Copper Hydroxychloride Research Articles

Effect of using hydroxychloride as a copper source on performance, eggshell quality, tibia properties, mineral excretion, and antioxidant capacity of yolk in layer quails

Abstract This research aimed to examine the impact of varying levels of dietary copper (Cu) hydroxychloride on the performance, egg quality, yolk antioxidant capacity, tibia traits, and mineral excretion in laying quails. 125 female 10-week-old quails were randomly distributed into five experimental groups with five replicates, each consisting of five quails. Five experimental isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were designed to contain different Cu hydroxychloride (54% Cu) levels at 7.20 (basal diet), 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg/kg respectively. Quails were fed with trial diets for 12 weeks. Performance, egg production, eggshell quality, and biomechanical traits of the tibia were not impacted (P > 0.005) by variations in dietary Cu levels. Yolk antioxidant capacity, measured as yolk DPPH value, exhibited an increase (P < 0.01) in the high-dose group (60 mg/kg). Regarding tibia mineral concentration, Cu concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing Cu level, manganese and zinc content recorded the highest values in quails that had received 60 mg/kg Cu in the diet (P < 0.01), while the lowest phosphorus content was described for 45 and 60 mg/kg. Contrarily, increases (P < 0.01) in dietary Cu resulted in raised faecal Cu content, while phosphorus, manganese, and zinc, were reduced when Cu was added. It can be inferred that adding Cu to the diet of laying quails would not be necessary, which in turn decreases Cu excretion and prevents substantial environmental harm.

Excavation of the Western Suburban Complex of Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz in 2022

During the 2022 excavation season at the Western Suburban Complex (WSC), work on Room III (Blue Hall) has been continued. Two fragments of pottery discovered there date back to the ancient Chorasmian period. At the -210 and -212 cm levels from the benchmark, a flooring consisting of mud brick pavement was discovered (41–42 × 41–42 cm). The most numerous finds in the 2022 season were fragments of painting, made with glue paint on loess plaster, covered with white loose soil – gypsum in the form of dihydrate. The polarizing microscopy of the composition of paint samples showed that the blue pigment consists of natural ultramarine, the red-brown one is red ocher, and the green paint is made of atacamite (copper hydroxychloride). When Room III had ceased functioning normally, it lost its roof and has been gradually filled with various layers of ground. Judging by the complete absence of animal bones, hearths and/or bonfires, as well as the meager amount of ceramics, secondary habitation of the ruined premises is clearly improbable. The discovered brick pavements are not related to the period of the WSC’s functioning and appeared after the process of destruction of the walls had gone far enough. The last stage of the destruction corresponds to the layer lying on top of the brickwork in the northeast corner of Room III, containing numerous fragments of painted plaster. The lifetime and destruction of the WSC fully corresponds to the ancient Chorasmian period.

Синтез и исследование влияния параметров дисперсионной среды на агрегативную устойчивость наночастиц оксида меди

We developed a technique for synthesising gelatin-stabilised copper oxide nanoparticles. The method behind the synthesis was direct deposition, while the copper oxide precursors used were copper sulphate, chloride and acetate. We employed gelatin as a stabiliser. We employed X-ray diffraction analysis to study the effect that the copper-containing precursor may have on the phase composition in the samples. We found that using copper(II) chloride yields two different modifications of copper(II) hydroxychloride (atacamite and clinoatacamite), while copper(II) sulphate yields brochantite. We established that copper oxide forms only when using copper(II) acetate. Dynamic light scattering data shows that a monomodal size distribution with an average hydrodynamic radius of 61 nm characterises the copper oxide nanoparticles. Investigating the effect that active acidity of the medium may have on the aggregate stability of gelatin-stabilized copper oxide nanoparticles showed that the sample is stable in the pH range of 6.8--11.98. The paper presents the mechanism behind the effect of active acidity of a medium on stability of copper oxide nanoparticles. We investigated how the ionic strength of the solution affects the stability of copper oxide nanoparticle sol. We determined that Ca2+ ions have the greatest effect on the sample

Copper and zinc hydroxychloride cosupplementation improve growth performance and carcass and reduce diarrhea frequency in grower-finisher pigs.

This study investigated copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride cosupplementation on the growth performance, diarrhea frequency, carcass, meat quality, and antioxidant activity in grower-finisher pigs. A total of 256 pigs were used from 70 to 154 days (d) of age, distributed in four treatments, with eight pigs in each pen and eight replications per treatment. Diets were provided to grower pigs from 70 to 112 days old and in the finisher, 112 to 154 days old. Copper was considered the low level at 100 mg Cu/kg and 90 mg Cu/kg, respectively, and 150 mg Cu/kg in both periods as high in the grower and finisher periods. In the grower and finisher period, zinc was cosupplemented in the diet at 80 mg Zn/kg and 70 mg Zn/kg, respectively. In the diets, T1 and T2 groups are the traditional inorganic sources for minerals (copper sulfate, CuSO4; zinc oxide, ZnO) and T3 and T4 hydroxychloride sources (copper hydroxychloride, CHC, and zinc hydroxychloride, ZHC). The flavomycin was associated with treatments with low Cu content in the inclusion of 50 g/ton. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, the data were submitted to analysis of PROC MIXED in SAS, the PDIFF test analyzed the treatment effect. At the finisher period, pigs fed both minerals from hydroxychloride source had a higher BW 154 d, average daily gain (ADG) 70 to 154 d, the hot and cold carcass weight and frequency of normal feces than those fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source (P < 0.05). The animals fed low Cu levels of the sulfate source had a higher ADG 70 to 154 d than those fed high Cu levels of the same source (P < 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg cosupplemented with Zn from a hydroxychloride source had the highest carcass length (P < 0.05). There was no difference among the treatments for meat quality (P > 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source had a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Animals fed low Cu levels from hydroxychloride had a higher malondialdehyde (MDA) formation than those fed sulfate source, regardless of the Cu levels and those fed high Cu levels of hydroxychloride (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 150 mg Cu/kg as copper sulfate cosupplemented to zinc oxide in the diet of growing and finishing pigs impairs the growth performance, carcass and increases diarrhea frequency, and copper and zinc hydroxychloride cosupplementation improves these characteristics.

Bullous Lesions on the Foot of a Gardener

A 30-year-old male gardener presented to the emergency department because of painful bullous lesions on his right foot. He reported that the day before he had used a plant fungicide for the first time, which spilled on his right foot multiple times. Notably, the fungicide contained sulfur and copper hydroxychloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl). The foot had started becoming extremely painful and pruritic at night, and then he woke up with bullae on the skin.

Copper hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio in pigs, but this is not due to improved true total tract digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) from Cu hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio (G:F) when fed to pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 6 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed diets with increasing concentrations of extracted fat by adding 20, 40, or 60 g/kg choice white grease (CWG) to a diet based on corn, soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which contained no CWG. Two additional diets were formulated by adding 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to the diet without added CWG and to the diet with 20 g/kg added CWG. Diets were fed for 4 weeks. Results indicated that supplementation of diets with either CWG or Cu hydroxychloride improved (P < 0.05) G:F of pigs, and the improvement obtained by Cu hydroxychloride supplementation was similar to the improvement in G:F obtained by adding 28–38 g/kg CWG to the diets. In experiment 2, 64 pigs (18.22 ± 1.80 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 8 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Two basal diets based on corn, SBM, corn bran, cornstarch, and casein were formulated. The only difference between the 2 diets was that one diet contained no Cu hydroxychloride, whereas the other diet contained 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 150, 300, or 450 g/kg DDGS to both basal diets at the expense of cornstarch and corn bran. Feces were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-day adaptation and 4-day collection periods. Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P < 0.05) the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), but did not affect ATTD of dry matter or gross energy (GE). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets also reduced (P < 0.05) total tract endogenous loss of fat, but did not affect true total tract digestibility of AEE. This indicates that the increased G:F of pigs that was observed in experiment 1 as a result of Cu supplementation to diets was not due to improved ATTD of GE, but may be a result of Cu influencing post absorptive lipid metabolism. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved G:F in pigs, which may be due to effects of Cu on post-absorptive metabolism of energy and fat.

PSIII-19 Copper and zinc hydroxychloride co-supplementation reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs

Abstract The study aimed to investigate the effects of the co-supplementation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride (CHC and ZHC) minerals on diarrhea frequency of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 256 pigs were distributed into 4 treatments with 8 replicate/treatment. The diets from 70 to 112 days of age (d) were T1: 100 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 100 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC and from 112 to 154 d T1: 90 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 90 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC. Visual analysis of the feces was carried out daily, with scores ranging from 1 to 3 for each pen: 1=solid feces (normal); 2=feces softer than normal (pasty); and 3 = liquid feces (severe diarrhea). The values of frequency were transformed into arc-sine. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, according to the block design. The treatment was considered a fixed effect. The effect was considered significant when P &amp;lt; 0.05. From 112 to 154 d, pigs that received the hydroxychloride sources showed a lower diarrhea frequency compared to the pigs fed with CuSO4 and ZnO (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Possibly the reduction of diarrhea in animals with CHC and ZHC was due to the higher bioavailability of these minerals, improving their functions (e.g. Cu on microbial load reduction and Zn on the protection and renewal of intestinal epithelial cells). It can be concluded that the co-supplementation of copper and zinc hydroxychloride sources reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs.

180 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial protein concentration and digestibility of energy, crude protein, and fat by growing pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond CII, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves nutrient digestibility and alters microbial protein concentration in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). Pigs were allotted to a 2-period switch back design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. For each period, feces were collected on d 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on d 13 and 14. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using SAS. Fixed effects included Cu, DDGS, and the interaction between Cu and DDGS, whereas random effects included pig and period. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein (Table 1), and increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the microbial protein concentration in the hindgut. The AID and ATTD of crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of fat were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in diets with Cu hydroxychloride than diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was a reduction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in microbial protein and concentration of volatile fatty acids in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of fat and reduced concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut.

287 Effects of copper hydroxychloride on growth performance and abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism of growing pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond CII, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves growth performance by upregulating the mRNA transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism of pigs. Thirty-two pigs (15.05 ± 0.98 kg) were allotted to 2 dietary treatments with 2 pigs per pen for a total of 8 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed a control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles that included Cu to meet the requirement. A second diet was formulated by adding 150 mg Cu/kg from Cu hydroxychloride to the control diet. On the last day of the experiment, one pig per pen was sacrificed and samples from liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected to analyze relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Data were analyzed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Results indicated that overall average daily gain and gain:feed were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for pigs fed the diet containing Cu hydroxychloride compared with pigs fed the control diet (Table 1). Pigs fed the diet supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) abundance of cluster of differentiation 36 in liver and increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) abundance of fatty acid binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Inclusion of Cu hydroxychloride also tended to increase (P &amp;lt; 0.10) abundance of fatty acid binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B in liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to the control diet improved growth performance and may affect signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism by upregulating abundance of some genes involved in post-absorptive metabolism of lipids.

Copper hydroxychloride is more efficacious than copper sulfate in improving broiler chicken's growth performance, both at nutritional and growth-promoting levels

This study was designed to compare the effects of nutritional and growth-promoting levels of copper hydroxychloride (CH) with copper sulfate (CuSO4) on growth, carcass characteristics, tibia traits and mineral concentration in broilers fed a conventional wheat-soybean meal–based diet. Day-old Ross 308 male chicks (n = 864) were randomly assigned into 8 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. The dietary treatments included a basal diet containing no supplemental copper (Cu) serving as the negative control (NC); basal diet supplemented with 15 or 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4; basal diet supplemented with either 15, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg Cu from CH. Diets were fed over the starter (day 1–14) and grower (day 14–35) phases. Birds in the NC group gained the same body weight and had similar feed conversion ratio (FCR) to birds receiving 15 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4, but birds receiving 15 mg/kg Cu as CH had a lower FCR than the NC birds (day 0–35; P < 0.05). Birds fed 200 mg/kg Cu as CH gained more weight (77 g/bird) and had a lower FCR (3.2 point) compared with those fed 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 (P < 0.01). Based on broken-line regression models, the optimum inclusion level of Cu as CH in the diet for optimal body weight gain and FCR were estimated to be 109.5 and 72.3 mg/kg, respectively (P < 0.001). Carcass characteristics were not affected by dietary Cu sources or levels (P > 0.05). The highest and lowest tibia ash content were observed in birds fed diet with 150 mg/kg Cu as CH and 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4, respectively (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 200 mg/kg Cu as CH resulted in higher duodenal mucosa Cu content compared with the diet containing 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementation of Cu from CH was more efficacious than CuSO4 in promoting growth performance, both at nutritional and pharmacological levels.

High-pressure structural and equation of state study of atacamite, a copper hydroxychloride mineral

High-pressure structural and equation of state study of atacamite, a copper hydroxychloride mineral

Reactive cavitation erosion as a technique for production of functionalized copper hydroxychloride nanomaterials

The production of functionalized clinoatacamite (Cu2(OH)3Cl) nanoparticles from Reactive Cavitation Erosion (RCE) of copper in 1 M aqueous guanidine hydrochloride (GHCl) solution was investigated for applications as potential quantum magnet materials. As-synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by Diffuse-Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), XRD, and TEM. These analyses were compared to nanoparticles produced from RCE of Cu in KCl and RCE of Cu in GHCl in oxygen-depleted (Ar) and oxygen-rich (compressed air, CA) solutions to identify possible reaction pathways.

Effects of copper hydroxychloride and dietary fiber on intestinal permeability, growth performance, and blood characteristics of nursery pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) hydroxychloride improves growth performance and blood characteristics, and reduces intestinal permeability of nursery pigs fed diets without or with inclusion of cereal co-products. In experiment 1, 32 pigs (13.53 ± 1.27 kg) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 types of diets (low-fiber or high-fiber) and 2 levels of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). Pigs were adapted to diets for 5 days, followed by the oral administration of lactulose and mannitol on day 6. After administration, urine was collected during two 6 -h periods. Results indicated that pigs fed high-fiber diets tended to have greater (P < 0.10) urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio during the first 6 -h period, whereas dietary Cu concentrations did not affect lactulose:mannitol ratios of pigs. In experiment 2, 128 pigs (8.33 ± 1.32 kg) were allotted to the same dietary treatments as in experiment 1 and used in a 21-day growth assay. There were 4 pigs per pen and 8 replicate pens per diet. On day 7, day 14, and on day 21, blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen and tumor necrosis factor-α, immunoglobulin G, interleukin-1 ß, interleukin-10 (IL-10), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Results indicated that there were no interactions between diet type and Cu hydroxychloride for overall growth performance and blood characteristics of pigs. Overall average daily gain and gain:feed were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets containing Cu hydroxychloride compared with pigs fed diets without Cu hydroxychloride. The level of dietary fiber did not affect overall growth performance of pigs. However, BUN concentration tended to increase (P < 0.10), and a reduction (P < 0.05) in albumin and IL-10 concentrations on day 14 was observed for pigs fed high-fiber diets compared with pigs fed low-fiber diets. Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets positively influenced (P < 0.05) BUN, albumin, and cytokine concentrations of nursery pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to low-fiber or high-fiber diets improved growth performance and some blood characteristics in nursery pigs.

Effects of copper hydroxychloride on growth performance and abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism of growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) hydroxychloride improves growth performance by upregulating the mRNA transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism of pigs fed a diet based on corn, soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Thirty-two pigs (15.05 ± 0.98 kg) were allotted to 2 dietary treatments with 2 pigs per pen for a total of 8 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed a corn-SBM-DDGS control diet that included Cu to meet the requirement. A second diet was formulated by adding 150 mg Cu/kg from copper hydroxychloride to the control diet. On the last day of the experiment, one pig per pen was sacrificed, and samples from liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected to analyze relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Results indicated that overall ADG and G:F were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diet containing copper hydroxychloride compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the diet supplemented with copper hydroxychloride also had increased (P < 0.05) abundance of cluster of differentiation 36 in the liver and increased (P < 0.05) abundance of fatty acid-binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Inclusion of copper hydroxychloride also tended to increase (P < 0.10) the abundance of fatty acid-binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B in the liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively. This indicates that dietary Cu may affect signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism by improving the uptake, transport, and utilization of fatty acids. In conclusion, supplementation of copper hydroxychloride to the control diet improved growth performance and upregulated the abundance of some genes involved in postabsorptive metabolism of lipids.

Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial concentration and apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients by growing pigs1.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride improves nutrient digestibility and alters the concentration of microbial protein in the small intestine or large intestine by pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet or a diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of DDGS (0% or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). A 2-period switch back design with the 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period was used resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. The initial 9 d of each period was considered an adaptation period to the experimental diets. For each period, feces were collected on days 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 13 and 14. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and the AID and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein. In contrast, inclusion of DDGS to diets increased (P < 0.05) the AID and the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and the concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut (P < 0.05). However, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ileal digesta and in feces from pigs fed the DDGS diets were not different from concentrations in pigs fed diets without DDGS. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract were greater (P < 0.05) in diets supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride compared with diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was also a reduction (P < 0.05) in the concentration of microbial protein and a tendency for a reduction (P < 0.10) in the total concentration of VFA in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and reduced the concentration of microbial protein in the large intestine and this effect was observed in diets containing DDGS as well as in diets without DDGS.

Effects of copper hydroxychloride and choice white grease on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs kept at normal ambient temperature or under heat stress

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) hydroxychloride improves growth performance and blood characteristics, and reduces diarrhea incidence in weanling pigs without or with exposure to heat stress. One hundred sixty pigs (6.14 ± 0.90 kg) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of choice white grease (CWG; 0 or 50 g/kg) and 2 levels of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 100 mg/kg). There were 5 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates per diet. Fecal scores were visually assessed using a score from 1 to 5 (1 = normal feces to 5 = watery feces). On day 40 until the end of the experiment, ambient temperature was increased from 24 °C to 32 °C to create a mild heat stress. On day 14, day 28, day 40, and on day 44, blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), peptide YY, immunoglobulin G, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Results indicated that there were no interactions between CWG and Cu hydroxychloride for overall growth performance. Greater (P < 0.05) gain:feed was observed from day 29 to 40 and from day 41 to 44 for pigs fed diets with 50 g/kg CWG compared with pigs fed diets without supplemental fat. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) from day 15 to 28 and also during exposure to heat stress, and fecal scores were reduced over the entire period (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets with Cu hydroxychloride compared with pigs fed diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was also an increase (P < 0.05) in concentration of peptide YY and a reduction (P < 0.05) in TNF-α concentration on day 14 for pigs fed Cu hydroxychloride diets compared with pigs fed diets without Cu hydroxychloride. This may be attributed to the effect of Cu in enhancing the expression of hypothalamic appetite regulators and its bacteriostatic property in reducing inflammation caused by pathogens. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets fed to weanling pigs without or with addition of CWG reduces diarrhea incidence and improves growth performance and some blood characteristics.

125 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and increasing concentrations of dietary fat on growth performance, total tract endogenous loss of fat, and apparent total tract digestibility of fat by growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond C, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves gain:feed of pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Four diets contained 0, 2, 4, or 6% choice white grease (CWG) and 2 diets contained 150 mg/kg Cu from Cu hydroxychloride and 0 or 2% CWG. Data for growth performance were analyzed by contrast statements, and Cu equivalency of CWG was determined using prediction equations derived from regression procedures using SAS. Results indicated that gain:feed linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) as CWG concentration increased in diets (Table 1). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) gain:feed of pigs, which resulted in a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8% for 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. In experiment 2, 80 pigs (18.24 ± 1.81 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 10 diets. Eight diets contained 0, 15, 30, or 45% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Two additional diets contained 2% CWG and 15% DDGS and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d adaptation. Data were analyzed by contrast statements and regression procedures using SAS. Supplementation of Cu to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) ATTD of fat by 20% due to reduced (P ≤ 0.05) endogenous loss of fat (from 11.23 to 7.14 g/kg dry matter intake), but did not affect energy digestibility or true total tract digestibility of fat. In conclusion, supplementation of 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved gain:feed of pigs with a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8%, but this was not due to improved energy digestibility.

Chlorine isotope fractionation recorded in atacamite during supergene copper oxidation

In the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, large amounts of the copper hydroxy-chloride mineral atacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3) are formed in the supergene oxidation zone of Cu deposits. Since atacamite requires saline water to form and is commonly preserved under hyperarid conditions, it has been proposed as a climate-sensitive mineral marker that can also provide relevant geochemical information regarding halogen (in particular chlorine) fluid sources during supergene Cu oxidation. However, chlorine stable isotope data for atacamite in Cu deposits are scarce and no experimental data for chlorine isotope fractionation between atacamite and water are currently available that could provide constraints on the possible mechanisms of fractionation. In this study we report δ37Cl values of atacamite along a thick (~100 m) and well-developed supergene enrichment profile at the Barreal Seco iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit in the Atacama Desert. The δ37Cl values of atacamite along this profile range from +2.1‰ to −0.6‰ (mean = +0.4‰ ± 0.7‰; median = +0.3‰), and show a distinct trend with depth, characterized by higher δ37Cl values towards the top of the profile, with lower values at the bottom. In addition, the chlorine isotope compositions of experimentally synthetized atacamite crystals and coexisting CuCl2 solutions were determined at room temperature (23 °C). The per mil fractionation factor (Δ37Clatacamite-Cl) was determined at +0.75‰, showing that the heavy isotope (37Cl) is preferentially incorporated into atacamite. We used numerical models to test two possible scenarios that might explain the observed δ37Cl profile at Barreal Seco. A first scenario involves lowering of the water table with concomitant precipitation of atacamite, which removes Cl from solution following a Rayleigh fractionation process. This model qualitatively fits our observations but does not explain the full magnitude of the observed δ37Cl shift along the supergene profile. In contrast, a model that simulates Cl- diffusion following the upward injection of a deep brine that overlies fresh groundwater reproduces well the observed δ37Cl data, suggesting that seismic pumping of basinal brines, followed by Cl diffusion, is a feasible mechanism to explain the formation of atacamite at Barreal Seco. These data are a first step towards interpreting δ37Cl profiles of atacamite in Cu deposits in the Atacama Desert and exploring the potential use of stable chlorine isotopes to monitor Cu weathering and enrichment in supergene environments.

Interfacial corrosion of copper in concentrated chloride solution and the formation of copper hydroxychloride

This work aims to investigate the waterline corrosion of pure copper in 4 M NaCl solution. Three distinct regions are identified. Corrosion products formed at the waterline are characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy, complemented by SEM/EDS, as a function of immersion time. The co-existence of four copper species is explained by thermodynamic equilibrium consideration. The composition of spreading region is determined and compared with the oxide film formation in different pH NaOH solutions. The anodic dissolution of copper exposed to the bulk electrolyte is investigated by electrochemical methods. The pH and potential profiles across three regions are proposed.

Effects of various levels of dietary copper supplementation with copper sulfate and copper hydroxychloride on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei performance and microbial communities

A 42–day trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of juvenile (0.30g initial weight) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei offered diets containing various levels of copper hydroxychloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl) containing 58.8% copper (Cu) or Cu sulfate (CuSO4) containing 25.5% Cu. The basal diet (360g/kg protein, 80g/kg lipid) was primarily composed of soybean meal, fish meal, corn protein isolate and whole wheat and was formulated to be deficient in Cu (approximately 10mgCu/kg). The basal diet (B10) was supplemented with 30, 90, 150, and 210mgCu/kg from each Cu source. With the exception of 1 treatment (H220, Cu supplemented diet with dietary copper 210mg/kg from Cu hydroxychloride, n=4), five replicate groups of 15 shrimp per tank (initial weight 0.30g) were offered the test diets in slight excess. At the end of the trial, no significant differences were observed in final biomass (53.20–64.40g), final mean weight (4.34–4.87g), weight gain (1349–1544%), feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.61–1.82), survival (81.3–96.0%), and thermal growth coefficient (0.082–0.087). The carapace, hepatopancreas, and whole shrimp Cu were significantly increased with dietary Cu levels from either source. No significant differences in hemolymph Cu contents were observed between the two sources. The Cu concentrations of hepatopancreas and whole shrimp were significantly lower in shrimp fed diets with Cu hydroxychloride than those in shrimp fed diets with Cu sulfate. The Cu contents of final whole body significantly increased with dietary Cu levels from either source and corresponded to a decreased trend in whole body Cu retention as dietary Cu increased regardless of source. Sequencing of intestinal and fecal microbiomes (16S V1–V3) captured distinct microbial communities based on source but not copper treatment group. However, the abundance of several specific family and genera of bacteria did appear to respond to different types and doses of dietary copper. Among these we observed a trend of decreased abundance of particular species of Vibrios, including V. harveyi, V. sinaloensis and V. orientalis. Results of this study confirm that both copper sources are utilized efficaciously by Pacific white shrimp, however, differential deposition patterns indicated the two sources of Cu are metabolized differently. Hence, additional studies to assess the specific metabolic pathways of various Cu sources as well as possible effects of high copper levels on resistance to infection should be undertaken in the future. Statement of relevanceIn this study, we assessed the efficacy of various levels of dietary copper supplementation with copper sulfate and copper hydroxychloride in Pacific white shrimp. Our finding shows that both copper sources are utilized efficaciously but metabolized differently by shrimp. This manuscript provides valuable information about effects of high copper levels from two copper sources in shrimp.