Core Beliefs Inventory Research Articles

Posttraumatic growth and its associations with perceived stress and core beliefs in women after traumatic childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic added new challenges and stressors to the childbirth period, potentially increasing the risk of traumatic childbirth experiences. There is little known about posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a childbearing population. This study describes PTG in women after traumatic childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with sociodemographic, birth-related characteristics, traumatic childbirth events, perceived stress, and core beliefs, as well as explores what factors predict PTG. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 women who self-identified as having experienced traumatic childbirth. Measures included sociodemographic and birth-related characteristics, traumatic childbirth events, self-reported stress during childbirth, the PTG Inventory, and the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI). Perceived stress at the time of birth was very high in 70% of the respondents. CBI showed moderate disruption of core beliefs. 41.6% of mothers indicated substantial PTG. Education and type of birth were related to perceived stress levels; higher disruption of core beliefs was observed in individuals who experienced perineal trauma and lack of partners' presence during childbirth, and higher disruption of core beliefs was positively associated with PTG. Predictive models showed that perceived stress had a minimal effect, while the disruption of core beliefs showed a significant positive association with PTG. Traumatic childbirth experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic were positively related to PTG. Health professionals should create an environment where women can explore their feelings and emotions. Changes in current practices are also necessary as cesareans have been shown to be highly associated with high levels of perceived stress.

Factors Involved in Posttraumatic Growth in Mothers Experiencing Fetal and Infant Death.

Factors associated with posttraumatic growth (PTG) are investigated in mothers who have suffered fetal or infant death. Mothers (N = 66) completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI; Cann et al., 2010), and answered questions about the severity of their loss, age of fetus or infant, time since loss, social support, finding meaning, and involvement in loss-related behavior. Results indicate a greatly traumatic loss (M = 4.41), a great degree of core belief disruption (M = 3.57), and a moderate level of PTG (M = 2.80). CBI scores are positively correlated with severity of the loss and age of the fetus or infant. PTGI scores are positively related to CBI scores and to social support from family and friends who have suffered similar losses and support groups. PTG and finding meaning are positively correlated with involvement in loss-related activities and supporting others.

Posttraumatic growth in eating disorder recovery

ObjectiveTo investigate posttraumatic growth in individuals recovering from an eating disorder. DesignA convergent parallel mixed methods design was used. ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 28 participants who completed the entire study and an additional 10 who completed only the quantitative portion of this mixed methods study. MethodsThe National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) provided a link to the electronic survey via their website. Participants were asked to complete the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) in the quantitative strand. For the qualitative strand, participants were asked to describe any positive changes in their beliefs or life as the result of their eating disorder (ED). ResultsParticipants reported a high amount of posttraumatic growth as indicated by their mean score on the CBI (30.39, SD 7.89) and (71.26, SD 16.58) on the PTGI. Qualitative categories included relating to others, personal strength, new possibilities, appreciation of life, and spiritual change. ConclusionParticipants described the transformation they experienced in the recovery process, with recovery from an eating disorder facilitating an opportunity for growth. Providing posttraumatic growth interventions may have the potential to help individuals with eating disorders find meaning in their pathway through recovery.

Posttraumatic growth among childhood cancer survivors and their caregivers: associations with rumination and beliefs challenge

The main purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between PTG, challenge to core beliefs, intrusive and deliberate rumination in a sample of 43 dyads of childhood cancer survivors and their caregivers. Methods: Survivors (mean age = 17.04; SD=3.67) and caregivers (mean age = 46.84; SD = 8.32) completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) and the Event-related Rumination Inventory (ERRI). Results: Results showed a positive and high correlation among PTG, CBI, and ERRI in both groups, separately. CBI was the main predictor of PTG both among survivors (β=0.826; t=9.393; R²=0.683; p≤0.001) and caregivers (β=0.552; t=4.235; R²=0.304; p≤0.001). Caregivers reported higher scores than survivors in PTG (t=-2.999 p≤0.01) and its dimensions Relationship with others (t=2.498; p≤0.05), Spiritual change (t=-15.823; p≤0.001), Life appreciation (t=-3.129; <p≤0.01), as well as the means for intrusive (t=-3.862; p≤0.001) and deliberate rumination (t=-3.113; p≤0.01). Discussion: Caregivers are more involved in cognitive processes and reported higher PTG than survivors. This can be probably related to the concomitance between the period of disease and the cognitive development process of the survivors.

An Investigation of Psychological Resilience and Core Belief Levels of Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Affecting Factors: A Cross Sectional Study

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the psychological resilience and core belief levels of women during the Covid-19 pandemic period and examine the affecting factors. Method: The study is in a cross-sectional design. The data were collected from 792 women using the Descriptive Information Form, the Psychological Resilience Scale, and the Core Beliefs Inventory. Descriptive statistics and the Ordinary Least Square Regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean score of the “psychological resilience scale” was 66,50±13,40 and “core beliefs inventory” was 27,87±10,76. The Covid-19 fear score of women was found to be 6.31±1.98 out of 10. The psychological resilience levels were higher in working women, older women, and those with higher education levels (p<0.05). A negative significant relationship was found between the fear of Covid-19 and psychological resilience (p<0.05), and a positive correlation was found between women's age, working status, psychological resilience, and core belief levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: The mean score of psychological resilience and core beliefs of women in the COVID-19 pandemic was found to be moderately good. Some socio-demographic characteristics and factors can affect women's resilience and core beliefs.

Investigation of Factors Associated with Psychological Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Women with Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a traumatic experience. Those diagnosed with breast cancer often experience psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and stress. However, traumatic experiences do not only cause psychological symptoms, but also can lead to positive changes named as posttraumatic growth (PTG). In the present study, it was aimed to examine both the psychological symptom (depression, anxiety, stress) and PTG levels of women with breast cancer and the relationship of these variables with core beliefs challenge and rumination types. Sociodemographic and Cancer-Related Information Form, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Core Beliefs Inventory, and Event-Related Rumination Inventory were applied to 201 women with breast cancer diagnosis (Mage = 47.81, SD = 8.58), mediation relations of variables were examined with Process Macro. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the psychological symptom levels of the majority of the participants were low and their PTG levels were above medium. It was determined that core beliefs challenge positively predicted depression, anxiety, stress, and PTG. Intrusive rumination mediated the relationship between core beliefs challenge and depression, anxiety and stress; deliberate rumination mediated the relationship between core beliefs challenge and PTG. In other words, as the core belief challenge of the participants increase, both psychological symptom and PTG levels increase. In addition, those who use intrusive rumination experience more psychological symptom, and those who use deliberate rumination experience more PTG. The present study reveals the importance of cognitive processes in understanding the psychological symptoms and PTG in women with breast cancer. Keywords: Breast cancer, psychological symptom, posttraumatic growth, core belief challenge, event-related rumination

Mindfulness as a Moderator in the Relation Among Core Belief Disruption, Rumination, Posttraumatic Symptoms, and Growth

In the present study, we tested moderated mediation models where the moderator role of mindfulness and its subscales has an indirect effect of core belief disruption (CBD) on posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) through intrusive (IR) and deliberate (DR) ruminations. Two hundred forty-six individuals, ages ranging between 19 and 77, with traumatic experiences participated in the study. The data were collected by Traumatic Experience Screening List, Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised Form (IES-R), Event-Related Rumination Inventory, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The moderator role of mindfulness was supported both for PTS and PTG. The analysis indicated that the indirect effect of CBD on PTS only through IR was moderated by mindfulness total score (MF-T) and nonreactivity (NR) subscales. The analysis revealed that the MF-T × IR interaction effect was statistically significant. The interaction effect was significant for only low and medium levels of MF-T. When the model was analyzed for PTG, it was observed that the indirect effect of CBD on PTG through IR and DR was moderated significantly only for describing (DES) subscale of mindfulness. In addition, the DES × IR interaction effect was significant only for medium and higher levels of DES. It was also observed that the DES × DR interaction effect was significant only for medium and high levels of DES. Mindfulness and its components should be taken into consideration when assessing posttraumatic symptoms and growth.

A Positive Side of Deployment: Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in U.S. Military Nurses Who Served in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.

To describe vicarious posttraumatic growth in U.S. military nurses who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Respondents were asked to complete the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), and six open-ended write-in questions as an electronic survey. Appreciation of life and Personal strength were the strongest dimensions on the PTGI. This was also evident in participant responses to the open-ended questions. The five dimensions of the PTGI were significantly correlated, indicating as growth increased in one dimension, growth increased in all dimensions. The CBI showed moderate to strong positive correlations with all items. Thus, the relationship between the total PTGI scores and the total CBI scores showed a strong, positive correlation, which indicated higher overall core belief scores associated with more growth in total PTGI scores. This study provided initial evidence that some nurses who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars experienced posttraumatic growth. While healthcare providers need to be educated about their vulnerability when exposed to trauma, they also need to be aware of potential growth when caring for casualties. Nurses preparing to serve in war, as well as those returning, need to pay attention to their physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual health. Following return from war deployment, the military services need to take deliberate and careful measures to ensure that no returning personnel "fall through the cracks" in getting the help they need.

Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in NICU Nurses.

When posttraumatic growth occurs in clinicians as a result of their caring for patients and families who are traumatized, it is termed vicarious posttraumatic growth. (1) To determine the level of vicarious posttraumatic growth and the disruption of core beliefs in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses who have cared for critically ill infants and their families. (2) To explore those quantitative findings through nurses' qualitative descriptions of their growth. A mixed method with a convergent parallel design was used to address the study aims. A targeted sample of neonatal nurses was recruited from the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN) through the MyNANN Community message board. The sample consisted of 109 NICU nurses who completed the quantitative strand and 61 (55%) who completed the qualitative strand. Nurses completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Core Beliefs Inventory, and described their experiences of any positive changes in their beliefs or life as a result of caring for critically ill infants. IBM SPSS 25.0 and Krippendorff's content analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. NICU nurses reported a moderate degree of vicarious posttraumatic growth and disruption of their assumptive world. Appreciation of Life was the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory dimension that reflected the highest growth and Spiritual Change the lowest. Providing posttraumatic growth interventions has the potential to help NICU nurses find meaning through their experience. Future surveys need to include a higher response rate to generalize the findings. A video abstract is available.Video Abstract available at: https://journals.na.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?autoPlay=false&videoId=36.

Validation of the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) in Brazilian Portuguese.

Experiencing trauma may entail psychopathological consequences, but also changes considered to be positive (i.e., posttraumatic growth). For positive change to occur, an impact on the beliefs of individuals is required, which may be measured through the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI). The objective of this study was to validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI. A total of 248 university students (65.7% female) answered the following assessment instruments: sociodemographic data sheet, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist - Clinician Version (PCL-5) and the CBI. Psychometric properties of the CBI were assessed by conducting an exploratory factor analysis through a principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and convergent validity (Pearson correlation between instruments) were also investigated. The total scale showed adequate internal consistency (α = 0.83). A single factor solution explained 42.63% of the variance of the CBI. Significant correlations were found between CBI and PTGI, and between CBI and PCL-5. The psychometric properties indicated adequate internal consistency and construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI.

An Item-Level Analysis of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Its Associations With Challenge to Core Beliefs and Rumination.

Background: Previous studies have found that rumination and challenge to core beliefs may have a predictive effect on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) among different samples. In addition, there is some evidence that these variables have different effects on PTSD and PTG, although the latter construct has been the target of a larger body of research and theoretical models. The main objective of the current study is to examine the effect of challenge to core beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberate rumination on PTSD and PTG, through an item-level analyses.Methods: The sample was composed of 205 Portuguese women who had been given a breast cancer diagnosis (M = 54.32, SD = 10.05), and who completed the following self-administered questionnaires: the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C); the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI); the Core Beliefs Inventory; and the Event Related Rumination Inventory. Two multivariate multiple regression analyses, using each item of the PCL-C and the PTGI as dependent variables, were conducted.Results: The results demonstrated that challenges to core beliefs predict 17 of the 21 PTGI items and 12 of the 17 PCL-C items. All but one item of the PCL-C are predicted by intrusive rumination, while the variance of only 4 items of the PTGI are explained by deliberate rumination.Conclusion: These findings indicate that women with breast cancer who tend to display higher levels of intrusive rumination are more likely to report PTSD symptoms, and that an examination of one’s core beliefs is predictor of both positive and negative outcomes. In spite of the proven effect of challenge to core beliefs on both variables, this study suggests that this effect has only a minor influence on PTSD, in addition to confirming its major impact on PTG.

Traumatic Childbirth and Its Aftermath: Is There Anything Positive?

Up to 45% of new mothers have reported experiencing birth trauma. For some individuals who have experienced a traumatic event, there can be a positive legacy called posttraumatic growth. Using Tedeschi and Calhoun's Posttraumatic Growth Model as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this pilot study was to determine levels of posttraumatic stress, core beliefs disruption, and posttraumatic growth in women who have experienced traumatic childbirth. Thirty mothers completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale-Self Report, Core Beliefs Inventory, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Type of birth and length of time since the traumatic birth occurred predicted 38% of the variance in posttraumatic growth. In order to help mothers, childbirth educators need to understand the process involved in posttraumatic growth.

Znaczenie podstawowych przekonań w adaptacji potraumatycznej – polska adaptacja the core beliefs inventory

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Juczyński Z, Ogińska-Bulik N. The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2018;27(2):102-119. doi:10.5114/ppn.2018.77211. APA Juczyński, Z., & Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2018). The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 27(2), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2018.77211 Chicago Juczyński, Zygfryd, and Nina Ogińska-Bulik. 2018. "The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory". Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii 27 (2): 102-119. doi:10.5114/ppn.2018.77211. Harvard Juczyński, Z., and Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2018). The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 27(2), pp.102-119. https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2018.77211 MLA Juczyński, Zygfryd et al. "The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory." Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, vol. 27, no. 2, 2018, pp. 102-119. doi:10.5114/ppn.2018.77211. Vancouver Juczyński Z, Ogińska-Bulik N. The importance of core beliefs in the process of posttraumatic adaptation – the Polish adaptation of the Core Beliefs Inventory. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2018;27(2):102-119. doi:10.5114/ppn.2018.77211.

Event centrality influences posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms via core beliefs in internally displaced older adults

ABSTRACTObjectives: There is substantial evidence regarding the role of event centrality (EC) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, but little research has examined the explanatory pathways linking EC with PTSD symptoms severity. The present study examined whether core beliefs (CB) mediates the relationship between EC and PTSD symptoms in internally displaced older adults.Method: Internally displaced older adults (N = 279; mean age = 62 years) sheltered in two camps located in north-central Nigeria, completed Tiv language versions of self-report measures, namely, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Centrality of Event Scale, Core Beliefs Inventory, and provided relevant demographic information.Results: Analysis indicated that EC and CB were linked to greater PTSD symptoms as well as re-experiencing/intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms severity. The mediator path was significant which implies that CB was a pathway through which EC influences PTSD symptoms clusters and overall PTSD symptomatology.Conclusion: A traumatic event becoming more central in a person's identity and life story distorts entrenched beliefs about oneself, others and the world, thereby resulting in greater PTSD symptoms. Our findings suggest that considerations of disrupted world assumptions may be a salient target for prevention and treatment efforts.

A Mixed-Methods Study of Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth In Certified Nurse-Midwives.

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate vicarious posttraumatic growth in certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) who have struggled after attending traumatic births. Vicarious posttraumatic growth involves positive changes in a clinician's life due to caring for patients who are traumatized. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used. The American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) sent out e-mails to all CNM members with a link to the electronic survey. CNMs completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Core Beliefs Inventory in the quantitative portion. For the qualitative portion CNMs responded to a statement asking them to describe their experiences of any positive changes in their beliefs or life after attending traumatic births. IBM SPSS 23.0 and Krippendorff's content analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The sample consisted of 425 CNMs who completed the quantitative portion and 315 (74%) who completed the qualitative portion. CNMs reported a small degree of both disruption of their core beliefs and vicarious posttraumatic growth. Personal Strength was the dimension of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory that reflected the highest growth, followed by Appreciation of Life, Relating to Others, Spiritual Change, and New Possibilities. In the qualitative findings, Personal Strength was also the category of vicarious posttraumatic growth most frequently described. This study confirmed a positive relationship between the degree that a CNM's core beliefs are challenged and the amount of vicarious posttraumatic growth that is experienced. The qualitative comments of the CNMs matched the quantitative scores of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory.

Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in Labor and Delivery Nurses

ObjectiveTo investigate vicarious posttraumatic growth in labor and delivery nurses who cared for women during traumatic births. DesignA convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used. ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 467 labor and delivery nurses who completed the quantitative portion and 295 (63%) who completed the qualitative portion of this mixed-methods study via the Internet. MethodsThe Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses sent out e-mails to members who were labor and delivery nurses with a link to the electronic survey. Labor and delivery nurses completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Core Beliefs Inventory in the quantitative portion. For the qualitative portion, the nurses were asked to describe their experiences of any positive changes in their beliefs or life as a result of their care for women during traumatic births. ResultsLabor and delivery nurses who cared for women during traumatic births reported a moderate amount of vicarious posttraumatic growth as indicated by their Posttraumatic Growth Inventory scores. Appreciation of Life was the dimension of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory that reflected the highest growth, followed by Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and New Possibilities. In the qualitative findings, Relating to Others was also the dimension of posttraumatic growth most frequently described. ConclusionWe compared our results with those of previous studies in which researchers assessed vicarious posttraumatic growth in clinicians, and we found that labor and delivery nurses who cared for women during traumatic births experienced growth levels that were scored between the lowest and highest reported levels of therapists and social workers. Nurses need to be aware of the potential to experience this growth despite the significant stress and unpredictability of the labor and delivery environment, which could decrease burnout and improve retention rates.

Posttraumatic growth measures: translation and adaptation of three self-report instruments to Brazilian Portuguese

Background Posttraumatic growth is one of the most commonly used concepts to evaluate positive changes after trauma. The principal scales used internationally to evaluate this phenomenon have not yet a Brazilian Portuguese version. Objectives This study aimed to translate and adapt to the Brazilian context the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), and the Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI). Methods The procedures included translation, back translation, expert committee’s evaluation, and pilot testing in the target population. Results All items of all three instruments had a good content validity index after evaluation by four experts and three reformulations. The back translation of the final version also demonstrated that all Brazilian Portuguese versions convey the same meaning as the original English version. The final version was pilot tested with 30 undergraduate students, and all the items were above the cut-off point. Discussion This study was able to produce Brazilian versions of the PTGI, CBI, and ERRI. Further studies are underway to determine the reliability, factorial validity, and convergent validity of the subscales of the instruments.

Core beliefs shaken by an earthquake correlate with posttraumatic growth.

Posttraumatic growth (PTG), psychological growth as a result of personal struggle with trauma, is hypothesized to occur when a highly stressful life event, such as a natural disaster, forces people to reexamine their core beliefs. To the authors' knoweldge, the present study is the first investigation in Japanese people examining the role of core beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberate rumination in PTG. Hypotheses that the level of reexamination of core beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberate rumination correlate with the seismicity of an earthquake and that the challenge to core beliefs is the major determinant of PTG were tested. Japanese undergraduate students who experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 (N = 314) participated in this study and completed the Japanese version of the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), the Event-Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI), and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Results indicated that core beliefs were less likely to be challenged and that ruminations were less likely to be activated in Japanese people who were in the southern area with an approximate Richter magnitude of 4 or lower. PTG was more likely to occur when core beliefs were reexamined following the earthquake. Also, younger participants and those who recalled having engaged in both deliberate and intrusive rumination reported more PTG. Future studies should investigate which aspects of trauma can trigger or suppress the reexamination of one's core beliefs, for they are likely to be the major determinants of PTG, and should look at change longitudinally.

The Core Beliefs Inventory: a brief measure of disruption in the assumptive world

Stressful events that disrupt the assumptive world can force people to make cognitive changes to accommodate these highly stressful experiences. As fundamental assumptions are reestablished, many people report changes and experiences that reflect posttraumatic growth (PTG). The present research describes the development of the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), a brief measure of disruption of the assumptive world developed for use in applied research and clinical settings. Three studies, two using college samples (Study 1, n=181 and Study 2, n=297 time 1; 85 time 2) and the third using leukemia patients (Study 3, n=70 time 1; 43 time 2), assessed the utility of the CBI to predict PTG in both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Relationships between the CBI and measures of self-reported PTG and well-being indicate that the CBI has construct validity, acceptable test-retest reliability, and very good internal consistency. The CBI may be a useful tool in investigating predictions about the effects of stressful experiences on an individual's assumptive world, PTG, and successful adaptation.