Coptotermes Sp Research Articles

Screening the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria inhabiting the gut of subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. and their control using Azadirachta indica leaf extract

Termite control is essential to mitigate the damage they cause worldwide. It can be achieved by targeting the celluloytic bacteria that thrive within the termite gut. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize the cellulose-degrading bacteria from the gut of the wood termite, Coptotermes sp. The cellulose degrading bacteria was isolated from the gut of the termite using the medium containing cellulose as the only carbon source. Three different bacteria were isolated and their cellulolytic activity on CMC-containing media was confirmed by the congo red clearing zone assay. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics the isolates were identified as Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Micrococcus sp. Of the three isolates Bacillus sp. exhibit maximum cellulolytic activity. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against the cellulolytic bacteria was analysed. All the three isolates were found to be susceptible to the neem leaf extract. In addition to bactericidal activity termicidal potential of the leaf extract was determined by no-choice bioassay method.

Rapid Biodiversity Evaluation of the Arboreal Termites in Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria

A rapid biodiversity evaluation of arboreal termite was carried out on the campus of Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil. Three different trees which include Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis were selected from three different sites (campus new site, premises of administrative offices and commercial area) on the campus and examined for termite activity, either arboreal nests or mud tubes which indicated infestation by the termites. Using a soft brush termite samples were collected into a labeled sampling bottle containing 10% formalin solution by cutting open the mud tubes and the nests with a forceps on the trees. A total of one hundred and twelve (112) individuals termites were samples were collected during the study belonging to five species: Coptotermes sp., Microtermes sp., Odontotermes sp., Amitermes sp. and Nutitermes sp. The Coptotermes sp. are the most abundant species both on the trees and the sites. Khaya senegalensis has the greatest diversity of the termite fauna as compared to other trees while campus new site (site A) also has greatest diversity. Coptotermes sp are insects of agricultural economic importance and feed on dead wood; therefore, they are insect pests of these trees and other building structures on the campus.

Rapid Biodiversity Evaluation of the Arboreal Termites in Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria

A rapid biodiversity evaluation of arboreal termite was carried out on the campus of Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil. Three different trees which include Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis were selected from three different sites (campus new site, premises of administrative offices and commercial area) on the campus and examined for termite activity, either arboreal nests or mud tubes which indicated infestation by the termites. Using a soft brush termite samples were collected into a labeled sampling bottle containing 10% formalin solution by cutting open the mud tubes and the nests with a forceps on the trees. A total of one hundred and twelve (112) individuals termites were samples were collected during the study belonging to five species: Coptotermes sp., Microtermes sp., Odontotermes sp., Amitermes sp. and Nutitermes sp. The Coptotermes sp. are the most abundant species both on the trees and the sites. Khaya senegalensis has the greatest diversity of the termite fauna as compared to other trees while campus new site (site A) also has greatest diversity. Coptotermes sp are insects of agricultural economic importance and feed on dead wood; therefore, they are insect pests of these trees and other building structures on the campus.

Production of Conidia by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Against Coptotermes sp.

Entomopathogenic fungi have the potential to infect most arthropods including termites which are economically important major insects pest of wood, wood products and building structures. However, the application of this fungus in the field has not shown satisfactory results yet, one of which is constrained in mass production of conidia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 16 types of biodegradable products and waste as substrates for mass production of conidia using solid state fermentation method and two types of inoculum namely solid and liquid inoculum. Toxicity tests were carried out on subterranean termites (Coptotermes sp.) based on JIS K 1571, 2010. The parameters observed were the number and dry weight of the conidia produced, conidial viability, nutrient content of the substrate, and percentage of termite mortality. The results showed that rice, sorghum and corn were the best media for the growth of entomopathogenic fungi based on the number of conidia and dry weight of the conidia produced. Metarhizium sp. T4.B23 produced the highest number of conidia, 1.12 x 1011 conidia/100 g substrate and yielded 180.9 ± 0.623 g dry conidia/kg of rice; followed by Metarhizium sp. B2.2 grown on sorghum that resulted in 1.11 x 1010 conidia/100 g substrates and 8 ± 0.570 g /kg sorghum; and B. bassiana produced 8.3 x 109 conidia/100 g substrate and 31.24 ± 0.407 gr/ kg sorghum. Metarhizium sp. B2.2 showed the highest toxicity to termites with 100% mortality was observed within the second day of testing. Therefore the conidia of Metahizium sp. B2.2 is potential to be developed as a biopesticide using rice or sorghum substrate as a carrier.

STUDI SERANGAN RAYAP PADA TANAMAN AKASIA (Acacia crassicarpa) di lahan HTI PT MUARA SUNGAI LANDAK KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

Termites are small insects, similar to ants, found in many places, in forests, yards, gardens and even in the house. Termite nests are found in damp places in the soil and wet logs, but some live in dry wood. The main food is wood and materials from cellulose and fungi. The area of work is 13,000 hectares. The basis for the division of land carried out and land use planning PT. Muara Sungai Landak has 2,500 ha of land for planting Acacia Crassicarpa plants. This research was conducted in the RKT 16/17 HTI area of PT Muara Sungai Landak. The study used a field survey method, by laying the first plot using purposive sampling, laying the second plot and so on using systematic sampling. The termite sampling taken in this study was the termite soldier. Termite samples were put in a vial bottle containing 70% alcohol. The analysis used two calculations, namely the calculation of the incidence of attacks and the intensity of the attacks. The results of the study of 46 plots with a total of 2944 trees, found 260 trees with mild attacks, 25 trees with moderate attacks, 9 with severe trees. The type of termite found was Nasutitermes longinasoides and Coptotermes sp. The incidence rate of termite attack occurred in all plots, namely 46 observation plots with the highest attack incidence rate of 21.31% and the highest intensity of attack 47.18%.Keyword: Acacia crassicarpa, Event of Attacks, Intensity of attack, PT Muara Sungai Landak, termites

Preliminary study of entomopathogenic fungi from termite nests

The purpose of this study was to develop inventory system of potentially entomopathogenic fungi from the termites’ nests at Seulawah Ecosystem, Aceh, Indonesia. The identification and pathogenicity test of the entomopathogenic fungi were conducted at Zoology and Microbiology Laboratories, Syiah Kuala University. We found that a potential entomopathogenic fungus, Aspergilus sp., from nest of termite (Nasutitermes spp.). Laboratory studies have shown that this entomopathogenic fungus affected to control termite Coptotermes sp. Aspergillus fungus has a great potency to be applied as a biological control agent against the termite. A post-publication change was made to this article on 11 Mar 2020 to correct the conference title in the PDF header.

EFEKTIFITAS ATRAKTAN ALAMI DENGAN TAMBAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK TAHU TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH (Coptotermes sp)

Efforts to reduce losses caused by termite attacks are require an effective and environmentally friendly method. One of the environmentally friendly termite controls can be used such as bait system using natural attractants. Plants that can be used as natural attractants include eucalyptus leaves (Melaleuca leucadendra). The purpose of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixture of eucalyptus leaves, waste paper and liquid waste from tofu factory which has potential as natural attractants to control of termites and to determine the most effective composition of eucalyptus leaf, waste paper and liquid waste from tofu factory as a bio-atactant. Testing was done in two methods: No-choice test and two choice test, using five compositions of eucalyptus leaves: waste paper i.e 0%: 100% (as a control), 20%: 80, 40%: 60%, 60%: 40 %, and 80%: 20%. The results showed that the mixture of eucalyptus leaves and waste paper with composition of 40%: 60% can be used as a bio-attractant against termites (Coptotermes sp).Keywords: bio-attractant, eucalyptus leaves, waste paper, Coptotermes sp.

Composition of bacteria types in the guts of Odontotermes sp. and Coptotermes sp. Preliminary study

Termites (Arthropoda: Isoptera) are social insects and well known as the most lignocellulose digesting insects with a great diversity of symbiont bacteria in their guts. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria types present in the termite guts of Odontotermes sp. and Coptotermes sp. These bacteria were isolated from the termite guts and characterized by using morphological observation and stain Gram test. Results showed that there were 19 colonies of bacteria isolated from Coptotermes sp. guts and 37 colonies of bacteria isolated from Odontotermes sp. In the lower termite Coptotermes sp., two bacterial isolates with different morphological characteristics were found, namely isolate BcCo-1 with Coccus form and BbCo-2 with Bacillus form. The bacteria present in the lower termite species consisted of 84% Coccus form and 16% Bacillus form. Both of the bacterial isolates were Gram positive. In the higher termite Odontotermes sp., two types of bacteria isolates were also found, namely BbOd-1 and BbOd-2 isolates. Both of the bacterial isolates were Bacillus forms and Gram positive. Isolate BbOd-1 has round shape, entire edges and flat elevation, meanwhile isolate BbOd-2 has a round shape, serrate edges, and convex elevation. In order to verify the species of the bacteria types, molecular diagnostic is truly needed.

Termiticidal Activities of The Bark Crude Extract of Derris Elliptica Benth Against Coptotermes sp

Tuba (Derris elliptica) is one of the insecticide-producing plant which can reduce the pest population due to its active compound, rotenone (C23H2206). The rotenone is deposit in all parts of tuba plant, as such as roots, stems, and leaves. The aim of this research aims was to evaluate the effectiveness of tuba bark extract against subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. The powder of tuba bark extract with 40-60 mesh size macerated with the ethanol by solvent obtains the extract. The extract was made into varions concentration namely 0,5%, 1%, and 1,5%, and applied to the paper disc. There are two types of termite test in this study, namely toxicity test and respiratory test. The mortality of termite and the weight loss of the paper disc were used as indicators of extract activity. The result showed that the concentration of 1,5% indicated the highest mortality from both of two types of test. This study was similar for the lowest weight loss of sample which was also given by concentration 1,5%.

Coptotermes sp. Termite Attacks in Some Locations of Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) Plantation

<p class="Els-Abstract-text"><span lang="EN-GB">Red Meranti (<em>Shorea leprosula</em> Miq.) have been widely planted in secondary forests and logged over forest. Problems were found in the field is due to the presence of <em>Coptotermes </em>sp<em>.</em> termite attack in <em>S. leprosula</em> plants resulting to its death. The aims of this study were to determine the percentage and intensity of <em>Coptotermes </em>sp. termite attack. The method used is to perform observations of termite attack in several locations planting, i.e. in KHDTK Samboja (East Kalimantan), KHDTK Sebulu (East Kalimantan), PT INHUTANI II, Pulau Laut (South Kalimantan) and PT Suka Jaya Makmur (West Kalimantan). The results showed that the percentage and intensity of <em>Coptotermes </em>sp<em>.</em> termite attacks in KHDTK Samboja, respectively 7.3 % and 4.7 %, in KHDTK Sebulu 11.3 % and 8.2 %, in Inhutani II 5.8 % and 5.3 % and in PT Suka Jaya Makmur 5.4 % and 4.8 %. The source of termite attacks in plants in KHDTK Samboja and KHDTK Sebulu was the termite nest contained in secondary forest bordering <em>S. leprosula</em> plantations while the source of the termite attack in plants in Inhutani II and PT Suka Jaya Makmur was the termite nests located between <em>S. leprosula</em> plantations. Finally, <em>Coptotermes sp</em> termite attack disturbed <em>S. leprosula</em> plantation.</span></p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Coptotermes </em>sp. termite attack; intensity termite attack; percentage termite attack; <em>Shorea leprosula</em> Miq.</p></div><p class="Els-Abstract-text"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p>

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF Coptotermes sp. POPULATION FROM TWO DIFFERENT NESTS

The aim of this research is to study morphmetric variation of external anatomy of subterranean termite (Coptotermes sp.). The samples were collected from two different nests, i.e. Laboratory of Forest Product Engineering and Diversification, Hasanuddin University (site A) and Kompleks Perumahan Dosen Unhas, Tamalanrea (site B). Resulted data were statistically analyzed for mean, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient of variability. The mean values of the different population samples were compared by using student‘t’ test according to SPSS Ver.12. For each individual soldier and worker, 54 variables of external characters were measured. The result showed that some external characters of soldier and worker casts were significantly different with different locations. In soldier casts, eleven of 54 variables were found to be significant different in length and width of caput, length and width metathorax, mesothorax length, length and width of abdomens, scape length, flagellum width, femur width, and width tibia. Whilst, in worker casts, 11 of 54 variables were found to be significant different in mesothorax length, scape length, flagellum width, trochanter width, tibia length, tarsus length, and claw width. However, morph metric of external characters of Coptotermes sp. at two locations was generally relative same in terms of coefficient of variability. Key words: Morphometric analysis, Coptotermes sp.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS JAMUR PATOGEN UNTUK PENGENDALIAN RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes sp.

Fungi have a great diversity and wide distribution at the world. It can be used as the alternative technology for controlling of subterranean termite attack, particularly genus Coptotermes knowned as the wooden destructive organism, by using entomophatogenic fungi. For the purpose of the study, several isolate sources were taken from some locations. The results show that eight numbers of pathogenic fungi was founded by screening and identification of fungi taken from 19 numbers of isolate sources. The pathogenic fungi were Beauveria sp., Penicillium brevicompactum, P. rubrum, Paecilomyces fulvus, Fusarium verticolloides, Pythium sp., and Aspergillus sp. Key words: Jamur entomopatogen, Coptotermes sp.

A survey of the termite fauna (Isoptera) of an eucalypt plantation in central Brazil

The termite fauna of a plantation of Eucaliptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Mytaceae) in Buritis, Minas Gerais, was manually sampled in 12 transects. The assemblage contained 28 species belonging to Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae. This assemblage corresponds to a subset of the native fauna of the cerrado previously present in this region. Compared to the original native fauna, it has a lower species richness, a much lower proportion of soil-feeders and a higher proportion of litter-feeders. A total of 1,600 recently cut trees were examined and only three (0.2%) had damage to the heartwood caused by Coptotermes sp. Despite the presence of a diverse termite fauna including several putative pest species, termites are not considered a significant problem to eucalypt plantations in this region.

SIFAT ANTI RAYAP DARI EKSTRAK IJUK AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr.)

The fiber of sugar-palm tree Arenga pinnata Merr., locally known as ijuk, is frequently harvested after the tree age of 5 years and traditionally used as covering to protect ground-contact wood construction materials against organism attack, particularly subterranean termites. The effectiveness of sufar-palm tree fiber extract of marketed formation using acetone and and hexane againts subterannean termites (Coptotermes sp.) has been observed. The results showed that mortality of termite after 2 weeks is 100% on samples given the sugar-palm tree fiber extract, compared with the mortality of controls (without sugar-palm tree fiber extract) is 7,07% after 3 weeks. The consumption rate of termites opposited with the mortality value, due to the existence of bioactive components or chemical compounds having inhibitor or toxic against termites activities. Key words: Sugar-Palm Tree Fiber, Arenga pinnata, Antitermiticidal activities, Coptotermes sp.

Ecological role of termites (Insecta, Isoptera) in tree trunks in central Amazonian rain forests

During an experimental silvicultural logging operation in a rain forest area in central Amazonia, 110 trees were cut in an area of about 3 ha. Of these, 37.7±9.9% presented large internal cavities along the central axis of their trunks. Twenty-three trees were infested with termites (21.2±3.5% of the logged and 57.4±9.8% of the hollow trees). Eighteen termite species of 15 genera (families: Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae) were found in the rotten cores; the most common species were Coptotermes testaceus and an unidentified species of this genus (Coptotermes sp. A). Both species together occupied 69.3±18.1% of the trees containing termites. Some otherwise rarely registered termite species (Glossotermes oculatus, Labiotermes leptothrix, Inquilinitermes microcerus) also were found in the rotten cores (I. microcerus for the first time in central Amazonia). We conclude that apparently healthy, live trees in Amazonian rain forests commonly have rotten cores that contain termites, and that termites of the genus Coptotermes are the main occupants of this spatial niche. Therefore, when termite communities are sampled, special attention should be given to the termite assemblages in the central cavities of tree trunks.

Ecological role of termites (Insecta, Isoptera) in tree trunks in central Amazonian rain forests

During an experimental silvicultural logging operation in a rain forest area in central Amazonia, 110 trees were cut in an area of about 3 ha. Of these, 37.7±9.9% presented large internal cavities along the central axis of their trunks. Twenty-three trees were infested with termites (21.2±3.5% of the logged and 57.4±9.8% of the hollow trees). Eighteen termite species of 15 genera (families: Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae) were found in the rotten cores; the most common species were Coptotermes testaceus and an unidentified species of this genus ( Coptotermes sp. A). Both species together occupied 69.3±18.1% of the trees containing termites. Some otherwise rarely registered termite species ( Glossotermes oculatus, Labiotermes leptothrix, Inquilinitermes microcerus) also were found in the rotten cores ( I. microcerus for the first time in central Amazonia). We conclude that apparently healthy, live trees in Amazonian rain forests commonly have rotten cores that contain termites, and that termites of the genus Coptotermes are the main occupants of this spatial niche. Therefore, when termite communities are sampled, special attention should be given to the termite assemblages in the central cavities of tree trunks.

Preliminary Findings on Termites (Isoptera) Associated with Cocoa and Coffee Farms in Ghana

Studies were carried out from 1990 to 1993 to identify termite species associated with cocoa and coffee in Ghana. Ten genera/species, belonging to the families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae, were recorded from cocoa and coffee trees aged from 6 to 36 months. The commonest was Ancistrotermes sp., followed by Amitermes sp., Microtermes subhyalinus, Microtermes sp. and Nasutitermes sp. Others were Macrotermes bellicosus, Pseudacanthotermes sp., Cubitermes sp., Schedorhinotermes putorius and Coptotermes sp. All species except M. bellicosus, Pseudacanthotermes sp. and Cubitermes sp. caused damage to cocoa and / or coffee. The shade tree, Gliricidia sp., was attacked by Pseudacanthotermes sp. whereas Macrotermes bellicosus and Cubitermes sp. were harmless. The relative abundance of these termites is discussed.