Status Of Coral Reefs Research Articles

Comprehensive biodiversity assessment of flora and fauna along the Kedah coastline: Implications for conservation and sustainable management

Preserving the unique ecosystems of specific coastal areas is crucial for environmental health and the welfare of local communities. This study explores the rich biodiversity of flora and fauna along the Kedah state coastline, a 440 km stretch along the Strait of Malacca. Through meticulous site surveys and comprehensive data collection across multiple locations, followed by laboratory analyses, this research reveals a vibrant tapestry of life. The Kedah coastal area boasts a remarkable diversity, with 60 fish species identified, predominantly from the Carangidae (12 %) and Mugilidae (10 %) families. Additionally, five marine mammal species were documented, though turtles and terrapins were notably absent. The condition of coral reefs varied, with "fair" conditions observed at stations St-1 and St-2 (31.67 % and 35.67 % live coral, respectively), and "poor" conditions at St-3 (10.67 % live coral). High densities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos, and seaweed were recorded, whereas seagrass vegetation was absent. The study on Kedah’s coastal flora and fauna revealed a diverse range of species, including fish, marine mammals, corals, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos, and seaweed. Coral reefs were found to be in varying conditions, with some needing restoration. The study recommends long-term monitoring, seasonal surveys, and focused research on key species. Habitat protection, community awareness, and sustainable practices are also emphasized to preserve the ecological balance of these marine environments. Moreover, the findings of this study provide a critical understanding of the Kedah coastal ecosystem and offer valuable insights for local authorities to develop effective conservation strategies. This research underscores the importance of preserving biodiversity to maintain ecological balance and support sustainable development in coastal regions.

ANALYSING THE POTENTIAL OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS FOLLOWING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BONDALEM, BULELENG, BALI

Coastal and marine areas have considerable biological resource potential, because they are supported by three main ecosystems, namely mangrove ecosystems, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Coral reefs are one of the coastal ecosystems that contribute greatly to coastal areas. But behind the great potential, it is also very vulnerable to damage, both caused by nature and human activities on land and in sea waters. As an effort to maintain the existence of these ecosystems, ecosystem monitoring is needed to find out how much potential is still available in the coastal area. The purpose of this study was to determine and provide information related to the potential and condition of coral reefs in Bondalem Village. This research used descriptive quantitative method with purposive sampling technique. The data taken is primary data that includes observations of coral reefs based on the form of growth (lifeform). Coral reef data collection was carried out using the UPT (Underwater Photo Transect, Underwater Photo Transect) method. The results obtained, coral reefs at the observation station have a total of 18 lifeforms. The percentage of coral cover obtained at a depth of 3 meters has a coral cover ranging from 35.34%, while at a depth of 10 meters the result of coral cover is 26.30% (medium category). The coral reef ecosystem uniformity index ranges from 0.96 - 0.97 (high). The diversity index of coral reef ecosystems in Bondalem Village ranged from 1.25 which is included in the relatively medium category (1<H'<3). The dominance index of coral reef ecosystem in Bondalem Village ranged from 0.064 - 0.066 (low).

Diversity, functional redundancy, and vulnerability of reef fish communities of the Saudi Arabian coast, in the northern Red Sea

In light of the current development of several giga-projects along the Saudi Red Sea coast, understanding the health status of coral reefs is paramount to developing baselines and management strategies to minimize the human impact on these ecosystems. Here, we present an assessment of the diversity, functional redundancy, and vulnerability for coral reef fish communities in the northern Red Sea. The focus area of our study falls within the marine jurisdiction of the NEOM giga-project. We performed fish surveys with three different methods aiming to cover a wide set of habitats and thus capture a comprehensive picture of the regional diversity: i) standardized belt transects, ii) roving diviersity surveys, and iii) collection of cryptobenthic fish. Our results showed a highly variable community composition along the ten surveyed sites highlighting Sindalah as an essential site for piscivore species, Al Muwaileh as an important site for herbivores, and Sanafir-Tiran as the most diverse site. Functional diversity analysis revealed similar levels of redundancy, over-redundancy, and vulnerability among sites. Functional richness, evenness, and divergence did not vary substantially between sites and, in general, indicated that the fish communities in the selected sites present mid to low levels of functional diversity. We further compare regional-scale and site-specific functional assessments. Notably, some of the species groups that are functionally redundant at the regional scale represented vulnerable functions at the site level. These results call to attention the need to create site-specific conservation strategies and not to solely rely on regional diviersity assessments as the basis for management decisions.

Deep Learning for Multilabel Classification of Coral Reef Conditions in the Indo‐Pacific Using Underwater Photo Transect Method

ABSTRACTBecause coral reef ecosystems face threats from human activities and climate change, coral reef conservation programmes are implemented worldwide. Monitoring coral health provides references for guiding conservation activities. However, current labour‐intensive methods result in a backlog of unsorted images, highlighting the need for automated classification. Few studies have simultaneously utilized accurate labels along with updated algorithms and datasets. This study aimed to create a dataset representing common coral reef conditions and associated stressors in the Indo‐Pacific. Concurrently, it assessed existing classification algorithms and proposed a new multilabel method for automatically detecting coral reef conditions and extracting ecological information. A dataset containing over 20,000 high‐resolution coral images of different health conditions and stressors was constructed based on the field survey. Seven representative deep learning architectures were tested on this dataset, and their performance was quantitatively evaluated using the F1 metric and the match ratio. Based on this evaluation, a new method utilizing the ensemble learning approach was proposed. The proposed method accurately classified coral reef conditions as healthy, compromised, dead and rubble; it also identified corresponding stressors, including competition, disease, predation and physical issues. This method can help develop the coral image archive, guide conservation activities and provide references for decision‐making for reef managers and conservationists. The proposed ensemble learning approach outperforms others on the dataset, showing state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) performance. Future research should improve its generalizability and accuracy to support global coral reef conservation efforts.

Pemantauan Kepadatan Megabentos Target Pada Terumbu Karang di Perairan Leato Selatan Kecamatan Dumbo Raya Provinsi Gorontalo

Megabenthos target associated with coral reefs include spiny starfish, blue starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber, clams, Drupella spp., trocha snail, and lobsters which is ecologically used as an indicator for monitoring the healt condition of coral reefs and is benefical for the community’s economy.The aim of this research is to determine the density level and distribution pattern of megabenthos target on coral reefs in the waters of South Leato, Dumbo Raya Subdistrict, Gorontalo Province. Method used in collecting megabenthos data is with Bentos Belt Transect. Observation results show that the megabenthos target found in South Leato waters were seven types consisting of sea cucumber, clams, trocha snail, spiny starfish, Drupella spp., sea urchins, and blue starfish. The megabenthos target density range values obtained are 0,007 – 0,435 ind/m2, and for morisita index values ranging 0 - 0,6655 id with the distribution pattern of the megabenthos target found all being unifom.

Operational Mapping of Submarine Groundwater Discharge into Coral Reefs: Application to West Hawai‘i Island

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a recognized contributor to the hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of coral reef ecosystems located along coastlines. However, the distribution, size, and thermal properties of SGD remain poorly understood at most land–reef margins. We developed, deployed, and demonstrated an operational method for airborne detection and mapping of SGD using the 200 km coastline of western Hawai‘i Island as a testing and analysis environment. Airborne high spatial resolution (1 m) thermal imaging produced relative sea surface temperature (SST) maps that aligned geospatially with boat-based transects of SGD presence–absence. Boat-based SST anomaly measurements were highly correlated with airborne SST anomaly measurements (R2 = 0.85; RMSE = 0.04 °C). Resulting maps of the relative difference in SST inside and outside of SGD plumes, called delta-SST, revealed 749 SGD plumes in 200 km of coastline, with nearly half of the SGD plumes smaller than 0.1 ha in size. Only 9% of SGD plumes were ≥1 ha in size, and just 1% were larger than 10 ha. Our findings indicate that small SGD is omnipresent in the nearshore environment. Furthermore, we found that the infrequent, large SGD plumes (>10 ha) displayed the weakest delta-SST values, suggesting that large discharge plumes are not likely to provide cooling refugia to warming coral reefs. Our operational approach can be applied frequently over time to generate SGD information relative to terrestrial substrate, topography, and pollutants. This operational approach will yield new insights into the role that land-to-reef interactions have on the composition and condition of coral reefs along coastlines.

Percentage of Live Coral Cover in The Regional Water Conservation Area of the Sawo – Lahewa Water Tourism Park, North Nias District

Coral reefs are vital ecosystems facing serious threats due to climate change and human activities. This research aims to evaluate the condition of live coral cover in the Sawo-Lahewa Aquatic Tourism Park (TWP) Regional Marine Conservation Area (KKPD), North Nias Regency, as an important step in conservation and sustainable management efforts. Data was collected at 8 research stations using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. The research results show that the condition of coral reefs in this area is in the damaged to moderate category, with the percentage of live coral cover ranging between 12.33-45.37% and an average of 26.65%. The highest percentage of coral cover was found on Sarangbaung Island (45.37%) in the medium category, followed by Makora Island (42.13%), Gita Island (35.35%), and Lafau Island (31.07%). Meanwhile, locations with the lowest cover in the damaged category include Gosobaohi_01 Island (18.25%), Gosobaohi_02 Island (15.60%), Sifahandro Sea Waters (13.13%), and Bengkuang Bay Waters (12.33%). This research also looks at the abundance of coral juveniles, coral fish, and megabenthos to provide a broad picture of the health of the coral reef ecosystem. The results of this research can become a scientific basis for developing more effective management strategies. Apart from that, it is also a form of supporting conservation efforts, helping restore damaged ecosystems, and increasing the resilience of coral reefs to future environmental threats.Keywords: Coral Reefs, Regional Marine Conservation Area, North Nias

Coral reef condition Kepala Jeri Island, Batam, Riau Islands, Indonesia

Abstract. Aunurrahman, Anggoro S, Saputra SW, Muskananfola MR. 2024. Coral reef condition Kepala Jeri Island, Batam, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2820-2827. Understanding the actual condition of vulnerable coral reef ecosystems such as Kepala Jeri Island (Indonesia) is critical to enabling appropriate management planning. This research aimed to identify current coverage, observe the condition of the coral ecosystem, and identify the species composition of coral reefs in Kepala Jeri Waters. Data collection includes the spatial distribution, actual condition, and species composition of the coral ecosystem on Kepala Jeri Island, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Using an algorithm-based classification, we analyzed the spatial distribution of coral reefs from Landsat 8 OLI imagery. The study used Landsat OLI 8 images from the US Geological Survey (USGS) and observed the data using a line intercept transect. We obtained the actual coral conditions and species composition through field observation. The results revealed a total distribution of 239.67 ha of coral reef ecosystem in the surrounding area of Kepala Jeri Island. Unfortunately, the coral reef on Kepala Jeri Island was in poor condition, with an approximate living coral coverage of only 5-29.33%. Compared to other locations, we found the sand cover to be the highest, ranging from 28.33 to 51.67%. We also found that the seagrass bed had invaded the coral ecosystem, suggesting a reduced or absent population of halos grazers. Only the western and northern sides of Kepala Jeri Island exhibit adequate coral diversity despite discovering 26 coral species. Even though 26 coral species were found on Kepala Jeri Island, only the western and northern sides have adequate coral diversity. The findings suggest that the coral reef ecosystem on Kepala Jeri Island is under severe degradation, while the risk of further degradation remains. Therefore, human intervention is absolutely important to improve the coral reef ecosystem on Kepala Jeri Island, ensuring its sustainability.

Identification of Coral Bleaching Attack Level using Coral Health Chart Method in Menjangan Kecil, Karimunjawa

The increasing anthropogenic activities in Menjangan Kecil Waters can reduce the health condition of coral reefs in these waters. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the level of bleaching attack that occurs in these waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the health condition of coral reefs in Menjangan Kecil Waters by observing the level of bleaching attack based on coral colour which is related to the density of zooxanthellae in coral living tissue. The CoralWatch method was applied to estimate the level of bleaching attack based on the level of coral colour in the coral health chart table. The results of this study revealed that the condition of coral reefs at 4 stations was dominated by colour levels 3-4, meaning that the condition of coral reefs began to bleach. The increasing of anthropogenic activities causes excessive interaction with coral reefs and human, thus accelerating the potential for bleaching. Optimization of ecotourism in Menjangan Kecil Waters, Karimunjawa needs to be done by conducting further studies on coral reef health.

Implications of fisher perceptions on coral restoration in Tondol, northwestern Philippines

Increasing coral restoration efforts globally have been aimed at improving reef status and the ecosystem functions and services they provide, including enhancing reef fish communities and fisheries production on nearby reefs. However, empirical evidence showing the influence of coral restoration on fish stocks is limited. In Barangay Tondol, a small-scale fishing village in the northwestern Philippines, fisher knowledge and perception studies were completed through individual interviews to provide insights into the perceived impacts of local restoration efforts on coral reef conditions and fishery outputs. The influence of fishers' social demographics and fishery information to their held perceptions were also explored. Fishers’ responses showed a perceived decline in fish stocks over the last 5–10 years mainly attributed to overharvesting, and a slight improvement in coral reef condition due to a reduction in destructive fishing. Out of 53 fisher respondents, 72% were aware of coral restoration efforts in their area and held positive perceptions that theoretically, conducting coral restoration can improve their fish stocks and local reef conditions through the provision of habitat functions. Perceived actual effectiveness of the local efforts was also positive, but with a lower number of responses. Multiple hierarchical regression tests showed that, among social demographics, fishery information, and perceptions on fish stocks, perceived improvement in coral condition was associated with stronger support for coral restoration activities. These findings indicate that fishers perceive positive effects of coral restoration to local coral status and fisheries, and highlight the need for restoration practitioners to engage early on with key stakeholders to assess local fisheries status and local priorities to inform restoration strategies.

Environmental Health Impacts on The Sustainability of The Coral Reef Ecosystem in Gede Island, Indonesia

Gede Island, located north of Rembang Regency in Central Java, Indonesia, hosts coral reefs in poor environmental health. This study aimed to assess the impact of environmental health on various dimensions of sustainability to guide stakeholder decision-making. A descriptive quantitative method was employed. Observations of coral reef variables, including type and percentage of cover, were conducted using the Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method. The sustainability status of management practices was analysed using the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method with Rapfish (Rapid Assessment Techniques for Fisheries) 2013 version R software. The results identified 16 genera from three sampling points: Station 1 had 30.35% hard coral cover, Station 2 had 1%, and Station 3 had 12.94%. The sustainability status of Gede Island's coral reefs was evaluated across five attributes: ecological (41.61%), social (48.05%), economic (40.08%), institutional (26.36%), and technological (57.03%). Among these, only the technological attribute was classified as moderately sustainable, while the others were deemed less sustainable. A high sustainability status offers significant potential and benefits for the local community, such as opportunities for ecotourism and fisheries sustainability.

Status and long-term changes of coral reefs around Zanzibar

Status and long-term changes of coral reefs around Zanzibar

Condition of Coral Reefs at Two Different Depths in Botubarani Waters, Gorontalo

Condition of Coral Reefs at Two Different Depths in Botubarani Waters, Gorontalo

Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus spp. (Annelida: Serpulidae) as indicators of coral health at Weh Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Afkar, Barus TA, John AH, Sarong MA. 2024. Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus spp. (Annelida: Serpulidae) as indicators of coral health at Weh Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1743-1753. The research was conducted along 300-m long transects at 3 and 7 m depth in Beurawang Waters, Weh Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia, which aimed to analyze the association of christmas tree worms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae: Spirobranchus) with coral health conditions and determine the impact of their presence on the coral reef ecosystem. On average, Spirobranchus individuals were more commonly found at 3 m than at 7 m depth. Spirobranchus was found to be most associated with massive corals of the genus Porites. Spirobranchus tends to be most abundant in damaged coral reef colonies, which suggests that coral conditions could worsen if the abundance of Spirobranchus worms increases. Statistical analysis also shows an association between the abundance of Spirobranchus and the condition of coral reefs, with a 'strong' relationship value of 0.611. Therefore, it is necessary to consider coral transplantation as an effort to repair damaged coral substrates in Beurawang Waters.

Beyond the Beach: Multi-Parameter Interpretation of Shore Deterioration in a Caribbean Reef System

Throughout the Caribbean region, coastal areas are of vital importance for national incomes from the tourism industry. However, accelerated coastal development has impacted the coastal ecosystems, including the beaches, and deterioration of the shore results from cumulative impacts on both marine and coastal ecosystems. It is essential to identify the areas that need special attention for targeted management plans and actions, especially in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. This research proposes an integrated assessment of the conservation state of shore and coastal ecosystems in the Puerto Morelos National Reef Park (PNAPM) in the Mexican Caribbean, through the spatial monitoring of key parameters. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was employed to analyze the land use on the shore, foredune condition, morphological characteristics of the beaches, shoreline evolution, and the condition of coral reefs and seagrass meadows. The analysis identified the most critical areas in relation to shore deterioration and priority areas for the preservation of ecosystems. The spatial data obtained for the PNAPM can serve as a basis for ongoing shore monitoring, and targeted management actions through the designation of areas that require either preservation or ecosystem restoration practices. This methodology can be applied to other reef systems in the Caribbean.

Impact of Climate Change on Marine Coral Reef Communities

In recent years, the phenomenon of climate change has intensified globally, which includes but is not limited to, global warming, extreme weather events, and changes in climate patterns. This has raised concerns among environmental organizations about the future of the global ecosystem. This paper focuses on the effects of climate change on marine coral reef communities and based on experimental data, literature information, and existing datasets to develop mathematical models to analyze the effects of global warming, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and ocean storms on coral bleaching, reef calcification, and other issues. The scientists documented the changes in coral reef status through regular monitoring and conducted laboratory studies to simulate the growth, bleaching, and survival of coral reefs under different climatic conditions, such as changes in water temperature and Pondus Hydrogenii (PH). Satellite imagery is used to understand the global distribution of coral reefs, their coverage, and changes in biodiversity.

SUPERVISED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR CORAL BLEACHING DETECTION USING A BI-TEMPORAL SENTINEL-2 IMAGE STACK

Abstract. Coral reefs are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to coastal and land-based anthropogenic factors. Aside from sudden increase in sea temperatures, external factors such as local and regional disturbances are found to influence coral reef environments which often lead to bleaching events. According to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 report, from 2009 to 2018, there has been a progressive loss of live corals at the global level which may be attributed to the increasing anthropogenic activities (Souter et al., 2021). Due to coral’s sensitivity to environmental stressors, it is significantly considered as an indicator for global climate conditions. In this regard, this study developed a remote sensing change detection technique to segment coral bleaching from satellite images. Using a bi-temporal image stack composed of Sentinel-2 images showing pre and post bleaching, a machine learning classification model was developed to capture typologies of changes visible between the two images which included bleaching. Random Forest (RF) algorithm was employed to classify changes. This model obtained overall accuracies and kappa statistics of 0.97 and 0.94 respectively with minimum consumer and producer accuracy of 0.91. Moreover, the identified changes showed 78% agreement with the in-situ data composed of 31 monitoring stations distributed around Sekisei Lagoon, Okinawa, Japan. This study demonstrated a promising potential of machine learning for change detection for coral bleaching monitoring.

ReScape: transforming coral-reefscape images for quantitative analysis

Ever since the first image of a coral reef was captured in 1885, people worldwide have been accumulating images of coral reefscapes that document the historic conditions of reefs. However, these innumerable reefscape images suffer from perspective distortion, which reduces the apparent size of distant taxa, rendering the images unusable for quantitative analysis of reef conditions. Here we solve this century-long distortion problem by developing a novel computer-vision algorithm, ReScape, which removes the perspective distortion from reefscape images by transforming them into top-down views, making them usable for quantitative analysis of reef conditions. In doing so, we demonstrate the first-ever ecological application and extension of inverse-perspective mapping—a foundational technique used in the autonomous-driving industry. The ReScape algorithm is composed of seven functions that (1) calibrate the camera lens, (2) remove the inherent lens-induced image distortions, (3) detect the scene’s horizon line, (4) remove the camera-roll angle, (5) detect the transformable reef area, (6) detect the scene’s perspective geometry, and (7) apply brute-force inverse-perspective mapping. The performance of the ReScape algorithm was evaluated by transforming the perspective of 125 reefscape images. Eighty-five percent of the images had no processing errors and of those, 95% were successfully transformed into top-down views. ReScape was validated by demonstrating that same-length transects, placed increasingly further from the camera, became the same length after transformation. The mission of the ReScape algorithm is to (i) unlock historical information about coral-reef conditions from previously unquantified periods and localities, (ii) enable citizen scientists and recreational photographers to contribute reefscape images to the scientific process, and (iii) provide a new survey technique that can rigorously assess relatively large areas of coral reefs, and other marine and even terrestrial ecosystems, worldwide. To facilitate this mission, we compiled the ReScape algorithm into a free, user-friendly App that does not require any coding experience. Equipped with the ReScape App, scientists can improve the management and prediction of the future of coral reefs by uncovering historical information from reefscape-image archives and by using reefscape images as a new, rapid survey method, opening a new era of coral-reef monitoring.

A quantitative assessment of the status of reef fish communities from a large-scale probability survey in southern Florida

Numerous reef fish monitoring programs worldwide produce the data necessary to describe the status and trends of coral reefs; however, quantitative description of status at ecosystem scales has been challenging. Our goal was to use southern Florida's coral reefs as the template to complete a holistic, ecosystem-scale evaluation of reef fish community status using large-scale diver surveys that sampled across a spatial gradient of human urbanization, exploitation, and fishery protection. Key aspects of the analysis were: (1) identification of a low human impact reference area as the basis for quantifying resource condition; (2) selection of indicator variables that helped discriminate two classes of impacts: habitat quality and fishing; (3) application of estimation methods that facilitated distinguishing anthropogenic impacts from inherent productivity of different habitats; and (4) use of a sustainability benchmark to gauge the resource condition of the reference area. The reference-centering analysis approach reduced reliance on qualitative judgements by an expert panel and produced results on a scale that was informative and could be easily interpreted by a variety of audiences. Our findings identified habitat quality issues in the most urbanized region, southeast Florida, and pervasive fishing issues throughout the ecosystem, including the remote Dry Tortugas region.

Land Suitability Analysis for Marine Tourism on Kalimantung Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively.This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively. Keywords: Spatial Analysis; Land Suitability; Region's Carrying Capacity; Marine Ecotourism