, and feed and apparent N efficiency did not differ for cows fed the low- compared with the high-protein diet. However, apparent total-tract CP digestibility, blood and milk urea-N concentrations, and urinary excretion (g/d) of N and urea-N were lower for cows fed the low-protein compared with the high-protein diet. There was no supplemental blend effect on nutrient intake and apparent total-tract digestibility, and milk and milk component yields. Except for a tendency for total urinary purine derivative excretion and microbial N flow to be lower for cows fed blend B compared with CON but not blend A, there was no supplemental blend effect on measures of N utilization. Both dietary CP content and supplemental blend of RUP and RP-AA had a marginal effect on the plasma free AA profile. In summary, reducing dietary CP content in diets containing corn DDGS had no effect on lactation performance, possibly accounting for the lack of a positive response following the provision of supplemental blends of RUP and RP-AA. However, reducing dietary CP content resulted in a decrease in blood and milk urea-N concentrations, and urinary excretion of N and urea-N, suggestive of an improvement in the efficiency of N use.

Ammonia fiber expansion increases in vitro digestibility and fermentability of corn distillers dried grains with solubles with or without carbohydrases

A significant portion of gross energy (GE) in corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is indigestible by non-ruminants, and the impact of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) on improving GE digestibility is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of AFEX and enzymes on crystallinity index and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) degradation in DDGS using a porcine in vitro fermentation system. Two sources of DDGS samples (ICM and POET) were pretreated with liquid ammonia at 100 °C and 2069 kPa for 30 min. The DDGS samples with or without AFEX pretreatment were predigested with pepsin and pancreatin with or without carbohydrases (1500 U/g xylanase, 1100 U/g β-glucanase, 110 U/g mannanase, and 35 U/g galactosidase). Residues were then subjected to in vitro fermentation (directly inoculating DDGS samples with fecal inocula) and accumulated gas production recorded up to 72 h. Concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in the fermented solution. On a dry matter (DM) basis, non-protein nitrogen was increased by 20.8 g/kg, and aNDF was decreased by 146 g/kg in corn DDGS after AFEX pretreatment. Pretreatment with AFEX decreased the crystallinity index of fiber in DDGS from about 15 to 0 %, increased (P < 0.01) fermentability of DM and aNDF, and decreased (P < 0.01) unfermented aNDF content after in vitro fermentation for 12 and 72 h. The AFEX pretreated DDGS had greater (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibility of DM and GE, greater production of acetic acid and total SCFA (DM enzymatic hydrolyzed residue basis), greater in vitro digested GE (GE × IVDGE, GE) and digestible energy (GE + energy derived from SCFA) compared with DDGS without pretreatment. Carbohydrase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibility of GE and DM in AFEX treated POET but not in ICM DDGS. In conclusion, AFEX pretreatment decreased the crystallinity index of fiber and improved the in vitro digestibility and fermentability of corn DDGS.

Does the length of time dried distillers' grain with solubles substitution for soybean meal affect physiological indicators and meat quality in finishing lambs?

This study examined how inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in finishing lamb diets for different periods affects some physiological indicators and meat quality. A total of 40 male lambs were divided into four groups according to feeding regimen during the 120-day finishing period as follows: C120: no DDGS included in diet for 120days; D120: DDGS included in diet for 120days; D75: no DDGS included in diet for 45days+DDGS included in diet for 75days; D45: no DDGS included in diet for 75days+DDGS included in diet for 45days. Dietary inclusion rate of DDGS was 27.5%. Fattening performance and rumen parameters were not affected by treatment. Feeding regimens had no significant effect on meat quality except the instrumental tenderness and juiciness score. DDGS fed lambs had higher level of total trans fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio in meat. 10t-C18:1, 11t-C18:1 and 9c,11t conjugated linoleic acid contents of adipose tissue were higher in all the DDGS groups compared with C120 lambs (p<.001). These results suggest that soybean meal can be replaced with corn DDGS in lamb diets for up to 120days during the finishing period with no adverse effects on some physiological response feedlot performance and meat quality.

PSVIII-1 Determination of in vitro DM, N and NDF digestibility and fermentability in novel corn co-products for swine

Abstract New process technologies are being implemented in the ethanol industry resulting in new high protein corn co-products (HPCP) containing more gross energy and amino acids than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Thus, estimates of nutrient digestibility for HPCP are needed to assess potential feeding value for swine. Furthermore, yellow dent corn is the predominant grain source in U.S. ethanol and co-product production whereas flint corn is used in Brazil. This study determined and compared in vitro dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and fermentability of U.S. and Brazil corn DDGS and new HPCP. In vitro methods evaluated DM, N, and NDF digestibility and fermentability of 2 corn DDGS samples from U.S. (POET and ICM), 2 DDGS samples from Brazil (BR1 and BR2), 1 corn fiber and solubles sample (CF+S), 3 high protein distillers grains (HP-DDG) samples (BR-HP, US-HP, US-HPG1.5), and 2 HP-DDG samples containing high yeast (Ultramax; UM) and StillPro (SP). Digestibility of DM from hydrolysis varied and was greatest for UM (87.13%; P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. Fermentability of DM was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and similar for UM (85.6%), SP (76.8%), and US-HP-DDG (72.8%) compared with other co-products. Digestibility of N was greater for UM (91.2%; P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. NDF digestibility was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001) for UM (62.5%) and SP (60.5%) compared with all other co-products. POET and ICM DDGS had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001) DM hydrolysis (78.7% and 68.2%, respectively), than BR1 (37.2%) and BR2 (35.0%) and N digestibility (POET = 65.0%; ICM = 58.9%) compared with BR1 (54.4%) and BR2 (43.4%). These results suggest greater nutritional value for Ultramax and StillPro than conventional DDGS and HP-DDG sources (U.S. and Brazilian) due to greater DM, N, and NDF digestibility.

PSIV-19 Evaluation of Enogen® high amylase corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

Abstract A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were used in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn with high amylase corn (Enogen®, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 corn sources (yellow dent or high amylase) and 2 levels of DDGS (0 or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in 3 phases: d 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. There were 9 pens/treatment each containing an equal number of barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On d 82, pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no interactions (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between corn source and DDGS inclusion for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P &amp;lt; 0.089) for pigs fed high amylase than yellow dent corn with no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.196) for difference in feed intake, feed efficiency (G/F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS resulted in decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.037) overall ADG and G/F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P &amp;lt; 0.071) HCW, less (P &amp;lt; 0.050) backfat, greater (P &amp;lt; 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.020) percentage lean and iodine values. In summary, high amylase corn tended to improve overall ADG; however, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were unchanged between corn sources. Consistent with previous research, addition of DDGS decreased ADG and increased IV.