Copper Nitrate Hydrate Research Articles

Effect of the Synthesis Time on Structural Properties of Copper Oxide

The structural properties of the CuO nanopowder oxide prepared reflux techniquewithout any templates or surfactant, using copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO)3 3H2O) in deionizedwater with aqueous ammonia solution are reported. The Xrd analysis data and processing in originpro program used to get FWHM and integral width to study the effect of different synthesis timeswas studied on the structural properties. It was found that values of crystal sizes are 17.274nm,17.746nm, and 18.560nm, the size of nanoparticles is determined by Halder-Wagner, and 15.796nm, 15.851nm, and 16.52nm, were calculated by Size-Strain Plot (SSP) method. The Sample wasconsidered to determine physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain,dislocations density, surface area, and the number of unit cells and then to compare the results.

Low-melting-temperature binary molten nitrate salt mixtures for solar energy storage

Thermal analysis of the binary system (Al(NO3)3)–(Cu(NO3)2) of different ratios was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The eutectic temperature of the binary salt mixture was determined to be 65 °C. Moreover, the degradation temperature, specific heat, latent heat of fusion and thermal stability were reported, respectively. Further, this work focuses on synthesising low-temperature salt mixtures comprised of aluminium nitrate non-hydrate (Al(NO3)3) and copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO3)2) of varying compositions (60:40, 50:50, 55:45 and 57.5:42.5), respectively, which are optimised using Design of Expert v13. The performance of the binary salt mixture was determined from the results obtained from thermal stability measurements after the exposure of salt mixture to 120 h at a higher temperature. The results showed that the novel binary molten salt mixtures exhibit decomposition at 215 °C and the latent heat was found to increase from 17.7 to 20.73 J g−1 with the increase in aluminium nitrate composition with excellent repeatability after three sets of experiments. The average specific heat of binary molten salt mixture was observed from 2.73 to 2.13 J g−1 K−1. The optimal molar ratio of binary molten salts is found to be 60:40 (Al/Cu) from the obtained results. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray showed a uniform distribution of both the salts in the mixture. The average specific heat of the optimal molar ratio was 21.8% higher compared to other molar ratios, indicating the most promising material to be used in solar applications.

Effects of Cu Precursor Types on the Catalytic Activity of Cu/ZrO2 toward Methanol Synthesis via CO2 Hydrogenation

This paper presents the influence of different types of copper precursors on CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation over copper nanoparticles on amorphous ZrO2. Here, we chose copper nitrate hydrate, copper...

Carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared by detonation method and their thermocatalysis on ammonium perchlorate

Carbon-coated copper nanoparticles (CCNPs) were prepared by initiating a high-density charge pressed with a mixture of microcrystalline wax, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O) in an explosion vessel filled with nitrogen gas. The detonation products were characterized by transmission electron microcopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microcopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of CCNPs on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were also investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Results indicated that the detonation products were spherical, 25-40 nm in size, and had an apparent core-shell structure. In this structure, the carbon shell was 3-5 nm thick and mainly composed of graphite, C8 (a kind of carbyne), and amorphous carbon. When 5 wt.% CCNPs was mixed with 95 wt.% AP, the high-temperature decomposition peak of AP decreased by 95.97, 96.99, and 96.69 °Cat heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C/min, respectively. Moreover, CCNPs decreased the activation energy of AP as calculated through Kissinger’s method by 25%, which indicated outstanding catalysis for the thermal decomposition of AP.

Enhanced sodium storage property of copper nitrate hydrate by carbon nanotube

In this work, novel nano/micro structure nitrates are reported for sodium storage for the first time. By using a facile solution route, carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are introduced to incorporate with copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O) to form Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O/CB and Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O/CNT composites for high capacity sodium storage, respectively. Morphological and structural investigations show that CB or CNT coating does not obviously change the particle size and phase composition of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O, while, the electrochemical performance of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O is significantly improved by introducing CB or CNT as a conductive network. Moreover, carbon matrix can also provide a buffer for suppressing particle pulverization during sodiation/desodiation process. Especially for CNT, it builds a three-dimensional conductive network for active particles. As a result, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O/CNT exhibits higher reversible specific capacity and better cycling stability than bare Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O and Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O/CB. After 30cycles, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O/CNT can deliver a reversible charge capacity of 140.7mAhg−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1. This result demonstrates that CNT reinforced Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O composite could be a probable anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Besides, the probable sodium storage mechanism in Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O is also proposed by using various ex-situ analytical methods.

Improved electrochemical property of copper nitrate hydrate by multi-wall carbon nanotube

By using multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), a well-dispersed composite of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT (2.5<x<3.0) is prepared by a simple solution route. Morphology and structure observations show that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT is composed of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O particles with particle size of 50–400nm embedded in the three-dimensional conductive network of MWCNT. The existence of MWCNT not only inhibits the agglomeration of primary Cu(NO3)2·xH2O blocks into bigger secondary particles but also improves the electronic conductivity of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O. As a result, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT reveals a stable and conductive structure for lithium storage. Charge/discharge results display that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT delivers a lower initial discharge capacity of 2177.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1 than that of pure Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (2383.2mAhg−1.). However, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT maintains a higher reversible lithium storage capacity of 980.2 mAh g−1 with a higher capacity retention of 83.6% after 30 cycles compared to pure Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (264.6 mAh g−1, 47.1%). Contributed to the introduction of MWCNT, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT also shows outstanding rate performance. It can provide the reversible lithium storage capacities of 943.4, 813.5, 702.9 and 642.0mAhg−1 at 100, 150, 200 and 250mAg−1, respectively. Therefore, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT may be a promising lithium storage material.

Lithium storage mechanism in superior high capacity copper nitrate hydrate anode material

Copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O) exhibits superior high lithium storage capacity (2285 mAh g−1) as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The structural transformation and lithium storage mechanism of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O are thoroughly studied by various advanced analytical techniques. It is found that the lithium storage process of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O is associated with a quasi-reversible electrochemical conversion reaction. During the discharge process, the electrochemical reaction of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O with lithium results in the formation of Cu, LiNO3, Li3N, Li2O and H2O. In the reverse charge process, Cu(NO3)2 can be generated by a conversion reaction. As a result, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O shows the reversible charge capacities of 1632.1 mAh g−1 in 0.0–3.4 V and 689.1 mAh g−1 in 1.0–3.4 V, respectively.

Copper nitrate hydrate as novel high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries

For the first time, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x ≤ 2.5) is investigated as a new lithium storage anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The impressive characteristic of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O(x ≤ 2.5)/Li cell is the high initial discharge capacity reaching to around 2200 mAh g−1. To make a comparison, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O electrodes are used as raw materials and heat-treated at 80, 120 and 160 °C. Among all the three samples, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x < 2.5) obtained at 160 °C shows the highest reversible capacity of 597.6 mAh g−1 and the best cycling stability after 30 cycles. The difference in electrochemical behaviors is attributed to the variation of surface morphology, crystal water and particles size after heat-treatment at different temperatures. Besides, the thermal reaction results also show that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x < 2.5) obtained at 160 °C has the highest thermal stability among all the three samples after repeated cycles. The present findings can provide the fact that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (≤2.5) may be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Electrodeposition of 1.4-eV-Bandgap p-Copper (II) Oxide Film With Excellent Photoactivity

A p-type semiconductor CuO film with a bandgap energy of 1.4 eV has been prepared by anodic electrodeposition in a basic aqueous solution containing copper nitrate hydrate and ammonium nitrate at 297 K, and the structural, optical, and electrical characterizations were carried out. The randomly-oriented CuO film prepared on a transparent conductive glass substrate showed electrical characteristics of a 1.26 × 103 Ω cm in resistivity, 2.11 × 1016 cm−3 in carrier concentration, and 0.234 cm2 V−1 s−1 in mobility, and a slight photocurrent generation could be observed during light irradiation. The (002)-oriented CuO film could be prepared on the (111)-oriented Au/Si wafer substrate and possessed an excellent photoactivity of a large photocurrent density and quick response compared to those for the randomly oriented CuO film.

Fundamental studies on extraction of actinides from spent fuels using liquefied gases – Conversion of copper into nitrate with NO 2 and extraction of Nd(III) nitrate by CO 2 with TBP

The nitrate conversion with liquefied NO 2 and the nitrate extraction with SC-CO 2 were demonstrated for copper powder and neodymium nitrate instead of actinide compounds. Copper contacted with NO 2 in an autoclave at 353 K changed to water-soluble compounds. By XRD analysis of the product in the atmospheric condition, the formation of copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO 3) 2·2.5H 2O) was confirmed. As for the extraction, neodymium nitrate loaded in an autoclave was successfully extracted with the fluid of TBP and SC-CO 2 at 15 MPa, 313 K.

Chemically Adjusting Plasma Temperature, Energy, and Reactivity (CAPTEAR) Method Using NOx and Combustion for Selective Synthesis of Sc3N@C80 Metallic Nitride Fullerenes

Goals are (1) to selectively synthesize metallic nitride fullerenes (MNFs) in lieu of empty-cage fullerenes (e.g., C60, C70) without compromising MNF yield and (2) to test our hypothesis that MNFs possess a different set of optimal formation parameters than empty-cage fullerenes. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for the selective synthesis of metallic nitride fullerenes. This new method is "Chemically Adjusting Plasma Temperature, Energy, and Reactivity" (CAPTEAR). The CAPTEAR approach with copper nitrate hydrate uses NOx vapor from NOx generating solid reagents, air, and combustion to "tune" the temperature, energy, and reactivity of the plasma environment. The extent of temperature, energy, and reactive environment is stoichiometrically varied until optimal conditions for selective MNF synthesis are achieved. Analysis of soot extracts indicate that percentages of C60 and Sc3N@C80 are inversely related, whereas the percentages of C70 and higher empty-cage C2n fullerenes are largely unaffected. Hence, there may be a "competitive link" in the formation and mechanism of C60 and Sc3N@C80. Using this CAPTEAR method, purified MNFs (96% Sc3N@C80, 12 mg) have been obtained in soot extracts without a significant penalty in milligram yield when compared to control soot extracts (4% Sc3N@C80, 13 mg of Sc3N@C80). The CAPTEAR process with Cu(NO3)2.2.5H2O uses an exothermic nitrate moiety to suppress empty-cage fullerene formation, whereas Cu functions as a catalyst additive to offset the reactive plasma environment and boost the Sc3N@C80 MNF production.

Reaction between copper nitrate hydrate and methoxydimethyloctylsilane in methanol

The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.

Reaction between Copper Nitrate Hydrate and Tetraethoxysilane in Methanol. A 29Si NMR Investigation

Reaction between Copper Nitrate Hydrate and Tetraethoxysilane in Methanol. A 29Si NMR Investigation