Copper Hydroxy Nitrate Research Articles

Characterisation of rouaite, an unusual copper-containing pigment in early modern English wall paintings, by synchrotron micro X-Ray diffraction and micro X-Ray absorption spectroscopy

Although the use of verditer, a synthetically produced copper carbonate pigment chemically analogous to azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), in early modern wall paintings is regularly reported in grey literature, its detection in wall paintings is typically unavailable in a public forum. This article focusses on two particular samples (M9 and T1) initially suspected to contain copper blue pigments from decorative wall painting schemes in domestic houses across a range of status groups, in eastern and south-eastern England, dated to 1550-1650. Interest in verditer synthesis procedures is found in textual sources including both historic manuals and current scientific literature. The unreliability of the synthesis, particularly for blue verditer, however, is widely documented. Here, we report a multimodal study employing SEM-EDX, SR-μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mu$$\\end{document}PXRD mapping, and SR-μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mu$$\\end{document}XANES spectroscopy to characterise the phases present in two wall painting samples, one c. 1600/early 1600s (M9) and the other c. 1600 (T1). In addition to assessment of the presence of verditer, this study presents the first identification of rouaite, a synthetic copper hydroxynitrate mineral (Cu2(NO3)(OH)3), in wall painting samples. Rouaite, shown in a previous publication to be a common byproduct of replications of the historical verditer synthetic recipes, appears in combination with verditer and alone. Its infrequent identification in paintings and murals is considered in light of analytical challenges. The presence of copper hydroxychlorides is also discussed in the context of rouaite stability and degradation. These results represent a significant development in our knowledge of the early modern palette in England and historical verditer synthesis and advances our understanding of how these painting schemes may be best preserved in the future.

Capability of Copper Hydroxy Nitrate (Cu2(OH)3NO3) as an Additive to Develop Antibacterial Polymer Contact Surfaces: Potential for Food Packaging Applications

The globalization of the market, as well as the increasing world population, which require a higher demand for food products, pose a great challenge to ensure food safety and prevent food loss and waste. In this sense, active materials with antibacterial properties are an important alternative in the prolongation of shelf life and ensuring food safety. In this work, the ability of copper(II) hydroxy nitrate (CuHS) to obtain antibacterial films based on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA), was evaluated. The thermal properties of the composites, evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showed that the concentrations of added CuHS do not particularly change these characteristics with respect to the neat polymer matrix films. The mechanical properties, determined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA), indicate a small increase in the brittleness of the material in PLA-based composites. The antibacterial properties against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica were evaluated using a surface contact test, and a bacterial reduction of at least 8 to 9 logarithmic units for the composites with 0.3% CuHS, both in LDPE and PLA and against both bacteria, were achieved. The reusability of the composite films after their first use demonstrated a higher stability against Listeria monocytogenes. The migration and cytotoxicity of the composites loaded with 0.3% CuHS was evaluated, demonstrating the safety of these materials, which reinforces their potential use in food packaging applications.

Photocatalytic Behavior of Supported Copper Double Salt: The Role of Graphene Oxide

The design of a photocatalyst that may work efficiently with sunlight is a fundamental concern to fight against environmental pollution and electrochemical hydrogen storage devices. In this work, it has been found that the green microwave-assisted decoration of graphene by copper double salt (DS) enhances visible sunlight photocatalysis efficiency. Nanohybrids of graphene oxide decorated with Cu(I) and Cu(II) oxides and copper hydroxy nitrate double salt were selected as photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution to study the effect of the graphene oxide support. The photodegradation process followed a pseudo–first-order kinetics for the bare catalysts, but the supported catalysts were best fitted to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Supported systems were more efficient in terms of turnover and apparent rate constants. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with the use of Kubelka-Munk function allowed to measure bandgap energies. It was found that the absorption edge was reduced about 30% for the supported systems.

Synthesis of novel hexamolybdenum cluster-functionalized copper hydroxide nanocomposites and its catalytic activity for organic molecule degradation

ABSTRACT A novel heterogeneous catalytic nanomaterial based on a molybdenum cluster-based halide (MC) and a single-layered copper hydroxynitrate (CHN) was first prepared by colloidal processing under ambient conditions. The results of the elemental composition and crystalline pattern indicated that CHN was comprehensively synthesized with the support of the MC compound. The absorbing characteristic in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions was promoted by both of the ingredients. The proper chemical interaction between the materials is a crucial reason to modify the structure of the MCs and only a small decrease in the magnetic susceptibility of CHN. The heterogeneous catalytic activity of the obtained MC@CHN material was found to have a high efficiency and excellent reuse when it is activated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the degrading reaction of the organic pollutant at room temperature. A reasonable catalytic mechanism was proposed to explain the distinct role of the copper compound, Mo6 compound, and H2O2 in the production of the radical hydroxyl ion. This novel nanomaterial will be an environmentally promising candidate for dye removal.

Facile and rapid decoration of graphene oxide with copper double salt, oxides and metallic copper as catalysts in oxidation and coupling reactions

We present a new facile and rapid microwave-assisted method to synthesize four different copper nanocompounds on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). By starting from a mixture of copper nitrate and GO, copper hydroxy nitrate double salt (DS) (Cu2(OH)3(NO3)), copper (II) and copper (I) oxides and metallic copper (Cu0) were synthesized and supported simultaneously. The catalytic performance of the four copper/GO nanohybrids as well as some unsupported particles in some common organic reactions has been checked. The studied materials present a high versatility in C–C, C–N, and C–S couplings as well as in catalytic selective oxidation reactions. The performance of DS/GO as an heterogeneous catalyst is presented for the first time and shows the highest activity among all the copper/GO nanohybrid studied systems. The results open up the possibility of a more thorough study of the catalytic performance of the supported copper double salt in other different catalytic and consecutive processes of organic synthesis.

Synthesis and characterization of copper hydroxynitrate salt (Cu2(OH)3NO3): Effect of gamma radiation absorbed doses on thermal stability

Thermal stability is one of the main preferred material properties for industrial applications. Gamma radiation has a high ability to deeply penetrate in structure of materials and develop their physical properties. This work is devoted to sensitize copper hydroxynitrate Cu2(OH)3NO3, and study the effect of different doses of gamma rays on its thermal stability. The sample was prepared by co-precipitation technique and identified using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared sample was divided to seven subsamples, six of them were irradiated by different doses from 10 KGy up to 300 KGy while the seventh one used as a reference sample. The obtained results showed significant enhancement of thermal stability which represented by shifts of onset temperature to higher values for the irradiated samples from 10 to 100 kGy. Also, temperature corresponding to the residual masses 5%, 15% and 25% increased with increasing gamma radiation dose. However, the thermal stability reduced for the sample irradiated with high dose (300 KGy). The obtained data could be explained in terms of the principle of free radicals formation beside the interaction of these free radicals with each other. The obtained results shed light on the positive effect of the selective dose of gamma radiation for enhancement of the thermal stability of chemical structures.

In Situ In-House Powder X-ray Diffraction Study of Zero-Valent Copper Formation in Supercritical Methanol

Nano-/microcrystalline copper is widely used in catalysts, and it has potential for being used as conductive additive to ink for inkjet printed electronics. Copper is attractive, because it has excellent electrical conductivity and low cost compared to noble metals. The nucleation and phase transitions from the precursor to the final micrometer sized Cu in supercritical methanol have been studied for the first time using in-house in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Temperatures have a significant impact on the reduction process of Cu2+; at a low synthesis temperature (250 °C), it was observed how the Cu2+ precursor initially formed copper hydroxy nitrate (Cu2(OH)3NO3) and transformed to copper(II)oxide (CuO), i.e., no reduction took place. At 300 °C, multiple phase transformation could be observed from initial copper hydroxy nitrate to zerovalent copper; the in situ investigations reveal the following phase transitions; CuII2(OH)3NO3 → CuIIO → CuI2O → Cu0. Increasing the synthesis temperature causes ...

Carbon Textiles Modified with Copper-Based Reactive Adsorbents as Efficient Media for Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents.

Carbon textile swatch was oxidized and impregnated with copper hydroxynitrate. A subsample was then further heated at 280 °C to form copper oxide. The swatches preserved their integrity through the treatments. As final products, they exhibited remarkable detoxification properties for the nerve agent surrogate dimethyl chlorophosphate (DMCP). Based on the amount of reactive copper phases deposited on the fibers, their adsorption capacities were higher than those of the bulk powders. After 1 day exposure to DMCP (1:1 weight ratio adsorbent/DMCP), 99% of the initial amount of DMCP was eliminated. A synergistic effect of the composite components was clearly seen. GC-MS results showed that the main surface reaction product was chloromethane. Its formation indicated hydrolysis as a detoxification path. Surface analyses showed phosphate bonding to the fibers and formation of copper chloride. The appearance of the latter species results in a clear textile color change, which suggests the application of these fabrics not only as catalytic protection agents but also as sensors of nerve agents.

Sonochemical Synthesis of Layered Copper Hydroxy Nitrate Nanosheets.

Sonochemical reduction of copper nitrate, using 20 kHz ultrasound in aqueous solutions in the presence of urea, led to the formation of layered copper hydroxy nitrate nanosheets, as evidenced by scanning and transmission electron microscopy images. Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were used to characterize layered Cu2(OH)3NO3 nanosheets. The ultrasound-assisted progressive hydrolysis of urea and in situ formation of Cu(0) through the sonochemical reduction process induced homogeneous nucleation and crystallization of layered Cu2(OH)3NO3 nanosheets.

Thermal Decomposition Studies of Layered Metal Hydroxynitrates (Metal: Cu, Zn, Cu/Co, and Zn/Co)

Layered metal hydroxynitrates and mixed metal hydroxynitrates (copper/cobalt hydroxynitrates and zinc/cobalt hydroxynitrates at different mole ratios) were synthesized by hydrolysis of urea and metal nitrates at 140°C. Layered metal hydroxyl nitrates derive their structure from brucite mineral and generally crystallize in hexagonal and monoclinic phases. Isothermal decomposition studies of Cu2(OH)3(NO3), Co2(OH)3(NO3), Cu1.5Co0.5(OH)3(NO3), Cu1.34Co0.66(OH)3(NO3), Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2(H2O)2, Zn3.75Co1.25(OH)8(NO3)2(H2O)2, and Zn3.35Co1.65(OH)8(NO3)2(H2O)2samples were carried out at different intervals of temperature and the structural transformations during the process were monitored using powder X-ray diffractograms. Biphasic mixture of metal hydroxynitrate/metal oxide is observed in case of cobalt/zinc based layered hydroxynitrates, while copper hydroxynitrate or copper/cobalt metal hydroxynitrate decomposes in a single step. The decomposition temperatures of layered metal hydroxynitrates and mixed layered metal hydroxides depend on the method of preparation, their composition and the nature of metal ion, and their coordination.

Particle generation by cosolvent spray pyrolysis: Effects of ethanol and ethylene glycol

Abstract

Copper Nitrate Redispersion To Arrive at Highly Active Silica-Supported Copper Catalysts

In order to obtain copper catalysts with high dispersions at high copper loadings, the gas flow rate and gas composition was varied during calcination of silica gel impregnated with copper nitrate to a loading of 18 wt % of copper. Analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2O chemisorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that calcination in stagnant air resulted in very large copper crystallites and a low copper surface area (12 m2·gCu–1). A moderate flow of air was sufficient to greatly enhance the copper surface area (∼90 m2·gCu–1) based on a bimodal particle size distribution of few large crystallites and a highly dispersed phase. Changing to an N2 flow resulted in similar copper surface areas compared to samples calcined in air at the same space velocity, while calcination in a 2% NO/N2 flow resulted in a relatively narrow particle size distribution peaking around 8 nm and a slightly lower copper surface area (84 m2·gCu–1). By use of SBA-15 supported samples, in situ XRD and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) showed that the decomposition of copper nitrate in NO occurred via a highly dispersed copper hydroxynitrate phase, while decomposition in N2 or air occurred partly via copper nitrate anhydrate and partly via poorly dispersed copper hydroxynitrate. The high CuO dispersions after calcination in an N2 or air flow were ascribed to the redispersion of copper nitrate anhydrate by interaction with the OH groups of the silica support. By utilization of this redispersion, high copper dispersions on silica gel with concomitant high activities were obtained for the gas-phase hydrogenation of butanal.

Simple route for the synthesis of copper hydroxy salts

The current work introduces a new and rapid synthetic route for the in-laboratory preparation of copper hydroxy nitrate, through the reaction of magnesium hydroxide and copper nitrate aqueous solution. The material with the formula Cu2(OH)3NO3 and monoclinic phase was characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDX, and thermal analysis.

Synthesis of nanostructures of copper compounds and their hybridisation with titanate nanosheets

Our results in the field of adopting the chemical bath deposition method (CBD) for the deposition of the nanostructures of copper compounds are presented in this work. The deposition of copper compounds by means of the CBD method was carried out at the water solution of copper nitrate (acetate) salts and hexamethylenetetramine. There are two distinct periods in the deposition of copper compounds in the same bath. At the shorter deposition time the good quality nanocrystals of the copper hydroxy nitrate (acetate) salts with a different morphology are obtained. Decomposition of the copper salts to the CuO in the water bath can be observed after several hours of the copper hydroxy salts deposition. The SEM images and the XRD patterns of the CuO layer, which was produced by decomposition of copper hydroxy salts by the CBD method, show a morphology and texture different from the CuO layer prepared by thermal decomposition of the deposited copper hydroxy salts at an elevated temperature. It has been suggested that the main force in decomposition of copper hydroxy salts to CuO in the course of CBD process may be related with a strain, which exists between the CuO nanoparticles on the modified glass substrate and the deposited copper hydroxy salt. The decomposition reaction of copper hydroxy salts in the solid phase may be accelerated by a strain. The influence of the strain on the morphology of CuO nanostructures is demonstrated on the basis of the basic copper nitrate salt hybridised with titanate nanosheets.

The Synthesis and Characterization of Rouaite, a Copper Hydroxy Nitrate. An Integrated First-Year Laboratory Project

The synthesis and analysis of a copper hydroxy nitrate provides an exposure to a simple ionic synthesis, qualitative analysis of copper and nitrate, two gravimetric analyses (copper and nitrate), one volumetric analysis (hydroxide), and a colorimetric analysis (copper). The results allow the student to determine the identity of the double salt and to observe the importance of careful analytical data in establishing composition. The use of two different methods for the analysis of copper also permits a comparison of two different analytical techniques. The project is ideally suited for groups of four students and can be completed in about three 3-hour lab periods. Alternatively, the compound can be prepared and analyzed by only one or two procedures in two laboratory periods

GILDES Model Studies of Aqueous Chemistry: VI. Initial - and -Induced Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper

GILDES, a computer-based model of atmospheric corrosion, has been used to simulate copper exposed at room temperature to 200 ppb in combination with either or at different concentrations. The GILDES model involves the five most important regimes in atmospheric corrosion (gas, liquid, deposition, electrodic, and surface) and includes 27 aqueous species and more than 60 aqueous reactions. Under these exposure conditions copper forms cuprite and various copper sulfates in both and mixtures, and copper hydroxynitrate in after an incubation time of 4 h. Among these experimental observations the GILDES model correctly predicts the formation of copper sulfate (in both and mixtures) and copper hydroxynitrate . It is furthermore able to predict the formation rate of copper sulfate in mixtures, but not the formation rate of copper sulfate and copper hydroxynitrate in mixtures.

Layered Copper Hydroxide n-Alkylsulfonate Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Behaviors in Relation to the Basal Spacing

A series of hybrid inorganic-organic copper(II) hydroxy n-alkylsulfonate with a triangular lattice, Cu(2)(OH)(3)(C(n)H(2)(n)(+1)SO(3)) (n = 6, 8, 10), are prepared by anion exchange, starting from copper hydroxy nitrate Cu(2)(OH)(3)NO(3). These compounds show a layered structure as determined by X-ray diffraction, with interlayer distances of 14.3-34.8 A in alternation with interdigitated bilayer packing. Magnetic properties have been investigated by means of dc and ac measurements. All the compounds show similar metamagnet behaviors, with a Neel temperature of about 11 K. A subtle difference in the ac magnetic susceptibility among the compounds is understood by the existence of hydrogen bonding between the sulfonate headgroup and the hydroxide anion. A detailed molecular structure of the alkyl chains incorporated to the inorganic copper hydroxide layer is also discussed from the FTIR data.

Unidirectionally Aligned Copper Hydroxide Crystalline Nanorods from Two-Dimensional Copper Hydroxy Nitrate

We were able to synthesize unidirectionally aligned copper hydroxide nanorods from two-dimensional copper hydroxide nitrate by anion exchange reaction using NaOH without any membrane or template. The structural conversion from Cu2(OH)3NO3 to Cu(OH)2 was confirmed by XRD and FT-IR data. The synthesized copper hydroxide nanorods showed unidirectionally aligned and tightly bound arrays on a hexagonal plate, leading to giant nanorod bundles.

Study of the morphology of copper hydroxynitrate nanoplatelets obtained by controlled double jet precipitation and urea hydrolysis

A copper hydroxynitrate of stoichiometry Cu 2(OH) 3NO 3, analogous to the layered double hydroxide family, was synthesized by the so-called controlled double jet precipitation technique, and by hydrolysis of urea in the presence of copper nitrate. Special attention has been focused on the size, morphology and agglomeration tendency of the particles. The aim of this work is to define the optimum precipitation conditions in terms of quality and dispersability of the recovered product. Such platelet-like particles can be used as anisotropic fillers in nanocomposite materials. Several reaction parameters such as flow and concentration of the reactant solutions, design of the reactor and addition of a growth modifier were studied.

Corrosion of flexible waveguides

Waveguides are commonly used in spacecraft subsystems to convey signals. After noticing a transponder output power drop, borescope inspection of a flexible waveguide revealed a green contaminating residue on silver plated brass and copper sections. Analysis revealed that the residue, primarily copper hydroxy nitrate, Cu(OH) 2NO 3 was created by exposure of the plating to nitric acid. Possible sources of nitric acid include inadequate cleanliness after parts were exposed to a nitric acid containing silver bright dip, or high temperature electrical arcing in the presence of air and moisture. Whatever its source, it is suggested that the waveguide be plated with a more corrosion resistant metal such as rhodium.