Copper Soap Research Articles

Characterization, Comparative Assessment and Antibacterial Potential of Copper(II) Soya Complexes against Staphylococcus Aureus

Copper(II) soap complexes have been proven their activity against bacteria very effectively. Herein, the influence of biophysical and biomechanical parameters on the activity of Copper(II) soya thiourea complex was evaluated. To this aim, liquid as well as solid growth media were developed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of Copper(II) soya thiourea complex against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was assessed in various concentration of Copper(II) Soya complexes. Copper (II) Soya complexes also resist bacterial growth at higher concentration. This review provides a board overview of Staphylococcus aureus with an emphasis on the Copper(II) soya thiourea complex

Effect of Copper Antifouling Paint on Marine Degradation of Polypropylene: Uneven Distribution of Microdebris between Nagasaki Port and Goto Island, Japan.

Microplastics (MP) encompass not only plastic products but also paint particles. Marine microdebris, including MP, was retrieved from five sampling stations spanning Nagasaki-Goto island and was classified into six types, primarily consisting of MP (A), Si-based (B), and Cu-based (C) paint particles. Type-A particles, i.e., MP, were exceedingly small, with 74% of them having a long diameter of 25 µm or less. The vertical distribution of type C, containing cuprous oxide, exhibited no depth dependence, with its dominant size being less than 7 μm. It was considered that the presence of type C was associated with a natural phenomenon of MP loss. To clarify this, polypropylene (PP) samples containing cuprous oxide were prepared, and their accelerated degradation behavior was studied using a novel enhanced degradation method employing a sulfate ion radical as an initiator. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of a copper soap compound in seawater. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated that the chemical reactions between Cl- and cuprous oxide produced Cu+ ions. The acceleration of degradation induced by the copper soap formed was studied through the changes in the number of PP chain scissions, revealing that the presence of type-C accelerated MP degradation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Soap Complexes Derived from Natural Edible Oils with Substituted Benzothiazoles

The aim of this research work is to present the fundamental chemical properties and new investigations of coordination compounds of some transition metal ions with an overview of medicinal applications. The primary purpose of this study is to understand the characteristic nature and biocidal properties of copper (II) soap complexes with nitrogen and sulphur donor ligands. Wide varieties of geometries and reactivity of transition metal complexes have been reported to possess several biocidal activities. Copper (II) soaps derived from natural edible oils like sesame and groundnut have a tendency of complexation with nitrogen and sulphur containing ligands. Synthesized copper (II) soap complexes may play a significant role in biological activities and have sufficient pharmaceutical, industrial and analytical applications. During last few decades, the use of macrocyclic nitrogen and sulphur containing six-membered heterocyclic ligands with transition metal complexes has been an interesting and fascinating area of research activity in scientific community all over the world due to its various applications.

Thermal Analysis and Biocidal Studies of Copper (II) Soapgroundnut Complex Containing Urea and Thiourea as a Ligand

Background: Studies on the thermal decomposition of synthesized complexes have great importance for calculating the thermal stability and characterization of copper (II) soap complexes, and represent new investigations on the solution of environmental problems. Aim: The present research work aims to report new findings in the field of thermogravimetric analysis and biocidal studies for copper (II) groundnut complexes with urea and thiourea ligands. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct the kinetic analysis of copper (II) soap complexes of nitrogen and sulphur-containing ligands with the help of a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA), as this technique is commonly applied for thermal analysis. Methods: In relevance of aforesaid applications, the present work deals with determining the different thermal degradation steps of newly synthesized copper (II) groundnut urea complex (CGU) and copper (II) groundnut thiourea complex (CGT) by using Coats- Redfern, Horowitz-Metzger, Broido, and Piloyan-Novikova equations for determining kinetic parameters, i.e., the energy of activation (E), rate constant, order of decomposition reaction, and pre-exponential factor (Z). Results: The results obtained from kinetic parameters were used to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters, i.e., entropy of activation (ΔS), enthalpy of activation (ΔH), and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG), corresponding to the activation by using previously mentioned equations. Kinetics of degradation for the synthesized complexes in solid state were studied using thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA) in nitrogen atmosphere. Conclusion: The present study has discussed the biocidal activities of these complexes against Staphylococcus aureus and an explicit correlation between structure and biological activity has also been provided.

Antimicrobial Studies of Copper (II) Sesame Urea and Thiourea Complex Against Staphylococus Aureus

In the present work a systemat¬ic study give an overview of new findings in the field of biocidal activities for copper (II) sesame soap complex with urea ligand. The aim of this research work is to present fundamental chemical properties and new investigations of coordination compounds of some transition metal ions with an overview of medicinal applications. Transition metals appear in almost every facet of our day-to-day life, from industrial uses such as the manufacture of construction and building materials, tools, vehicles, up to cosmetics, paints and fertilizers. Their reactions are in general important in many technical processes such as catalysis, material synthesis, photochemistry, as well as, in biology and medicine. The present work deals with the study of synthesis and characterization of biological properties of novel copper (II) soap urea complex.

An investigation and Environmental Aspects of Copper(II) Surfactant with Photocatalytic Degradation

Surfactants have wide use all over the world in various field of the national economy, will continue to expand its scope of application and the consumption is also increasing. Photodegradation is a branch of science, which attracted the attention of science community all over the world due to selection of light as energy source to degrade large molecules to smaller size molecules which does not degrade easily. Copper(II) Soya Thiourea complex has been synthesised and photocatalytic degradation of this complex carried by using ZnO as semiconductor catalyst in non aqueous solvent benzene. Concentration effect on Copper (II) Soya Thiourea complex with reference of optical density, photodegradation and percent degradation has been studied here. Using light as an energy source to drive a reaction results in chemistry is much more ‘green’, helping to eliminate the requirement for harsh reactants which are often toxic and unrecoverable. Photocatalysis also has applications in wide area of renewable energy. Analysis of biological activities of Copper soap complex is also done with Staphylococcus aureus to anticipate that it will generate new hopes in the field of biological applications.

Study of percent degradation of copper complex with various solvents

Transition metal soaps have their vast area of different fields like industry, technology and in allied science. Recently their complexes have greatly attracted the attention of industries and are finding increasing their application in different fields. The photocatalytic degradation of copper (II) soap complex have been studied spectrophotometrically in non- aqueous and non polar solvent benzene. Copper (II) Mustard complex was synthesized with N and S containing ligands. The aim of this study to observe the percent degradation of copper soap complex which increases with increasing amount of methanol solvent and further decrease with some extent. Zinc oxide (ZnO) was used in the photocatalytic decolourisation and degradation study of copper (II) Mustard thio urea complex. Intensity of light is measured with the help of solar meter (CEL India Model SM 201). Absorption of light is recorded by U.V. visible spectrophotometer (SYSTRONIC MODEL 106) at different time intervals. The various thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the process were evaluated. Photo degradation has been considered in many reaction of biological, synthetic and industrial importance where energy received from sun can be better utilized for converting the pollutants into less toxic or almost harmless materials. The best way for the overall treatment of dyestuff effluent, is photo degradation. Photo-catalysis has proven as a booming field of chemistry due to its numerous potential applications. An attempt has been made to focus on anti-microbiological activity of copper (II) mustard thiourea complex at different concentrations with Staphylococcus aureus which may causes skin infections.

Characterization and antibacterial screening of copper surfactants

In the applied areas of research and many industrial processes, the complexes of copper metallic soaps with some aromatic ligands are found very useful, in studying the biocidal activities of above complexes in non-aqueous solvents. These complexes have been analyzed for their characteristics in non-aqueous media and have been derived from copper (II) groundnut soaps with substituted 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazoles. The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, melting point determination and their IR, NMR and ESR spectral studies have also been done to understand structural aspects. In the present work, all these copper (II) soap complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The chosen solvent in dilution is benzene, which results in affecting the aggregation of complex molecules and has the tendency to interact with complex molecules. Zone of inhibition have been measured in mm at various concentrations. The detailed study of aforesaid complexes clearly indicates that the synthesized complexes were found to possess appreciable bactericidal properties.

Biological importance of copper (II) sesame soap-urea complex

The study of transition metal complexes containing macrocyclic nitrogen and sulphur donor ligands has been an attractive and fascinating area of modern research activity during last few decades, because of their synthetic investigations and for their usefulness. These ligands and their metal complexes are good complexing agents. The present research work reports fundamental chemical properties and new investigations of coordination compounds of some transition metal ions with an overview of medicinal applications. Transition metals appear in almost every facet of our day-to-day life, from industrial uses such as the manufacture of construction and building materials, tools, vehicles, up to cosmetics, paints and fertilizers. The present work deals with the study of synthesis and characterization of biological properties of novel copper (II) soap urea complex.

Solid State Kinetics, Spectroscopic, Thermal Degradation and Fungicidal Studies of Biodegradable Copper Surfactants Derived from Lauric Acid

Introduction: The synthesis of copper soap (laurate), and its complex with 2-amino 6- methylbenzothiazole and their elemental and spectral analysis have been done for comparative studies using IR, NMR, Mass and ESR spectra. Methods: The fungicidal activities, with reference to Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger at different concentrations by P.D.A. technique were also studied. Results and Conclusion: The present research work comprises detailed thermal analysis using TGA technique to determine their kinetic and thermodynamic parameters by applying various equations like Freeman Carroll, Coats-Redfern equation, Horowitz-Metzger equation, Broido equation, Piloyan–Novikova equation.

Investigation of Micellization and Viscometric Behaviour of Organo-copper Soap-urea Complexes Derived from Various Edible Oils

Background:Of-late researches in colloid chemistry are becoming increasingly important in various branches of chemistry, industry, medicine and allied fields. Copper surfactants derived from various edible oils provide an interesting area of investigation pertaining to its fundamental information regarding their colloid-chemical behaviour. Copper (II) soaps and their urea complexes in polar and non-polar solvents have gained considerable popularity due to their immense use and widespread applications such as wood preservation, foaming, wetting, biocidal, pesticidal activities, fungicidal, detergency, emulsification, paints, lubrication etc.Objective:Present work has been initiated with a view to obtain a profile due to the nature and structure of copper soap and their urea complexes with long chain fatty acids in polar and non-polar solvent, which have great significance in explaining their characteristics under different conditions. The objective of the present work is study of micellar characterizations of copper soap and their urea complexes in polar (methanol) and non-polar (benzene) solvents of varying composition and subsequent determinations of CMC using physical properties such as, viscosity. This will provide fundamental information regarding their colloid chemical behavior.Methods:The density, molar volume, viscosity, specific viscosity, and fluidity of Cu (II) soap- urea complexes derived from various edible oils in a benzene-methanol solvent system have been determined at a constant temperature of 303.15 K.Results:Results: The results were used to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), soap complex-solvent interactions and the effect of chain length of the surfactant molecules on various parameters. The values of the CMC in the higher volume percent of methanol are higher than those of the lower volume percent of methanol. The values of CMC for these complexes are following the order: CSoU>CSeU> CGU > CMU:This shows that there is a decrease in the CMC values with an increase of the average molecular weight of the complex. The conclusions with regard to solute-solute and solutesolvent interactions have been discussed in terms of the well-known Moulik’s and Jones- Dole equations. The effect of surfactant concentration on the viscosity of the solution in the solvent mixtures has been discussed. The observations suggested that the solvent structure breaking effect by the solute on the solvent molecules is more prominent above the CMC as compared to below the CMC.Conclusion:The vital information about the micellar behavior of synthesized molecules as a solute and their interactions with different solvents will plays an important role in various industrial and biological applications.

Volumetric and viscometric studies of copper soap urea complex derived from various vegetable oils in methanolbenzene mixture.

Volumetric and viscometric studies of copper soap urea complex derived from various vegetable oils in methanolbenzene mixture.

Synthesis and Analysis of Copper Neem (Azadirechta Indica) Soap-Nitro and Ethoxy Benzothiazole Complexes for Anti-Bacterial Activity Related with Skin Diseases

The solid copper(II) soap derived from Neem (Azadirechta Indica)oil and its complex with ligand containing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen atoms like 2-amino -6-nitro benzothiazole and 2-amino- 6-ethoxy benzothiazole have been synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and biological studies. From the analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complex has been observed to be 1:1 (metal:ligand). The derived compounds were found active against Staphylococcus aureus,Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNs), Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and micrococcus bacteria. These findings have high medical, industrial and economic significance as copper (II) soap and copper (II) soap complex could be harnessed in the formulation of medicated soaps.

Antimicrobial Studies and Characterization of Copper Surfactants Derived from Various Oils Treated at High Temperatures by P.D.A. Technique

Introduction:Biologically potent compounds are one of the most important classes of materials for the upcoming generations. Increasing number of microbial infectious diseases and resistant pathogens create a demand and urgency to develop novel, potent, safe and improved variety of antimicrobial agents. This initiates a task for current chemistry to synthesize compounds that show promising activity as therapeutic agents with lower toxicity. Therefore, a substantial research is needed for their discovery and improvement. Chemistry of present era aims to build a pollution free environment. For the same, it targets to create some alternativeswhich are eco-friendly and nature loving. Present research work is a step towards achieving such alternatives.Method:For this the metallic soaps of copper (derived from common edible oils) were synthesized. The synthesized copper soaps have been confirmed by elemental analysis, UV, and IR spectroscopic technique. The fungicidal activities of copper soaps derived from soyabean, sesame oils have been evaluated by testing against Alternaria alternate and Aspergillus niger by P.D.A. technique.Result:The fungi toxicity results indicate that the strain of fungal species are susceptible towards these soaps and suggests that with the increase in concentration of copper soap it may increase further. The transition metallic soaps showed good antifungal activity because chelation increases the anti-microbial potency.

Surface Tension Studies of Ternary System: Cu (II) Surfactants-2-amino-6-methyl Benzothiazole Complex Plus Methanol Plus Benzene at 311 K

Background: Exact information about micellar feature of Cu (II) Soaps play a vital role in its selection in specific phenomena such as foaming, wetting, detergency, emulsification, etc. and also in their use as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides and insecticides. Copper soaps having a tendency of complex formation with the compounds containing donor atoms like N, O, Br, S, etc. It is well known that benzothiazoles are derivatives of anilines and play significant role in biological activities and having sufficient industrial and analytical applications. Objective: Coherence of biological activities of copper soaps and benzothiazole stimulated our interest to extend the studies in their cumulative form as complexes. It is anticipated that it will generate new hopes in the pharmacological activities. Critical micelle concentration, revelation of the nature and size of micelles formed and surface active properties have been investigated in the proximity of mixed solvents having wide difference in degree of polarity. Methods: Copper soap complex solutions in polar and non-polar solvent (methanol and benzene) mixtures have been chosen for the surface tension studies. Their micellar and colloidal behaviour have been analysed and these results confirm that CMC values depend upon composition of solvent mixture and are found to decrease with increase in chain length of copper surfactant (caprylate, caprate and laurate) in the referred molecule taken for study. Results: The results of surface tensions have been explained on the basis of Szyszkowski’s empirical equation and it is observed that X, Y and (-XlnY) lead to the confirmation of fact that the change in the behaviour of copper surfactant complex occurs differently at two different compositions (40% & 80%) of methanol-benzene mixture. The results reveals that the numerical value of X for all the complexes in 40% and 80% methanol-benzene mixture below CMC are higher than above CMC. The area covered by 1 g. mole of the complex decreases gradually from 40% methanol to 80% methanol. The values of parachor of the complex solution increase with increase in the mole fraction and volume percent of methanol below CMC and decrease above CMC. The plots of parachor against the mole fraction of the copper surfactant complex are characterized by an intersection of two straight-lines at the CMC of copper surfactant complex. Conclusion: Hammic and Andrew’s equations has been successfully applied to explain the behaviour of copper surfactant complex in two different compositions of methanolbenzene mixtures.

Micellar Features and Various Interactions of Copper Soap Complexes Derived from Edible Mustard Oil in Benzene at 303.15 K

Background: The study of various physical behavior of macromolecules in solution is important in understanding the mechanism of transport process. Therefore, our keen intreset to study of various physical parameters of Cu (II) surfactants in benzene a non –polar solvent. Objective: The present work deals with the study of density, molar volume, apprent molar volume of copper surfactants derived from mustard oil in a binary system. Method: Complexes derived from mustard oil with urea / thiourea / 2-amino-6-chloro benzothiazole ligand were synthesized. The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, melting points and their IR, NMR and ESR spectral studies. Results: The results were used to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), various interactions and the effect of chain length of the soap molecule in non- aqueous, non- polar solvent. The CMC values are found to decrease with increase in average molecular weight of the soap complexes. The apparent molar volume has been examined in terms of Masson equation. Conclusion: This study helps in interpretation of solute solvent interactions, structural insight of micelle and colloidal chemical behavior in binary systems. Study of these factors is essential as it indirectly makes them responsible for their immense applicability in wide areas of field. Keywords: Cu (II) soap, edible mustard oil, soap- solvent interaction, CMC, density, Masson equation.

Volumetric Studies of Copper Soap Derived from Treated and Untreated Oils in Benzene at 298.15 K

Volumetric Studies of Copper Soap Derived from Treated and Untreated Oils in Benzene at 298.15 K

Efecto de la Suplementación con Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) sobre Algunos Parámetros de la Leche Bovina

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la suplementación con alfalfa en vacas en producción podría generar un efecto antioxidante y modificar la composición de los ácidos grasos de la leche. Se utilizaron 19 vacas distribuidas en un grupo tratado (suplementado con alfalfa; n=11) y un grupo control (n=8). Se determinó el nivel de oxidación de la grasa de la leche (prueba de jabón de cobre), la calidad composicional y la presencia de ácidos grasos (cromatografía de gases) en la leche. La grasa de la leche de los animales suplementados mostró mayor estabilidad y menor oxidación respecto al grupo control, mostrando un efecto antioxidante, aun en aquella leche que se mantuvo 14 días a temperatura ambiente. Asimismo, hubo aumento de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y disminución de los saturados, y aumento del porcentaje de grasa total de la leche. Se concluye que la suplementación con alfalfa da mayor estabilidad a la grasa de la leche por su efecto antioxidante y mejora la proporción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados con disminución de los saturados, lo cual podría ser más benéfico para la salud del consumidor.

Evaluation and Optimization of Extracellular Digestive Enzymes from Bacillus spp. Isolated from Curds

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the digestive enzyme activity of the four Bacillus spp. and to optimize the physical parameters. Methods: The enzymes were produced by submerged fermentation supplementing enzyme specific substrates. The fermentation broths were centrifuged and the supernatants were used as source of crude enzyme. Amylase activity was determined by 3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid method using starch as substrate while copper soap method was used to evaluate lipase activity. Further, protease activity was measured by Lowry’s method; whereas, phytase activity was assayed using sodium phytate as substrate. All the enzymes were optimized for pH, temperature and substrate concentration. The total protein content per one mL of the crude enzyme in the supernatant was quantified by Lowry’s method. Results: All the four tested isolates B. subtilis GS 1, B. cereus GS 3, B. cereus GS 199 and B. subtilis GS 547 showed high extracellular digestive enzyme activity at pH range 5 to 8 and temperature 20 to 50°C. Conclusion: The four tested B. subtilis GS 1, B. cereus GS 3, B. cereus GS 199 and B. subtilis GS 547 could be promising extracellular digestive enzyme producing isolates. Further, evaluation of in vivo efficacy and safety in animal models and clinical trials would be helpful in assisting digestive enzyme deficiencies using these extracellular enzyme preparations or whole cell bacteria.

Acoustic studies of copper soap–urea complexes derived from groundnut and sesame oils

Acoustic studies of copper soap–urea complexes derived from groundnut and sesame oils