Corel Draw Software Research Articles

Optimizing Lasing Parameters for Fabricating an Efficient Flexible Electrothermal Heater Based on Laser-Induced Graphene

This work involved fabrication of an efficient thin film heater from 100 μm thick polyimide (PI) sheet by scribing it using a carbon dioxide lasing machine through optimizing laser power (P), scanning speed (SS), and pulses per inch (PPI). A 15 mm × 15 mm square pattern was designed using CorelDRAW software and scribed in a rastering mode on top of PI with the help of Universal Control Panel (UCP) software of the laser machine. Laser power of 8 %, SS of 4 % and PPI of 1000 were obtained as optimal parameters for producing laser induced graphene (LIG). This LIG exhibited a low sheet resistance of approximately 16.64 Ω/sq and was thermally stable on the PI substrate even after 30 cycles of repeated heating and cooling. The LIG was found to be highly porous with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its structure was crystalline from XRD patterns. FTIR was conducted and showed disappearance of functional groups in PI after treatment with the laser beam. Our developed LIG heater showed great electrothermal performance with maximum temperature of approximately 288.7 °C, rate of temperature rise of 107.06 °Cs-1, and time of 1.85 s to reach 63 % of temperature difference at a low input voltage of 6 V with homogeneous temperature distribution seen in the thermal images taken using FLIR camera. This LIG heating element can be placed in confined spaces because of its flexibility, thinness, and lightness. Additionally, its efficient joule heating effect attracts many applications such as seat warmers, anti-fogging equipment, food shelf displays, etc.

COMPARISON OF FREEWAY SPACE DISTANCE OF WILLIS METHOD WITH DIGITAL PHOTO ANALYSIS METHOD IN BANJAR TRIBE

Background: The face's vertical dimension or vertical height is the distance between two anatomical points, namely the points on the maxilla and mandible. In measuring the vertical dimension, vertical dimensions of rest (DVR) and vertical dimensions of occlusion (DVO) must be measured. The difference between the vertical dimension of rest (DVR) and the vertical dimension of occlusion (DVO) is called the freeway space (FWS) or interocclusal distance. Freeway space is a key requirement for optimal comfort and function of a partial or complete denture. Each individual's freeway space distance is the movement of muscle function, which can be measured by direct methods such as the Willis method using calipers and the digital photo analysis method using computer software. Two measurement methods can be used to measure freeway space distance direct and indirect. Purpose: To analyze the difference between freeway space distance measured by the Willis method and by digital photo analysis of Adobe Photoshop and Corel Draw graphic design software in the Banjar tribe (a review of students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin). Methods: This study is a quantitative study with an analytic observational method and a cross-sectional approach. This study was conducted by collecting data simultaneously at one time by comparing three different methods on the same sample without being given any treatment. Results: One Way ANOVA test is 0.296 (P>0.05) which means there is no significant difference. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the results of measuring freeway space distance using the Willis method with a digital caliper and digital photo analysis with Adobe Photoshop and Corel Draw software.

To Find Out the Effect of Varying the Back Rest Angles on Drivers Posture While in a Static Condition

Abstract : A total of 32 male subjects, with a mean age of 26, were recruited for the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria .Before included in the study , the consent form were taken from all the subjects. They were recruited from different hospitals of Dehradun. 32 male subjects were taken for photographs with car seats adjusted at three different angles. Subjects were asked to assume their comfortable sitting posture, while resting their backs on the car seat, holding the steering wheel and looking directly though the wind shield. Photographs were taken of each subject at three different backrest angles; 110°, 120°, and 130°. Each photo was analyzed using corel-draw software, to calculate the craniovertebral angle, craniohorizontal angle, and sagittal shoulder posture. The result, CHA vs CVA (p=0.001), CVA vs SSP (p=0.045) and SSP vs CHA (p= 0.001) was found to be significant. Similarly, post hoc analysis for multiple comparisons test was applied for 130°. The result, CHA vs CVA (p=0.001), CVA vs SSP (p=0.042) and SSP vs CHA (p=0.001)) was found to be significant.

Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide, MTA, and TheraCal LC in Indirect Pulp Capping in Primary Molars: In Vivo Study.

This investigation aimed to observe the effects of Dycal, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and TheraCal LC, as indirect pulp-capping materials in primary molars. About 75 children with lower primary molars aged between 4 and 7 years suggested for IPC were selected and randomly allocated into: Group I - Dycal, group II - MTA, and group III - TheraCal LC. An immediate postoperative radiograph was taken after the procedure. Recall examination was done after 3 and 6 months for clinical and radiographic assessment. The radiographs were digitized, and the amount of thickness of dentin was assessed using Corel Draw software. The values were tabulated and subjected to paired t-tests and independent t-tests for intra and intergroup analysis, respectively. The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a statistically significant increase in dentin thickness in the first 3 months compared to the 6-month follow-up. At the end of the research phase, TheraCal LC had more tertiary dentin deposited than MTA, followed by Dycal. TheraCal LC can be a reliable indirect pulp-capping agent in primary teeth. Indirect pulp capping (IPC) is a very extensively employed treatment regimen to manage extensive caries. For many decades, calcium hydroxide has been regarded as the benchmark of pulp capping materials. With several advancements in materials for restoration, TheraCal LC a resin-modified, light-cured calcium silicate-filled liner serves as a pulp-capping agent and dentin protector, promoting pulp healing and preserving vitality as an obstacle cum protector of the dental pulp complex. How to cite this article: Thomas NA, Jobe J, Thimmaiah C, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide, MTA, and TheraCal LC in Indirect Pulp Capping in Primary Molars: In Vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):365-371.

PELATIHAN DESAIN GRAFIS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS PADA SISWA SMK TARBIYATUL AULAD MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE COREL DRAW

At this time the computer has many applications that can help work and can increase creativity. Corel Draw is one of the graphic design software used in designing logos, posters, banners, invitations, and advertisements. This training aims to provide insight and knowledge, as well as new skills to students so that students can improve their abilities in the computer field, especially in graphic design and students are able to express their creative ideas in the form of graphic design in the form of posters. Graphic design training was held at SMK Tarbiyatul Aulad. SMK Tarbiyatul Aulad is a Vocational High School with accreditation A, registered with SK number: 08/YAY-TA/I/2012, NPSN number 69758144, located at Kp. Ngamplang Cibodas Village Cikajang District Garut Regency, West Java Province. SMK Tarbiyatul Aulad is under the auspices of Tarbiyatul Aulad Cikajang Foundation. The training activities were attended by 22 students of SMK Tarbiyatul Aulad. The graphic design training provided was in the form of poster making training. After the training, the students can make posters using Corel Draw software.

Assessment of hydrophobic properties of oil-contaminated soils using the «Water Spot» method

The aim of the study was to assess the hydrophobicity degree of oil-contaminated soils using the Water Spot method. Location and time of the study. The study was carried out in 2024 in laboratory conditions with typical chernozem and gray forest soil. Methods. The sieved (2 mm, air-dried and milled soil samples were amended with oil in amounts needed to established the chosen concentration (0, 0,2, 0,5, 1, 3 and 5% on the mass basis). Then hexane and distilled water were added to reduce oil viscosity and increase soil moisture, respectively. After two days of incubating soil, sodium fluorescein solution was added onto the sample surface to visualize spot boundaries. The images were taken in a dark place under the ultraviolet light. To determine the effectiveness of chitosan (as a natural sorbent), a second series of experiments was performed in the same setup, but with chitosan addition, followed with two days incubation. Sodium fluorescein was then applied, and the area of the resulting spot was imaged. The resulted images were processed using the CorelDRAW software and the Microsoft Excel analysis package. Results. Oil contamination of soils usually disturbs the water regime. Increase in petroleum products content from 0,5 to 5% leads to decrease in absorbency and the area of the water spot on the soil surface. After treating the contaminated soil samples with 0,1% chitosan solution, the water spot area increased on average by 43% on the gray forest soil, and by 6% on typical chernozem. With a twofold increase in the concentration of chitosan solution, the water spot area increased on the gray forest soil by an average of 48% and by 46% on typical chernozem. Thus chitosan solution can be used as a sorbent when soil is contaminated with oil products. Conclusions. The water spot method is reproducible, simple, and can be used to assess soil contamination with petroleum products. The results show that with an increase in the degree of pollution, a decrease in the area of the water spot on the soil is observed.

Evaluation of Indirect Pulp Capping Using MTA, Light-cured Calcium Silicate, and Propolis in Primary Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study Using VistaScan.

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), TheraCal LC, and propolis when used as an indirect pulp capping agent in primary teeth over a period of 6 months. A total of 42 primary molar teeth from children aged 4-10 years were chosen for the study. The teeth were divided equally into three groups (group I: MTA, group II: light cured calcium silicate, and group III: propolis). The teeth were followed up clinically and radiographically at 3 and 6 months. The teeth that showed successful treatment outcomes clinically and radiographically were evaluated for the amount of dentin bridge formed at the end of 3 and 6 months, which was measured using CorelDRAW software. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The mean change in dentin thickness from baseline to 3 months in group II was found to be the highest, followed by groups I and III. The mean change in dentin thickness from 3 months to 6 months was highest in group I, followed by groups III and II. The mean change in dentin thickness from baseline to 6 months in group II was found to be significantly higher than that of group I, followed by group III. Clinically and radiographically, all three materials showed favorable outcomes when used as an indirect pulp capping material with significant reparative dentin formation. The highest amount of dentin deposition was recorded with light-cured calcium silicate, followed by MTA and propolis, respectively. Saikia D, Yadav G, Saha S, et al. Evaluation of Indirect Pulp Capping Using MTA, Light-cured Calcium Silicate, and Propolis in Primary Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study Using VistaScan. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):686-691.

Transformation geometry in eleventh grade using digital manipulative batik activities

Learning Transformation Geometry (TG) needs a more informal approach to concern situational problems. This study aims to develop actionable knowledge of TG in the form of design related to context and yet general enough to use digital manipulative activities in new situations. We propose such knowledge in the form of conjectured Local Instructional Theory (LIT) in the framework of design research methodological framework. The designed learning activities were based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) principles and used batik as the context and van Hiele’s mode of geometric thought. In addition, the CorelDraw software is used as a tool to transform batik-making activities into a digital manipulative environment. The design consists of a pre-assessment and four learning activities. The data were analyzed retrospectively in accordance with the HLT. The analysis of the data described above and the justification of the processes during the teaching experiment indicate a compelling trajectory for students learning transformation geometry for this specific context and the prospect for future studies.

Machinability analysis in Drilling Composites and drilling woven GFR/epoxy composites using the SPSS Method

Drilling processes in fiber-reinforced polymer composites Composite structures are essential for assembly and fabrication of parts. The economic impact of rejecting the drilled area, when reaching the assembly stage, it is important to consider the associated loss. Therefore, the motivations in drilling E-Class Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) composites, this explains cutting conditions on torque and wear Feed, speed and pre-drill wear values. Four feeds (0.056, 0.112, 0.22, 0.315, 0.45 mm/rev) and three speeds (6.41, 12.71, 20.25, 32.03, and 50.63 m/min) and five pre-drill wear values and four artificially introduced wears) were used. Values; W = 7, 19, 26, 34 All samples are 8 mm diameter holes Drilled using a cemented carbide drill bit. Current In work, Multi-linear Regression models were used were used, Parameters of mechanical properties are related to: Thrust, torsion, peel-up, delamination, push-out delamination, Drill wear and machining parameters such as surface roughness before: feed and speed. Perforated model has high resolution; Scanning is done using flatbed color scanner, then to estimate the delamination factor, Image analysis was performed using Corel DRAW software. Multi-variable regression analysis significant coefficients of each variable, contribution is made to promotion and elimination. Laminate thickness on torque and displacement factors the results illustrate that there are significant effects. Cronbach's alpha value for the model is 0.924. Speed, Wear, Feed, Ft, T, Del.Peel, Del.Push and Ra. Results: the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is 0.924 which indicates 92% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis

Pelatihan CorelDraw dalam Perancangan Desain Papan Nama

Economic growth in Badung Regency is also due to the role of various Small and Medium Enterprises which are currently starting to grow in Badung Regency. One of the trading businesses in Badung district is the UD Memeri (Trade Business) which is located in Banjar Lebah Sari, Gulingan Village, Badung Regency, Bali Province. The constraints faced by the marketing carried out were, the lack of knowledge of trading business owners about graphic design software for making trading business nameplates and the owner's lack of knowledge in making nameplates. There is no trading business nameplate and trading business logo yet. The solution given to this problem is in the form of graphic design software training for making trade nameplate designs and other designs. This training was conducted for the children of UD Memeri owners. The graphic software used is CoralDraw. Training is carried out starting from installing CorelDraw software, making simple designs, assisting in making nameplate designs, exporting design results, and evaluating them. The evaluation process is carried out based on some of the training that has been carried out by giving questions about making a design with the main assessment being the successful completion of the questions. From the results of the evaluation that has been carried out, the results show that the research conducted has a high level of effectiveness ranging from 78% - 86%.

Flow control in paper-based microfluidic channel by using hydrophobic tape barrier on the paper surface

Paper-based microfluidics offers a simple, cost-effective, and versatile platform for fluid manipulation and analysis. Despite significant advancements in paper fluidics, the flow control in paper channel remains a challenging task. In this regard, we have developed a flow delay channel in paper using rectangular tape patterns on the paper surface. We have investigated the effect of hydrophobic tape barriers with varying widths. The designing and cutting of the hydrophobic tape and paper channel was performed by CO2 laser machine using CorelDraw software. Once cut, the tape barriers were attached to the paper surface and then passed through the roller press machine for proper adhesion of tape pattern onto the paper’s surface. From experiments, we observed that by increasing the width of tape, the delay also increased. The hydrophobic tape on the paper surface caused resistance to the flowing fluid. Due to this surface resistance, flow velocity reduced, and the time delay increased. We believe that our novel approach will provide an alternative method of flow control for paper-based microfluidic devices and can be utilized in various food quality sensors and lateral flow devices.

The Framework of RBL-STEAM Learning Activities: Designing Batik Motifs as Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Rural Economic Development to Improve Students' Historical Literacy

This paper aimed to build the RBL model of teaching activities framework combined with the STEAM approach, specifically by developing batik motifs as cultural heritage and sustainable rural economic development to increase students' historical literacy. This type of research employs a qualitative methodology. The first step in the research process is collecting literature and published papers on creating a framework for research-based learning activities integrated with the STEAM approach. The findings were presented in a table containing six stages, stage 1-6. Each stage is explaining how students learned to design Batik motifs using CorelDraw and Geogebra software while implementing the Research Based Learning Model of teaching with a STEAM approach. The primary finding of these studies relates to the STEAM integrated to the RBL model are to determine STEAM activity in designing batik motifs using Geogebra and CorelDraw software to increase students' historical literacy in described in stage 1-6. This study also included the construction of a test instrument framework for students' historical literacy. The implication is that the learning activities frame are ready to be continued to the development process of RBL-STEM learning materials in improving students' historical literacy in designing batik motifs as cultural heritage and sustainable rural economic development.

Development of Apparel Using Blocks of Phulkari Pattern

India is truly a land of wonders blessed with a myriad of cultures, customs and religions. These cultures have given us some of the best art and craft forms. One such craft is the Indian embroidery, every region in India has its own style of embroidery. A diverse yet distinct testimony of our rich cultural heritage is Phulkari of Punjab. Phulkari is considered as an important part of the trousseau in Punjab. Traditionally Phulkari embroidery were done by hand on a special type of coarser fabric known as ‘khaddar’ with untwisted silk floss called ‘Pat’, but due to some of the reasons like, time consumption &amp; tedious process of manufacturing, usage of coarse fabric, lack of skilled labour, etc., it is not spreading &amp; growing at a broader range. Hence in the present study an attempt was made to develop blocks of phulkari motif for printing of apparels like saree, dupatta, blouse &amp; skirt. The motifs were collected from various sources like internet, books, etc. Selected motifs were developed into blocks by professional artists. The developed Phulkari motifs used for placement on the apparels by using Corel draw software for visual evaluation. All the developed placement of designs were coded &amp; judged by a panel of 30 members. Four most preferred designs from each apparel are selected for final product development. Developed products were evaluated by same panel of members and ranked the product according to obtaining scores. All the developed products were highly accepted &amp; appreciated in the evaluation.

Design of Instagram Comic Strips for Learning Media in Elementary School

Information was obtained based on the writer's interviews with the principal at SD Negeri 1 Rawalo elementary school. During the pandemic, students' interest in learning at SD Negeri 1 Rawaloelementary school was relatively low, especially for grade IV students. Especially for Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Citizenship Education and Indonesian Language. Student interest is low during the pandemic because the learning media is less attractive. The principal wants engagingengaging learning media in the form of comics, such as on Instagram that is easily accessible while studying at home. This media is applied to increase student interest in learning during a pandemic, which must be by the characteristics of the material and learning objectives. Based on this background, the writer was inspired to make a digital comic as a learning medium for elementary school students in grade IV at SD Negeri 1 Rawaloelementary schoolschoolelementary school. The goal is the creation of comic learning media at SD Negeri 1 Rawaloelementary school. The system development method consists of three stages. The pre-production stage, the production stage, and the post-production stage. The pre-production stage, at this stage is a process that includes determining ideas, themes and preparing storyboards. Storyboards are made with two-dimensional images of learning materials. At the production stage, comic character drawings are designed ,given backgrounds and coloring for characters using CorelDraw software. Then at the post production stage, the comic editing process begins using Adobe Photoshop software, starting from setting color balancing, giving shading, merging with comic text, after which the comics are exported and distributed on Instagram. In this research the evaluation of satisfaction learning media was carried out through a questionnaire and the questionnaire was calculated. The results of testing the comic learning media concluded that as many as 79.06%, of and included in the category agree in the application of digital comics as a learning medium for grade IV at SD Negeri 1 Rawaloelementary school. And the post-production stage. The results of testing the comic learning media concluded that as many as 79.06%, of and included in the category agree with the application of digital comics as a learning medium for grade IV at SD Negeri 1 RawaloElementary school. And the post-production stage. The results of testing the comic learning media concluded that as many as 79.06% of and included in the category agree with the application of digital comics as a learning medium for grade IV at SD Negeri 1 RawaloElementary school.

Discrete aggregate analysis of ovoid egg shapes in various bird species

The shape from 16,491 eggs of 472 species of 19 groups of birds was studied. The analysis was carried out by photographing eggs using a specially written software. In parallel, profiles of different ovoids were built in the CorelDRAW software, by articulating circles of different diameters. Comparison of them with the profiles of real bird eggs showed complete identity. During further analysis, we found that the whole variety of shapes fits into a system of discrete aggregates described by the proportions: (a) ±√a±√b)/±√c: (a) ±√2±√1)/±√4 = (0.207; 1.207); (b) ±√3±√1)/±√4 = (0.366; 1.366); (c) ±√4±√1)/±√4 = (0.5; 1.5); (e) ±√5±√1)/±√4 = (0.618; 1.618). These proportions are universal constants of nature, similar to π and e (the base of the natural logarithm). Besides them, we realize another constant in eggs. This is the cross-ratio (or the double ratio or the wurf. The close connection between the shapes of bird eggs and the universal constants of nature allows us to solve the following problems. We therefore suggested that discussed patterns of the geometric model and the resulting form standards will contribute to the unification of egg analysis methods. We also believed that the suggested universal model and constants will resolve the question of quantitative expression of the optimal shape and incubation qualities of eggs.

Effect of Drill Attrition on Machinability in Drilling Woven GFR Epoxy Composites

Drilling processes in fiber-reinforced polymer composites Composite structures are essential for assembly and fabrication of parts. The economic impact of rejecting the drilled area, when reaching the assembly stage It is important to consider the associated loss. Therefore, the motivations in drilling E-Class Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) composites, this explains cutting conditions on torque and wear Feed, speed and pre-drill wear values. Four feeds (0.056, 0.112, 0.22, 0.315, 0.45 mm/rev) and three speeds (6.41, 12.71, 20.25, 32.03, and 50.63 m/min) and five pre-drill wear values and Four artificially introduced wears) were used. Values; W = 7, 19, 26, 34 All samples are 8 mm diameter holes Drilled using a cemented carbide drill bit. Current In work, Multi-linear Regression models were used were used, Parameters of mechanical properties are related to: Thrust, torsion, peel-up, delamination, push-out delamination, Drill wear and machining parameters such as surface roughness before: feed and speed. Perforated model has high resolution; Scanning is done using flatbed color scanner, then to estimate the delamination factor, Image analysis was performed using Corel DRAW software. Multi-variable regression analysis significant coefficients of each variable, contribution is made to promotion and elimination. Laminate thickness on torque and displacement factor the results illustrate that there are significant effects. Cronbach's alpha value for the model is 0.924.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pembelajaran Desain Grafis Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif

Abstract− This study aims to produce a graphic design learning media that is given to class XII students. The media is very effective in providing educational information to students, especially tutorial media. Because tutorial media is a visual interactive media tool to teach students to understand graphic design faster. In addition, at the high school / vocational school level, graphic design lessons have been given, but only use Corel Draw software, even though graphic design itself does not only use Corel Draw software. There are several examples of software used in graphic design, namely Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator. The results of this study obtained a new learning method that is ready to be used to teach graphic design material so that it can increase student motivation in the process of teaching and learning activities

Computer-aided methods for furniture decoration with traditional motifs of textile heritage

The present paper introduces computer-aided methods for the transposition of ornaments inspired from the textile heritage into the surface furniture decoration. Using digital technology, the furniture industry may bring into modern life the traditional motifs, contributing thus to the preservation of the cultural heritage from the region Ţara Bârsei, located in Transylvania. Two motifs inspired by the traditional costumes from South-Eastern Transylvania were digitized using CorelDraw software. They were imported in AutoCAD and the information was transferred both to CNC router and laser equipment. The CNC routing of ornaments was simulated with two types of tools and two processing methods (engraving and carving) using CAD-CAM-CAE software and the models were afterward processed on wood panels by CNC router and laser equipment and then visually analysed, concluding which method and tool is suitable for each type of ornament, so to transpose better the original motif on furniture wood surface.

The shrinking toe sign in gout

ObjectiveTo describe the frequency, clinical presentation and understand the pathophysiology of toe shortenings during urate-lowering treatment (ULT) of gout, a feature we called the shrinking toe sign. MethodsSequential foot photographs and radiographs of 1141 consecutive gouty patients followed-up for at least 6 months under ULT were retrospectively scrutinized. Features from patients with toe shortenings were extracted from anonymized files. Tophi adjacent to the shortening sites were semi quantified on foot photographs and toe shortenings were measured on radiographs with the Corel draw software (Corel corporation, Canada). Measurement concordance was assessed by concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and correlation between tophus scores and toe shortenings was analyzed by using linear model with a patient random effect. 97 patients who did not develop toe shortening during ULT were analyzed as controls. ResultsShrinking toes were observed in 10 patients (0.9%) with tophaceous gout at joints with baseline destructive arthropathy. The first and second toes and metatarsophalangeal joints were predominantly involved. The sign was observed after serum urate had been lowered below the 300 and 360 µmol/l targets, in 8 and 2 patients, respectively. Measured shortenings (CCC: 0.99) correlated (p < 10−4) with decreases in tophus score (CCC: 0.91). Sequential radiograph analysis revealed that toe shortening was mainly due to lytic bone collapse during articular tophus dissolution. Comparison with controls showed that the sign developed in severe gout and in joints with more severe erosion score at baseline. ConclusionThe shrinking toe appears as rare feature of severe tophaceous gout, triggered by dissolution of bone-replacing tophi. Our findings reinforce the need to treat gout early, before destruction of bone scaffold by extensive tophi, as MSU crystal dissolution by ULT may further weaken these areas and induce their collapse.

Chemical weathering of sediment (CWS): A web-based application for chemical weathering study of rocks and sediment

CWS is an open-source application developed for calculating chemical weathering indices using major elemental geochemical data of clastic sediments and for generating associated plots. Chemical weathering indices include Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), Chemical Index of Weathering without CaO (CIW′; expressed as CIW*), Chemical Proxy of Alteration (CPA), Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), Modified Chemical Index of Alteration (CIX), Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) and Weathering Index of Parker (WIP). Also, hierarchical charts, histogram, boxplots, scatter matrices, correlation matrices, heatmap with related data tables are included along with the statistical measures of weathering indices and their correlation with Al2O3/TiO2. Additionally, it generates plots of input data used to quantify chemical weathering of clastic sediments in various compositional space diagrams, such as A - CN - K, A - CNK - FM and M - F - W compositional space diagram. Using CWS, one can do all the calculations and artwork associated with the finished report without having to use Microsoft Excel, CorelDraw or similar software. Input data source files and output calculations results data files are both in CSV format (Comma Separated Value). HTML files can be exported for plots generated by CWS. As an example of the capability of CWS to evaluate chemical weathering, we evaluated Surma and Barail sandstones from the Mizoram Foreland Basin in North-eastern India, Manasbal Lake sediments from Kashmir; channel, suspended and overbank sediments of the Peninsular rivers of Ganga basin.