Corn Culture Research Articles

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF COCCINELID SPECIES (COLEOPTERA - COCCINELIDAE) FROM APPLE, CORN AND CABBAGE CROPS

The observations were made in 2020 in cabbage and corn crops as well as in some apple plantations in two stationary. In the Ezareni stationary belonging to the Didactic Station of USV Iasi, the experimental plots were selected for the corn culture, and in the Vasile Adamachi farm belonging to the Iasi Didactic Station, traps were placed in the cabbage crop as well as in the apple orchard.To collect the biological material, the soil traps- type Barber, were used the wet type traps in which was used a 20% NaCl solution.From the collected material, the species of coccinellids were selected and determined with the help of Reitter, Gâdei P., etc. determinants book , or source of internet sites.The most frequently collected coccinelid species were: Coccinella septempunctata, Propylea quatardecimquttata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia variegata.

Preliminary observations on the food availability and diet composition of the Romanian hamster Mesocricetus newtoni (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

The Romanian hamster Mesocricetus newtoni is endemic to South-Eastern Romania (Dobruja region) and North-Eastern Bulgaria, and prefers steppic, arid, uncultivated habitats, but is also found in alfalfa fields, less often in corn cultures and field-protecting vegetation belts. Previous studies provide only limited data regarding the diet of this cryptic species. The diet of one family group (one female and four pups) was monitored for 10 days, during the vernal season. The data was collected using camera traps and direct observations, supplemented by photos. Plants were identified at the species level. A vegetation survey was performed in a radius of 25 m2 around the burrows using the pratological method, estimating a percentage of each plant species present in the habitat. A number of 16 plants were identified as part of the diet of the Romanian hamster, mostly herbaceous species within the Brassicaceae family. According to the observations, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae) and Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) were consumed most frequently, followed by Descurainia sophia (Brassicaceae), Sisymbrium orientale (Brassicaceae), Medicago minima (Fabaceae) and Buglossoides arvense (Boraginaceae). In the studied area, 38 plant taxa were determined and characterized as ruderal and segetal (weeds of arable land) plants, mostly native to Eurasia. The purpose of this study is to provide novel data on the diet composition of the Romanian hamster in accordance with plant taxa availability and to emphasize the importance of conservation measures of its preferred habitats, which are crucial to the survival of the species.

Study of the plant growth-promoting capacity of Pseudomonas putida 1046 in a model plant system

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a microbial community that exerts growth-promoting capabilities in plants by various mechanisms. Among the PGPR genera, Pseudomonas spp. deserves special attention. It is due to its characteristic traits, like the production of phytohormones and siderophores, solubilization of minerals and phosphates, and plant protection from biotic and abiotic stress. These PGPR properties depend on the microorganism and its plant counterpart. The use of microbial strains as bioinoculants must consider the physiological and economic aspects of the process, and the plant growth stimulating effect has to be checked and proved. This study aimed to explore the PGP capacity of Pseudomonas putida 1046 strain in a model plant system of the economically important corn culture (Zea mays). The effect of the strain’s metabolic status on the plant germination capacity was evaluated. Bacterial cultures, grown 16 h and 48 h, were explored for the treatment of the corn seeds at three experimental concentrations: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%, and monitoring of their germination capacity through the growth indicators length of the radicle, length of the coleoptile, and the number of lateral roots. The data obtained outline the positive effect of Pseudomonas putida 1046 on the germination capacity of corn when applied at 0.2% concentration. The in vitro treatment of the model plants with 0.2% suspension resulted in a 22.87%–28.33% increase in the length of the radicle, a 35.96%–49.56% increase in the length of the coleoptile, and a 5.41–16.67% increase in the number of the lateral roots. High values of the vigour index (2125 for 16 h and 2721 for 48 h culture) were also registered. The strain’s ability to produce siderophores of hydroximate type and exhibit phosphate solubilizing activity is proved. The optimal treatment parameters of the corn seeds comprise the application of 0.2% suspension of 16 h grown Pseudomonas putida 1046 strain for five days.

Response of Zea Mays L to Tillage and Urea Fertilizer

The purpose of cultivation intensity and using kind Urea mature as an activity in corn culture creates the best environmental to plant growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Sempaja village-Samarinda district. Randomized Split-Plot Design analysis in Randomized Block Design was used with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consist of two method of tillage (no tillage and conventional tillage) and two kind of urea mature (without Urea, Prill Urea and Briket Urea). The result showed that combination with conventional tillage method and briket urea give significantly effect on plant growth, yield components, and yield of corn.

Metabolismo de nitrogênio em plantas de milho submetidas à deficiencia hidrica, brassinosteróides e azospirillum

Abstract The water deficit in particular, reduces the productivity of vegetable crops. To minimize these harmful effects on agriculture, several agronomic and physiological practices are being studied, such as the use of bacteria and water stress attenuators, such as brassinosteroids. Considering the socioeconomic relevance of corn culture and its sensitivity when exposed to water deficit, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the action of brassinosteroids and azospirillum on nitrogen metabolism in corn plants subjected to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a period of 47 days, with corn plants, using the hybrid K9606 VIP3. The design was completely randomized, in a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, with six replications. The first factor corresponds to two water regimes (presence and absence of water deficit). The second corresponds to inoculation via seed of Azospirillum brasiliense and absence of inoculation. And the third corresponds to the application of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μM). Were determined Nitrate; nitrate reductase; free ammonium; total soluble aminoacids; soluble proteins; proline; glycine betaine and glutamine synthetase. The lack of water in plants provided a reduction in the protein and nitrate reductase contents, in leaves and roots. For ammonium, plants with water deficit inoculated at a concentration of 0.3 μM, obtained an increase of 7.16 (70.26%) and 13.89 (77.04%) mmol NH4 + .Kg-1. DM (Dry mass) on the leaf and root respectively. The water deficit in the soil provided significant increases in the concentrations of glycine betaine, nitrate, proline and aminoacids, both in the leaves and in the roots of the corn plants. On the other hand, the contents of glutamine synthetase had a reduction in both leaves and roots.

MANAGEMENT OF CORN CICADA WITH BIOINSUMOS A BASE OF FUNGUS (BEAUVERIA BASSIANA)

Bioinsumos are governed by Federal Decree no. 10. 375 of May 26, 2020, which uses in its attributions, bioinsumption is considered the product, process or technology of plant, animal or microbial origin, intended for use in the production, storage and processing of agricultural products, in aquatic production systems or planted forests, which positively interfere in the growth, development and response mechanism of animals, plants, microorganisms and derived substances and that interact with products and physicochemical and biological processes. The bioinputs compatibility test was performed using the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., strain PL63 (minimum of 1 x 108 viable conidia/ge and Isaria fumosorosea CEPA ESALQ-1296 (min. of 2.5 x 109 viable conidia/mL) at a dose of (500 gr/ha) associated with the insecticide based on Bifenthrin + Carbosulfan (600 mL/ha). In the field, the experiment was conducted in Sitio Santa Maria in the Municipality of Bandeirantes-PR located between the coordinates 50º37'63" WO and 23º15'79" S. Data collection was performed over a period of 4 months, with 1 crop in the management of corn culture. Soil analysis was performed (0 to 20 cm depth). The work for the evaluation of the fungus and insecticide, being carried out in the field, when the plants presented in the phase V2, V4, V6. The evaluations took place at 3, 7, 10, 14 days, after each application, total area considered (m2). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with 4 repetitions, with 15.75 m² plots (2.25 x 7) and spacing of 45 centimeters between rows, constituting 6 treatments, totaling 24 plots.

Acuminatums E and F, two new cyclic lipopeptides from Fusarium lateritium HU0053 and their antifungal activity

Two new cyclic lipopeptides, acuminatums E (1) and F (2), together with four known cyclic lipopeptides, acuminatums A–D (3–6) were isolated from the corn culture of endophytic Fusarium lateritium HU0053. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and advanced Marfey's amino acid analysis. All compounds were found to exhibit antifungal activities against Penicillium digitatum. Acuminatum F (2), a new cyclic lipopeptide containing an unusual 3, 4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine unit exhibited the strongest antifungal activities with inhibition zone of 6.5 mm at the dose of 6.25 μg. Therefore, acuminatum F might be a potential environmental-friendly preservative for citrus fruits.

Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in different temperatures

Growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, used as an inoculant in corn culture, can be severely affected by the exposure temperature, with a lethal effect above 35°C, when cultivated alone under laboratory conditions. Such effects may limit the associative interaction between plant-bacteria, with reduced inoculation efficiency, resulting in a lower growth rate of the plant and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of the inoculation process with A. brasilense in seeds and in the initial growth of seedlings of two corn cultivars submitted to different temperatures. Were utilized corn hybrids seed Syn 488 and Syn 505. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (with and without inoculation of A. brasilense x 4 sowing temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35ºC), with four replications. The inoculation efficiency in corn seedlings submitted to different temperatures was evaluated through the following tests: germination, first count, seedling length and dry weight. In addition, responses at the biochemical level of the interaction (temperatures x inoculation) for the content of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense changed the morphological and biochemical responses of corn seedlings, and the inoculation process was efficient for all temperatures tested. The best results were under temperatures 25, 30, and 35°C. Plant and bacteria when exposed to temperature conditions (30°C inoculated) showed a significant increase in plant biomass and activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The Importance of Nitrogen in Corn Culture

Corn is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world and is used for various purposes and its production is linked to its economic importance, requiring the use of means and methods that enable the increase of its production, and one of them is fertilization with nitrogen. The objective of this work is to carry out a brief literature review on the importance of nitrogen for the corn crop, highlighting the benefits of its use and the need for its use in the crop. Plants need many nutrients for their development, and nitrogen is one of the main nutrients, being important for many chemical and physical functions in the plant. In addition, nitrogen is necessary in the corn crop, as it is a nutrient that is required in large amounts and has a great impact on crop production. Nitrogen has many benefits in the corn crop, as it is essential to the plant and to many crops, providing benefits throughout the plant, ensuring an increase in production components. However, the importance of nitrogen in the crop, refers to the plant, its use in the corn crop and the benefits provided, which generate positive results for its use, increasing various components of crop production, demonstrating that it is important for the crop, in its development and in the increase of maize productivity. Thus, it is noted that nitrogen is very important for the development of corn, composes several chemical and physical functions of the plant, it is necessary in the corn crop due to its requirement, provides many benefits to the crop, increasing production components and has many good results with its use in corn.

Application Technology in the use of Correctives in Corn Culture

Corn is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world and is used for various purposes and its production is linked to its economic importance, requiring the use of means and methods that enable the increase of its production and one of them is the correction of the ground. The objective of this work is to carry out a brief literature review on the application technology in the use of correctives in the corn crop, highlighting the benefits of its use and the need for its use in the crop. The present study was developed based on a literature review and relevant research on the technology of application of correctives in corn crop, highlighting the benefits of its use and the need for its use in corn crop. Agriculture went through a long development, improving its production system and application technology came with one of the alternatives helping to maintain and improve soil quality, enabling the application of correctives in the soil with greater efficiency. The need for soil correction has to do with the relationship between the plant and the soil, highlighting the acidity, which in many cases is a problem for the cultivation of crops. The use of correctives to correct soil acidity brings many benefits to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, reduces fertilizer losses caused by leaching, provides calcium and magnesium to the soil adjusting the soil profile so that plants can benefit from available nutrients. Thus, application technology is essential for the corn crop and for the entire production system, even more in the application of correctives, as acidity is one of the causes of yield limitations. Thus, application technology favors soil correction, ensuring the benefits provided by proper application, becoming a means of increasing crop productivity and corn as well, due to the various productive aspects provided by the correct application in the soil.

Fipronil biodegradation and metabolization by Bacillus megaterium strain E1

AbstractBACKGROUNDFipronil is a broad‐spectrum insecticide that is used extensively due to its effective action in pest control. However, environmental studies have shown it has high toxicity towards non‐target organisms as well. In addition, the degradation of fipronil can generate even more toxic and reactive metabolites in the environment. In the present study, bioprospecting for bacteria with the potential to degrade fipronil was performed using fipronil as the sole source of nitrogen and main source of carbon. From samples of corn culture soil with a history of fipronil application, isolation was performed using the microcosm enrichment method.RESULTSBacteria were isolated using fipronil (0.6 g L−1) as the sole nitrogen source and main carbon source. After preliminary tests, isolate E1 was selected and, following sequencing of 16S rRNA, it was found that the isolate E1 was a bacterium of the Bacillaceae family, Bacillus megaterium species. Growth was evaluated by dry biomass and degradation quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Strain E1 presented a 94% degradation of fipronil, as well as 91% and 96% degradation of its metabolites fipronil‐sulfide and fipronil‐sulfone, respectively, in 14 days, reducing its initial concentration from 0.6 g L−1 to 0.036 mg L−1.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that bioprospecting of the E1 strain, isolated from soil, showed efficiency in the biodegradation process of fipronil. This strain is a potential candidate for use in bioremediation processes in areas contaminated with fipronil and for use in further studies on the elucidation of the metabolic pathways of fipronil degradation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Production and quality of corn silage with forage and pigeon peas in a crop-livestock system

The objective of this study was to evaluate maize in consortium with forage in a crop-livestock system for silage production, with subsequent formation of pasture. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks, with four replications, two types of corn cultivation, intercropped with two Brachiaria species (marandu grass and convert grass), and with and without intercropping with the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) BRS Mandarin. Dry matter productivity, the morphological composition of the corn, the botanical composition of the Brachiaria and pigeon peas, and the bromatological composition of the silage and Brachiaria were evaluated, as well as the losses caused by effluents. The consortia did not interfere with the productivity of corn for silage, and the silage from the consortium with pigeon peas exhibited a higher concentration of crude protein, demonstrating that the modality of the integrated agricultural production system of corn culture with Brachiaria and pigeon peas is an alternative to increase the protein content of the ensiled material and provide greater diversity of the remaining forage.

Enrichment of deoxynivalenol and establishment of online early warning treatment system for drinking water

AbstractAn online monitoring and early warning system was established to detect drinking water pollution from deoxynivalenol (DON). Flow injection chemiluminescence was selected as online monitoring tool for its low detection limit, fast detection process and broad linear range. The toxigenic strain of Fusarium graminearum (GDMCC3.507, freeze‐dried powder) was incubated and grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium under constant temperature of 26 °C for 5 days. Different culture conditions were investigated to determine the most suitable conditions to culture the fungi and enrich DON that produced by Fusarium graminearum. Powder activated carbon (PAC) was used to remove DON in drinking water. A dynamic threshold X ± 5SD was established to detect DON in drinking water effectively. Calculation of standard curve indicated that 6 mg DON could be easily extracted from 100 mg corn culture medium. Emergency detoxification was achieved by PAC and the removal rate reached 76% after 50 min of adsorption process. Once the chemiluminescence intensity exceeded the X ± 5SD value of the exact point during the monitoring process, the tap water was estimated to have excessive toxin. The establishment of this emergency system could provide a basis for dealing with sudden pollution of drinking water.

Evaluation of the productivity of the Corn (Zea mays L.) under Organic soil conditioners and mineral in the town of Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Entada abyssinica and Tithonia diversifolia hidden on the ground compared to the NPK (17-17-17), only and in organomineral combination on the growth and the yield corn. The treatments, in three repetitions, consisted of a witness (T0), of five levels of fertilizer contribution: biomasses of E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia, NPK, E. abyssinica +NPK and T diversifolia +NPK. The observations had related to the parameters of growth and production. The results obtained inform that the corn answered positively in the phase of growth under effect of fertilizer indistinctly of their nature (p Tithonia diversifolia +NPK > Entada abyssinica > NPK > Tithonia diversifolia > Temoin (466.42 kg/ha). The application of the biomasses T. diversifolia and E. abyssinica in organo-mineral combination on a corn culture exploits a multiple role physics, the chemistry and the biology of the ground with like consequence an increase in the output of about 2186,91 kg of grains compared to the ground untreated. The biomasses used only also gave good results compared to the witness. Considering the difficulties of accessibility to mineral manure, the use of E. abyssinica and T.diversifolia in an environment as this one would contribute to the promotion of the contribution of this organic matter in the majority of the poor grounds.

Lâminas de irrigação e coberturas vegetais mortas no consórcio entre feijão-caupi e milho

O uso da irrigação em consórcio entre feijão-caupi e milho é uma alternativa rentável para atender a demanda de alimentos. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade do feijão-caupi e milho, cultivados em consórcio, sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e coberturas vegetais mortas. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental da Estação Agrometeorológica, da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), no período de agosto a dezembro de 2018. Utilizou-se o delineamento em bloco casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4, referente a cinco lâminas de irrigação (25%, 50%, 75%, 100% e 125% da evapotranspiração do consórcio - ETc) e quatro tipos de coberturas vegetais mortas (casca de arroz, bagana de carnaúba, mista e sem cobertura), com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se o número e o comprimento de vagens por planta e a produtividade para a cultura do feijão-caupi e o comprimento e massa da espiga com palha e a produtividade para a cultura do milho. O efeito da interação das coberturas vegetais mortas casca de arroz e mista em função das lâminas de irrigação proporcionou aumento significativo no número de vagens por planta, comprimento da espiga, massa da espiga com palha e produtividade das culturas feijão-caupi e milho para as lâminas de irrigação equivalente a 125% da ETc.

Production cost of transgenic corn in the first and second harvest in different regions in Brazil

Corn culture is one of the important economic segments of Brazilian agribusiness. The increase in corn production is related to increased productivity and in the cultivated area. In addition, the variation in productivity in the different Brazilian states is highlighted, which can be explained by the technological level of production. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the production costs of eighteen producing regions to determine the cost of production in the first harvest in three agricultural years and in the second harvest in four agricultural years with transgenic corn, in addition to analyzing the influence of productivity on the cost of production. An exploratory research was carried out with data provided by the Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento. Statistical data were analyzed in the agricultural years of 2018, 2019 and 2020 in eighteen Brazilian municipalities. The region of Chapadão do Sul - MS, in both harvests, obtained the lowest production costs per bag of 60 Kg and per hectare were in Balsas - MA and Santo Ângelo - RS. The highest production costs per bag and per hectare in the 1st harvest were in the cities of Unaí - MG and Boa Vista - RR and the lowest costs per hectare were in Campo Mourão - PR and Sorriso - MT. The highest production costs per bag in the 2nd harvest were in Rio Verde - GO and Ubiratã - PR and per hectare were in Unaí - MG and Campo Mourão - PR.

Response of Corn Seedlings (Zea mays L.) to Different Concentrations of Nitrogen in Absence and Presence of Silicon

Corn plants are highly demanding of nitrogen and the application of silicon has been studied because it minimizes stress from different natures, and for the better utilization of some nutrients by the plants. Thus, the response of the plant to N can be increased by its association with silicon. The present study had the objective to evaluate the dry matter production, accumulation of nitrogen and silicon in the shoots of the plants as well as the physiological variables in corn culture, as a function of nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution in the absence and presence of silicon. Treatments consisted of nitrogen concentrations (1.4, 3.6, 7.1, 14.3, and 28.6 mmol L-1) in the absence and presence (1.8 mmol L-1) of silicon, silicic acid being used as the silicon source, arranged according to a completely random design with four replications. Corn plants (AG 1051) were cultivated in pots (800 mL). At 10 and 20 days after application of the treatments the dark green color index was examined and 21 days after application of the treatment the nitrate reductase activity, accumulation of N and Si, accumulation of proline and dry matter were evaluated. Significant interactions were observed only for dark green color index. Adding silicon resulted in higher N and Si concentrations in the plant shoots, and higher nitrate reductase activity with resulting higher shoot dry mass production, although it did not influence proline content in corn plant leaves.

Effect of weedy culture on population densities, spatial distributions and sampling procedures of Spodoptera exigua and Sesamia cretica (Lep., Noctuidae) in corn fields.

Spodoptera exigua Hübner and Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Noctuidae) are two important pests of corn. In this study, the effect of weed bands in the corn field, as weedy culture, on population density and damages of the pests were evaluated during two growing seasons (2016/2017). Cumulative insect days (CID) of each lepidopteran pest in weedy culture were compared with non-weedy culture. Results showed that CIDs of S. exigua and S. cretica in the non-weedy corn culture were significantly higher than the weedy corn culture. There was no significant difference between the total yield in the weedy and non-weedy cultures. Also, determinations of spatial distributions of the pests in the weedy and no-weedy treatments using Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's patchiness (IP) showed that TPL provides a better fit for the data than IP and spatial distributions of both pests on both cultures were aggregative. Moreover, minor differences were observed between spatial distribution parameters of the pests in the weedy and non-weedy cultures. Green's model was used for developing a fixed-precision sequential sampling plan of the pests on the weedy and no-weedy treatments. Optimum sample sizes of S. exigua ranged from 532 to 5370 and 428 to 5296 plants and S. cretica varied from 297 to 2040 and 43 to 186 plants in the non-weedy and weedy cultures based on the desired precision level (0.25-0.1). Estimated stop lines of non-weedy and weedy cultures for S. exigua ranged from 0.000057 to 52.59 and 0.00029 to 58.87 and for S. cretica ranged from 1.59 to 111.5 and 2.09 to 98.03 larval cumulative numbers, respectively (0.25-0.1). The performance of the sampling plan was validated by resampling analysis using RVSP software. Results of the study can be used in the integrated pest management program of corn fields.

Competitive interaction and economic injury level of Urochloa plantaginea in corn hybrids

ABSTRACT Identifying the competitive ability of corn hybrids and the economic injury level (EIL) caused by Urochloa plantaginea is important for the adoption of integrated management of this weed. This work aims to evaluate the interference and EIL of U. plantaginea infesting corn hybrids. Treatments included the corn hybrids Syngenta Status VIP3, Syngenta SX8394 VIP3, Pioneer P1630H, Pioneer 30F53 YH, and Dow 135021, as well as 12 densities of U. plantaginea for each hybrid. We used a rectangular hyperbolic model to describe the relationship between corn grain productivity loss and the explanatory variables — plant density (PD), dry mass (DM) of the aerial parts, ground cover (GC), and leaf area (LA). EIL was determined using grain productivity, control cost, corn price, and herbicide efficacy. The rectangular hyperbolic model provides a satisfactory estimate of grain productivity loss regarding the interference of U. plantaginea in corn culture. The hybrids Pioneer 30F53 YH and Pioneer P1630H presented better competitiveness and higher EIL. Sowing the hybrids Pioneer P1630H, Pioneer 30F53 YH, and Dow 135021 increased EIL, justifying the adoption of control measures for U. plantaginea at higher densities.

Leaching of the different forms of nitrogen by the application of poultry litter, swine waste, and mineral nitrogen on corn cultures (Zea mays L.)

Leaching of the different forms of nitrogen by the application of poultry litter, swine waste, and mineral nitrogen on corn cultures (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)