Copyright Protection Technology Research Articles

Robust reversible watermarking of JPEG images

Robust reversible watermarking (RRW) is a potential technology for copyright protection and integrity authentication due to its ability in both robustness and reversibility. Currently, there is no detailed report on RRW of JPEG images. In this paper, we propose an RRW algorithm of JPEG images by selecting quantized discrete cosine transform coefficients to construct robust features for watermarking. In the proposed algorithm, a watermark sequence can be embedded into a JPEG image by shifting the histogram of its constructed robust features. For less embedding distortion, smaller file size, and higher structural similarity, an evaluation method has been designed to select those appropriate frequency bands for watermarking. On the receiver side, the watermark can be accurately extracted by reconstructing the robust features, and the original JPEG image can be restored losslessly by performing the inverse operation of the histogram shifting. Experimental results show that the watermark is robust to common image processing operations (e.g., JPEG recompression, JPEG2000 compression, WebP compression, and additive white Gaussian noise), and can effectively resist those attacks from the lossy channels in real life, such as the most popular apps Instagram and WeChat.

Fast fractional-order polar linear canonical transform: Theory and application

Zero-watermarking is a promising technology for image copyright protection due to its excellent imperceptibility and robustness. Compared with deep learning (DL)-based zero-watermarking schemes which are time-consuming and unable to respond in real-time, the moment-based zero-watermarking schemes do not have the aforementioned drawbacks and have drawn great attention with their strong description ability and geometric invariance. However, most existing moment-based zero-watermarking methods bear a number of drawbacks, in particular: (i) Direct computation of image moments is inefficient and inaccurate; (ii) They have difficulty obtaining the favorable trade-off between robustness and discriminability; (iii) Generating pseudo-random numbers based on traditional logistic map results in their lower security performance. To deal with those issues, this paper introduces a new image zero-watermarking method that relies on fast fractional-order polar linear canonical transform (FFrPLCT) features and asymmetric tent map. Firstly, we propose a novel computation strategy called fast polar linear Canonical transform (FPLCT), to save the calculation time of moments. Secondly, we define the fast fractional-order polar linear Canonical transform (FFrPLCT), which is characterized by the generic nature and time-frequency analysis capability. Thirdly, we present the FFrPLCT mixed low-order features by fully exploiting the time-frequency property of FFrPLCT, to improve both the robustness and discriminability of image representation. Finally, we develop a new image zero-watermarking method using FFrPLCT domain mixed low-order features and asymmetric tent map. Experimental results and comparison with well-known existing methods demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed image zero-watermarking scheme.

Adaptive multiple zero-watermarking based on local fast quaternion radial harmonic Fourier moments for color medical images

The copyright protection of medical images is receiving increasing attention. Zero-watermarking schemes are a critical technology for copyright protection of medical images and show better imperceptibility performance than embedded watermarking schemes. However, existing zero-watermarking schemes still have some limitations that prevent them from fully exploiting their potential, including failure against complex desynchronization attacks and high computational complexity. To this end, we propose a novel zero-watermarking scheme based on fast quaternion radial harmonic Fourier moments (FQRHFMs) that is resistant to desynchronization attacks. Specifically, this article formulates multiple local feature regions (LFRs) based on a speeded-up robust feature (SURF) operator and provides a fast computation method for QRHFMs by using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The magnitudes of FQRHFMs are computed in each incomplete overlapping LFR for generating multiple zero-watermarks to resist desynchronization attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves state-of-the-art robustness against various desynchronization attacks (e.g., translation, cropping, and length-width ratio changing), and outperforms existing local zero-watermarking frameworks with regard to accuracy and efficiency.

Research on the Relevant Methods and Technologies of Digital Watermarking

With the diversification of recording equipment and the rapid development of Internet technology, it is easier to steal and spread movies, which makes the copyright protection of movies face great challenges. The technology of tracing the origin of movie piracy in cinemas provides strong technical support for film digital copyright protection by extracting the watermark information hidden in the film carrier, tracking and locating the playback server where the piracy flows out and the theater where the piracy occurs. In addition, the emergence of digital technology has led to the rapid spread and growth of electronic resources, such as photos, music and movies. It is convenient to access online information, but it also poses a challenge to the technical protection of intellectual property. Image watermarking, including watermark embedding and extraction, is a typical technology of copyright protection and ownership identification. In addition, because many software (such as modern browsers and video players) can easily display all these contents, adding image watermarks on the screen and avoiding information leakage in screenshots or screen recording has become an important application scenario of image watermarking. In this paper, we propose and discuss digital watermarking pipeline with some.

Security Analysis and Improvement of Dual Watermarking Framework for Multimedia Privacy Protection and Content Authentication

The demand for using multimedia network infrastructure for transmission grows with each passing day. Research scholars continue to develop new algorithms to strengthen the existing network security framework in order to ensure the privacy protection and content authentication of multimedia content and avoid causing huge economic losses. A new technology for multimedia image copyright protection and content authentication has been proposed. The innovations lie in the use of an inter-block coefficient difference algorithm to embed robust watermarking in the transform domain, and the same fragile watermark is embedded twice in the spatial domain so that any tiny tampering can be identified and located. A new encryption algorithm combined with Arnold transform is used to encrypt data before embedding. However, some security vulnerabilities were found, and successful cryptanalysis and attack were conducted. Subsequently, an improved scheme was proposed to improve the security and tamper detection ability of the original watermarking scheme and recover the tampered robust watermark. The results show that the improved scheme is safer and more reliable and shows good performance in tampering detection and the recovery robustness of the watermark.

Efficient Hashing Method Using 2D-2D PCA for Image Copy Detection

Image copy detection is an important technology of copyright protection. This paper proposes an efficient hashing method for image copy detection using 2D-2D (two-directional two-dimensional) PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The key is the discovery of the translation invariance of 2D-2D PCA. With the property of translation invariance, a novel model of extracting rotation-invariant low-dimensional features is designed by combining PCT (Polar Coordinate Transformation) and 2D-2D PCA. The PCT can convert an input rotated image to a translation matrix. Since the 2D-2D PCA is invariant to translation, the low-dimensional features learned from the translation matrix are rotation-invariant. Moreover, vector distances of low-dimensional features are stable to common digital operations and thus hash construction with the vector distances is of robustness and compactness. Three open image datasets are exploited to conduct various experiments for validating efficiencies of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is much better than some representative hashing methods in the performances of classification and copy detection.

Research on Copyright Protection Technology based on MIDI Music Structural Features

<p>Due to the extensive use of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music in education, entertainment and business, copyright infringements of MIDI music are increasing rapidly. The low robustness of existing MIDI music watermarking is the main problem. Therefore, this paper proposes two novel MIDI music watermarking algorithms to comprehensively protect the copyright of MIDI music. We first propose a dual threshold audio watermarking algorithm based on MIDI note time difference and velocity value. It extracts a main melody audio track of MIDI music through a Ho-Kashyap (H-K) algorithm, generates an adaptive em-bedding double threshold for the main melody audio track, and uses a time fluctuation algorithm to embed the watermark information. We also propose a MIDI music watermarking algorithm in frequency domain using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). It converts the pitch of MIDI music to the fundamental frequency, obtains the Direct Current (DC) component of the fundamental frequency by DCT transform, combines the watermark information and the DC component to obtain the secret pitch, and takes the difference between the secret pitch and the original pitch as the new watermark information. Finally, a general attack experiment was conducted on the two watermarking algorithms to verify the feasibility and security. In this paper, the mean square error method and the normalized correlation coefficient method are selected to evaluate the quality of MIDI music objectively. An absolute information entropy evaluation model is proposed to evaluate MIDI music quality. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can extract effective watermark after MIDI command attacks with a MIDI music cutting rate of more than 88% and tampering rate of less than 5%, which means that the proposed algorithms are robust against attacks.</p> <p> </p>

A study on digital holographic printing technology market and copyright protection technology trends

A study on digital holographic printing technology market and copyright protection technology trends

ECSS: High-Embedding-Capacity Audio Watermarking with Diversity Reception.

Digital audio watermarking is a promising technology for copyright protection, yet its low embedding capacity remains a challenge for widespread applications. In this paper, the spread-spectrum watermarking algorithm is viewed as a communication channel, and the embedding capacity is analyzed and modeled with information theory. Following this embedding capacity model, we propose the extended-codebook spread-spectrum (ECSS) watermarking algorithm to heighten the embedding capacity. In addition, the diversity reception (DR) mechanism is adopted to optimize the proposed algorithm to obtain both high embedding capacity and strong robustness while the imperceptibility is guaranteed. We experimentally verify the effectiveness of the ECSS algorithm and the DR mechanism, evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm against common signal processing attacks, and compare the performance with existing high-capacity algorithms. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a high embedding capacity with applicable imperceptibility and robustness.

Parallel multiple watermarking using adaptive Inter-Block correlation

People pay more and more attention to copyright protection and digital watermarking technology is a reliable method for copyright identification. In this paper, we propose the parallel multiple watermarking method using adaptive inter-block correlation. Considering the image texture characteristics, the texture complexity method is designed, based on which, the Circular-shaped Adjacent Block Selection and the Arch-shaped Adjacent Block Selection will be adaptively selected for adjacent block selection. The multiple watermarks are alternately embedded into the low and middle frequency band in DCT domain of the image blocks to good imperceptibility and high robustness. By adjusting the difference of projection of embedding coefficients and reference coefficients on the spreading vector, the multiple watermarks can be embedded, so the embedding capacity increases. In addition, we improve the multiple watermarks embedding based on orthogonal spreading vectors so that it can be adapted to embedding multiple watermarks in parallel based on inter-block correlation, saving embedding and extraction time. We theoretically analyze the rationality of parallel orthogonal embedding of multiple watermarks and experimentally verify the high efficiency of parallelism. Cover images of different texture complexity are included in the test dataset, and various attacks have been simulated in the experiments. Experimental results on imperceptibility, robustness, time cost and watermark capacity show the satisfied performance of the proposed scheme.

Decentralized identifier based illegal digital content distribution tracking system using the format‐preserving encryption algorithm

AbstractThe coronavirus pandemic, which first began in December 2019, has completely changed our daily lives. In particular, daily online digital content consumption over the world has soared since the start of the coronavirus pandemic. For preventing illegal digital content distribution, various technologies have been applied, but current copyright protection technologies are still lacking to provide secure digital content distribution while preserving privacy. In this article, we introduce a new digital content distribution system, which utilizes blockchain‐based decentralized identifier and format‐preserving encryption to enable user privacy preserved digital content tracking. We present the system architecture with detailed message flows of the proposal and provide its analysis result in terms of security and overhead.

A Watermarking Optimization Method Based on Matrix Decomposition and DWT for Multi-Size Images

Image watermarking is a key technology for copyright protection, and how to better balance the invisibility and robustness of algorithms is a challenge. To tackle this challenge, a watermarking optimization method based on matrix decomposition and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for multi-size images is proposed. The DWT, Hessenberg matrix decomposition (HMD), singular value decomposition (SVD), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Arnold transform and logistic mapping are combined for the first time to achieve an image watermarking optimization algorithm. The multi-level decomposition of DWT is used to be adapted to multi-size host images, the Arnold transform, logistic mapping, HMD and SVD are used to enhance the security and robustness, and the PSO optimized scaling factor to balance invisibility and robustness. The simulation results of the proposed method show that the PSNRs are higher than 44.9 dB without attacks and the NCs are higher than 0.98 under various attacks. Compared with the existing works, the proposed method shows high robustness against various attacks, such as noise, filtering and JPEG compression and in particular, the NC values are at least 0.44% higher than that in noise attacks.

Object-wise Secure Image Display Method for Screen Capture Protection

In this study, we propose an image copyright protection technology to prevent analog hole attacks using a deep object detection network. Instead of applying a virtual fence to the whole image, only a region of copyright is protected with fences. The region of copyright interest is called the protection zone and is generated by merging bounding boxes found with a YOLO network. The protection zone is adjusted to satisfy the fence generation rules, and then the virtual fence is finally applied. The main goal of this study is to attenuate the image degradation caused by virtual fences while preserving copyright protection capability. Since the virtual fence method uses the afterimage effect of the human visual system, it is necessary to generate images perceived by a human eye at every moment in order to calculate the objective image quality compared to the original unprotected image. Perceived images are generated at every 0.001 seconds using the mathematical model of the afterimage effect. The protection zone is found using object bounding boxes detected using a YOLO deep neural network. We applied the proposed method to four animation images, and the simulation results show that it achieves image quality that is about 3dB better than that of other methods.

A Novel Video Watermarking Algorithm using DTCWT

In this paper a new novel color video watermarking algorithm has been proposed using Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT). Digital watermarking is an emerging technology for copyright protection for digital multimedia data. Now-a-days a lot of digital data are exchanged in the internet, so to protect the digital multimedia data, digital watermarking is used, the data may be an image or video or an audio data. The main objective of this paper is to maintain perceptivity of digital video and design a robust watermarking algorithm and maintaining the tradeoff between robustness and perceptivity.

MO1045DEVELOPMENT OF A HOME CARE SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS I - USING DIGITAL WATERMARKING AND STEGANOGRAPHY*

Background and AimsAs it is necessary to refrain from going out due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a system that allows dialysis patients to be treated at a remote location or at home, i.e., a home care support system, is required. Information and communications technology (ICT) used for these purposes is widely applied in various medical fields. Using ICT has the advantage of allowing the sharing of patients’ electronic patient records (EPR) among medical staff, but increases the risk of copyright infringement and privacy leaks during archiving and transmission.We have developed a home care support system for peritoneal dialysis patients using information hiding technology consisting of both digital watermarking technology for copyright protection and steganography technology for communication security when treating patients at home using ICT. In addition, we evaluated the developed system.MethodThe system for sharing medical information was developed in the PHP programming language on a personal computer system using Microsoft Azure cloud services. Figure 1 shows an explanation of the digital watermarking technology and steganography technology used in the developed system.1. Digital watermarking technologyThe patient’s data, such as EPR data, facility name, etc., were hidden in the region of non-interest (RONI) of the patient’s chest CT image series and stored in a database.2. Steganography technologyWe call scene photos “cover pictures.” Medical information (CT images, etc.) was hidden in the cover picture. In this study, the cover picture containing the medical information was designated as a Stego image. A body CT image series (16-bit, 512 × 512, 100 slices) was used to verify the steganography technique. These CT images were compressed using 7-Zip and then saved in a folder, which was then embedded in the cover photo. The Stego image was then sent from the patient’s home to the medical institution via the home care support system.ResultsWe investigated the hash value, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) of the image series (Fig. 2). If the structure of the image or photograph was exactly the same, the SSIM shows a value of 1. If the PSNR is ≥ 40 dB, the image quality can be maintained without affecting diagnosis. If part of the ROI is changed during transmission, the hash value decoded from the received Stego image will be different from that before transmission. For Stego images containing watermarked or hidden CT images with 4000 words embedded, SSIM and PSNR were ≥ 0.99 dB and 65.3 dB, respectively.If the medical information was embedded in a low bit plane, such as a 1-bit or 2-bit plane, the radiologist could not identify the embedded information.When our technology was applied, there were no changes in the capacity of CT images or Stego images before and after embedding. Therefore, it was not possible to tell that medical information was embedded due to changes in capacity.ConclusionUsing ICT, we have built a home care support system that can conceal medical information by combining digital watermarking technology and steganography technology to ensure the copyright of images and to ensure privacy and secure transmission of EPR and CT images. Using the developed system, daily medical information of dialysis patients could be transmitted safely to the institute, and the medical staff could share the information safely. Both techniques can be applied to all digital image information, and is not just limited to CT images.

Security of Finger Prints with Video Watermarking Techniques Based On DWT and SVD

Content producers and service providers face highly important challenges in securing digital video content. As watermarking is an important copyright protection technology, this literature includes several methods of combining data into a multimedia component. Due to its increasing application, in recent watermark schemes, the Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) is used. In this text we suggest a DWT and the SVDbased hybrid system. After the image is separated into four strips, we add SVD to each strip and adjust the specific values into the same detail. Modification at all frequencies allows a framework to be established that is consistent with a broad range of threats.

A Blockchain-Based Traceable IP Copyright Protection Algorithm

Current Intellectual Property (IP) copyright protection technologies have low efficiency of authority management, traceability, and scalability. In this work, a blockchain-based IP copyright protection algorithm is proposed to address these issues by establishing a mathematical model of quadratic matrix transformation for IP circuit trading. This algorithm proposes the design of a distributed random embedding mechanism and position mapping function that, when IP trading occurs in blockchain, the traceable mapping function can trace the copyright information in IP trading with the mapping factor. Besides, this work analyzes the credibility, transparency, overhead, and complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can resist replaying attacks, yet the copyright information can be rapidly retrieved after suffered from attacks. Still, the proposed algorithm has higher security, stability, and traceability.

Study of a New Digital Text Watermarking Algorithm

As information technology develops rapidly and smart devices become popular, the traditional publishing industry is changing form. It has become very common for newspapers, books, magazines and pictures to transmit on the network. Because the network is easy to copy and spread text resources, the lawful interests of owners are liable to violate. In order to solve this problem, copyright protection technology represented by the text watermark has been invented. In this paper, a novel digital text watermarking algorithm utilizing word processing software is researched, which can ignore some faults in the documents to some extent. By means of this new algorithm, users can keep the copyright information in the reserved words of files and properly use the documents. The embedded watermark can be extracted and the copyright can be verified.

An Implementation of Robust Image Fingerprinting Based on DCT

As a new technology of copyright protection, digital fingerprinting has played an important role in multimedia piracy tracking. In this paper, a new image fingerprinting scheme was presented. Including an embedding algorithm based on image dividing and DCT coefficients, an extracting algorithm based on image registration. In the algorithm implementation we enhance the robustness by skipping the smaller coefficients and improve the extracting accuracy by optimizing the transformation matrix of image registration. The experimental results show that our image fingerprinting scheme has good invisibility and robustness against noise, low-pass filtering and geometric attacks such as scaling, rotation and cropping.

쿼드트리 분할 기술을 이용한 컬러 영상 암호화 기술

최근 다양한 형태의 영상 콘텐츠가 제작되고 있고, 이를 위한 저작권 보호기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 컬러 영상을 위한 영상암호화 기술을 제안한다. 이 기술은 영상을 RGB 색차성분으로 분할한 후, 윤곽선을 기준으로 쿼드트리 분할을 수행한다. 쿼드트리 분할 후, 선정된 블록들을 대상으로 암호화를 수행한다. 색차성분을 대상으로 암호화를 수행하여 암호화 효율을 측정하고, 컬러 영상으로 재구성한 후에도 암호화 효율을 측정한다. 암호화 효율은 시각적인 측정방식과 객관적인 화질평가 방식을 이용한다. 실험결과 PSNR 수치는 색차성분의 경우 7~10[dB], 컬러 영상의 경우 16~19[dB]로 측정되었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 영상암호화 기술은 향후 다양한 디지털 영상 콘텐츠의 저작권 보호에 사용될 것으로 보인다. Recently, various types of image contents are being produced, and interest in copyright protection technology is increasing. In this paper, we propose an image encryption technology for color images. This technique divides the image into RGB color components and then performs quad-tree decomposition based on the edge of image. After the quad-tree partitioning, encryption is performed on the selected blocks. Encryption is performed on color components to measure encryption efficiency, and encryption efficiency is measured even after reconstitution into a color image. The encryption efficiency uses a visual measurement method and an objective image quality evaluation method. The PSNR values were measured as 7~10 dB for color difference components and 16~19 dB for color images. The proposed image encryption technology will be used to protect copyright of various digital image contents in the future.