Copper Doped Titanium Dioxide Research Articles

Thermoluminescence properties of copper-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised using co-precipitation method for high-dose gamma dosimetry.

In this work, copper (Cu)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation. For studying the morphological properties, the copper doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Cu) nanocrystalline structures were characterised through powder X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The prepared TiO2:Cu nanoparticles were annealed at two temperatures, namely, copper doped titanium dioxide annealed at 723 K temperayure (TC1) and copper doped titanium dioxide annealed at 1073 K temperayure (TC2). The annealed samples were exposed to gamma radiation of 10-Gy-to-25-kGy doses. Thermoluminescence and dosimetric properties were evaluated using a thermoluminescent dosemeter reader. The glow curves of the TiO2:Cu nanoparticles were analysed. The thermoluminescence (TL) response of samples exhibited good linearity between 100Gy and 10kGy with high sensitivity of 1755.25 (TC1) and 5587.06 (TC2) counts g-1Gy-1 and a minimum detectable dose of 2.9666Gy (TC1) and 0.4892Gy (TC2). The fading of signals was observed by 12% for TC1 and 10% for TC2 samples after a week of storage.

Simultaneous chelated heavy metals removal and sludge recovery through titanium coagulation: From waste to resource

Green methods for chelated heavy metals treatment and recovery are essential for coordinated development of resources and environment. Herein, a simple and competent method, titanium salt (TiCl4) coagulation was developed to remove and recycle chelated heavy metals. Our results revealed that this method proved to be effective for metals-citrate [Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cr(VI)], achieving removal efficiencies of 95 %, 92 %, 99 %, and 99 % within 30 min, surpassing direct alkaline precipitation and well-used Fe(III) coagulation. Whereafter, the copper-containing sludge was successfully transformed into copper-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts by facile calcination. Through comprehensively investigating physicochemical properties by a suite of characterization techniques, we confirmed that doping of Cu induced bandgap narrowing, high specific surface area as well as the formation of oxygen vacancy. Accordingly, the recycling photocatalysts showed remarkable enhanced photocatalytic performance than the pristine TiO2, achieving improvement in the degradation efficiency of 82 %, 61 % and 67 % for carbamazepine(CBZ), bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl orange (MO). In addition, both radical (OH and O2−) and non-radical (1O2 and h+) pathways synergistically contributed to the removal of organic pollutants during photocatalysis. Ultimately, based on economic feasibility assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA), the copper-containing titanium coagulation sludge reuse for photocatalyst could bring lower carbon emissions, reduced environmental risks and higher economic benefits. The elucidation of this study provides new insights into the removal and recycle of chelated heavy metals from wastewater by using an environment-friendly and cost-effective method.

Alkanolamine-Grafted and Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanosheets–Graphene Composite Heterostructure for CO2 Photoreduction

Alkanolamine-Grafted and Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanosheets–Graphene Composite Heterostructure for CO₂ Photoreduction

Synthesis of TiO2-Cu2+/CuI Nanocomposites and Evaluation of Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity

Fungal infections have become a significant public health concern due to their increasing recurrence and harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans. Opportunistic pathogens (among others from the genera Candida and Aspergillus) can be present in indoor air, becoming a risk for people with suppressed immune systems. Engineered nanomaterials are novel alternatives to traditional antifungal therapy. In this work, copper(I) iodide (CuI) and a copper-doped titanium dioxide—copper(I) iodide (TiO2-Cu2+/CuI) composite nanomaterials (NMs)—were synthesized and tested as antifungal agents. The materials were synthesized using sol-gel (TiO2-Cu2+) and co-precipitation (CuI) techniques. The resulting colloids were evaluated as antifungal agents against Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus niger strains. The NMs were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, AFM, and DLS to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The NMs present a high size dispersion and different geometrical shapes of agglomerates. The antifungal capacity of the NMs by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was below 15 µg/mL against Candida parapsilosis and below 600 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger for both NMs. Holotomography microscopy showed that the NMs could penetrate cell membranes causing cell death through its rupture and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cytotoxicity tests showed that NMs could be safe to use at low concentrations. The synthesized nanomaterials could be potential antifungal agents for biomedical or environmental applications.

Effects of Coupled-/soluble-Copper, Generating from Copper-doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes on Cell Response.

Endothelialization in vitro is a very common method for surface modification of cardiovascular materials. However, mature endothelial cells are not suitable because of the difficulty in obtaining and immunogenicity. In this patent work, we determined the appropriate amount of copper by constructing a copper- loaded titanium dioxide nanotube array that can catalyze the release of nitric oxide, compared the effects of coupled-/soluble-copper on stem cells, and then induced stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells. The results showed that it had a strong promotion effect on the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells, which might be used for endothelialization in vitro. SEM and EDS results prove that a high content of copper ions are indeed doped onto the surface of nanotubes with small amounts of Cu release. The release of NO confirms that the release of several samples within a period of time is within the physiological concentration.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of anatase titania nanotubes via the synergistic effect of trace copper doping and oxygen vacancies

Copper-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared by a one-step solvothermal method and exhibited high photocatalytic activity and stability.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper-Decorated Titanium Dioxide Spherulites and their Photocatalytic Activity against Reactive Dyes

The untreated discharge of industrial dyes into water supplies is a likely occurrence that can cause a number of dangerous scenarios that are hazardous for the ecology. Herein, a simple hydrothermal strategy for synthesizing copper-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Cu-TiO2) were presented and investigated its ability to photocatalytically degrade dyes e.g. reactive black 5 (RB5), red 198 (RR198) and yellow 145 dyes (RY145). Firstly, the as-synthesized Cu-TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), high resolution-scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Furthermore, the photocatalysis experiments were conducted using three reactive dye solutions at different concentrations, pH, duration, etc. The spherulitic Cu-TiO2 photocatalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity against the dyes and was able to achieve 82, 88 and 90% efficiencies for RB5, RR198 and RY145 dyes, respectively. The kinetics and the reusability parameters were also elaborated with respect to the obtained results. Therefore, Cu-TiO2 spherulites are professed to be effectual photocatalyst materials for industrial scale dye degradation.

Label-Free Myoglobin Biosensor Based on Pure and Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials.

In this study, using pure and copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu-TiO2) nanostructures as the base matrix, enzyme-less label free myoglobin detection to identify acute myocardial infarction was performed and presented. The Cu-TiO2 nanomaterials were prepared using facile sol-gel method. In order to comprehend the morphologies, compositions, structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics, the pure and Cu-TiO2 nanomaterials were investigated by several techniques which clearly revealed good crystallinity and high purity. To fabricate the enzyme-less label free biosensor, thick films of synthesized nanomaterials were applied to the surface of a pre-fabricated gold screen-printed electrode (Au-SPE), which serves as a working electrode to construct the myoglobin (Mb) biosensors. The interference study of the fabricated biosensor was also carried out with human serum albumin (HSA) and cytochrome c (cyt-c). Interestingly, the Cu-doped TiO2 nanomaterial-based Mb biosensor displayed a higher sensitivity of 61.51 µAcm-2/nM and a lower detection limit of 14 pM with a response time of less than 10 ms.

High virucidal potential of novel ceramic-metal composites fabricated via hybrid selective laser melting and spark plasma sintering routes.

In this work, we combine selective laser melting (SLM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) to fabricate new materials with high virucidal potential. Various bioactive disc-shaped ceramics, metal alloys, and composites were fabricated and tested against bacteriophage Phi6—a model system for RNA-enveloped viruses. We prepared silver-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2 + 2.5‒10% Ag), copper-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2 + 2.5‒10% Cu), Cu2NiSiCr, and Cu15Ni8Sn composite materials (metal lattices filled with ceramics). The virucidal tests of the ceramic and metal powders were performed in buffered suspensions, while the surfaces of the discs were tested by swabbing. The results show that the virus titer on the TiO2 + 10% Ag ceramic and CuNi2SiCr metal discs decreased by 4 logs after 15 min of exposure to the surfaces compared to the control ceramic and steel discs. We show that SLM 3D printed pre-alloyed CuNi2SiCr filled with bioactive TiO2 + 10% Ag nanopowders and sintered by the SPS process combines the simplicity of printing with the strength and virucidal properties of Ag and Cu materials. The proposed new virucidal materials were also used for the fabrication of prototype elevator buttons.

Effect of Synthesis Methods on Properties of Copper Oxide Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst in Dye Photodegradation of Rhodamine B

Copper modified titanium dioxide photocatalysts have been widely reported for their excellent performance in the wastewater treatment. However, there is lack of information on the effect of different synthesis methods towards the properties and catalytic activity of the photocatalyst. In this research, a series of copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu-TiO2) photocatalysts were synthesized via three different methods of sonochemical, impregnation and physical mixing. Cu-TiO2 with varied molar ratios of Cu dopant to TiO2 TR595 (100:0, 99:1, 98:2, 97:3 and 96:4) were prepared. Comparison of physical-chemical properties and photocatalytic activity among the synthesized samples were made. X-ray diffraction analysis depicted the formation of TiO2 rutile phase in all samples. Besides, diffuse reflectance UV-visible analysis proved that the synthesized samples were active under visible light region. According to the Tauc plot and photoluminescence spectra, the band gap energies and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs of Cu-TiO2 samples decreased upon loading of Cu. Moreover, EDX analysis confirmed the existence of Ti and Cu in all the samples. The photocatalytic efficiencies of the synthesized samples were discovered through photodegradation of Rhodamine B organic dye under 6 hours of visible light irradiation. Amongst, Cu-TiO2 photocatalysts synthesized via sonochemical method with molar ratio of 98:2 produced the highest photocatalytic activity of 64.8% which attributed to the lowest recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers and availability of large number of reactive oxidative species.

Copper doped titanium dioxide as a low-cost visible light photocatalyst for water splitting

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based materials were used in many fields such as energy application, biological and environment remediation control. In this study, copper-doped TiO2 (Cu-TiO2) was synthesized and investigated for photocatalytic water splitting hydrogen (H2) evolution. The doping of Cu ions not only increased the oxygen vacancies but also improved the charge separation of photocatalyst. The Cu-TiO2 displayed a higher the rate of H2 evolution (45.6 mmol/h) as compared to undoped TiO2 (0.73 mmol/h). The reused of material was identified and the photocatalytic water splitting mechanism of Cu-TiO2 was proposed. The results showed that, Cu-TiO2 had high stability after reusing for 5 consecutive cycles without the loss of H2 production capacity. In addition, practical application and future research were discussed in details. This work may contribute to the potential application of TiO2-based photocatalyst for water splitting in order to produce H2 gas as green energy.

Solid State Reaction Synthesis and Characterization of Cu doped TiO2 Nanomaterials

In this work, copper-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-powder with of different doping concentration, weights were successfully fabricated with a classical method. This method authorizes obtaining pellets from powder in nonmetric scale with a small quantity. The best conditions for fabrication these pellets are acquired. Different quantities of Cu concentrations (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) are mixed with TiO2 (NPs) nano-particles. Then, the mixed powders are transformed into pellets using hydraulic press and sintered by a traditional furnace at temperature of about 1100 °C. The following apparatus demonstrates the structural, morphological, mechanical, optical properties and the composition of elements of materials for those as-prepared samples: X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), Shore D hardness instrument, roughness test Instrument, Lee’s Disc, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. The effects of Cu doped concentrations on the properties of TiO2 NPs based on the above instruments are examined. Crystalinality of these materials revealed by XRD patterns and have a grain size between (20-30) nm. A roughness measurement points that TiO2 NPs values decreases with the addition of Cu weights because of hardness values of the samples. Moreover, results showed that the thermal conductivity increased with the increasing the weight fraction of Cu element. The main goal of the present research is to demonstrate the annealing temperature dependent behavior of the broadening parameter and the properties of Cu doped TiO2 NPs.

Polydopamine-Modified Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Copper-Catalyzed Controlled Endogenous Nitric Oxide Release and Improved Re-Endothelialization.

The controllable release is necessary for ideal drug delivery technologies. Because of their high specific surface area and high porosity, titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) have been widely used as drug carriers in medical devices. By loading copper as the catalyst, nitric oxide (NO) generation was facilitated by catalyzing the decomposition of renewable endogenous NO donors in vivo. Herein, the long-term controllable release profile of NO is highlighted owing to the multilayer polydopamine (PDA) cap structure. Different layers of PDA are used to adjust the NO release behavior, and the results show that three layers of PDA can not only effectively prevent the burst release of NO but also maintain long-term stable release of copper ion and NO. The bioactivity of the NO generated from three-layer PDA-modified copper-loaded TNTs (PDA-3L-NTCu2) and unmodified copper-loaded TNTs (NTCu2) are verified by our work, indicating effective inhibition of platelet activation, thrombosis, inflammation, and intimal hyperplasia. Importantly, the PDA-3L-NTCu2 show selectively promote the growth of endothelial cells in vitro and outstanding re-endothelialization for 4 weeks in vivo, as compared to NTCu2, TNTs, and 316L stain steel. This study suggests that copper-loaded with PDA modification helps us achieve controlled long-term stable local NO release with well-retained bioactivity and enhanced re-endothelialization.

Development of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting The Photodegradation of Reactive Black 5 Dye

We applied a multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) developed using a Lavenberg–Marquadt algorithm to predict the photodegradation activity of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye. A copper-doped titanium dioxide was employed as a photocatalyst. A copper doped titanium dioxide was synthesized through a wet-impregnation method. To optimize the network the operational parameters including the RB5 initial concentration, photocatalyst dose, irradiation time, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and visible light intensity were used as the input parameter. Removal efficiency of RB5 was selected as output. The number of neurons in the second hidden layer was optimized to determine the suitable ANN model structure for the RB5 removal. ANN based through Levenberg-Marquadth algorithm with structure 1-10-21-1 gave the best performance in this study. The criteria for the applicability of the model were the root mean square error (0.1) and coefficient of correlation (0.98275).

Copper doped titanium dioxide for enhancing the photovoltaic behavior in solar cell

Pristine and Cu doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by chemical hydrolysis technique. Synthesized TiO2 was characterized by XRD technique and it reveals that the samples are of tetragonal structure with anatase phase. The spherical morphology of the nanoparticles was observed from SEM. Optical absorbance and emission were studied using UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra. The absorbance spectrum revealed the increase of bandgap for higher Cu doping from the undoped TiO2 leads to enhancing the Voc. J-V measurements reveals that 3% Cu doped TiO2 shows 18% of efficiency enhancement compared to bare TiO2.

900 keV Au ions implantation effect on the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are attracting immense academic and industrial attention as a simple, low cost and potential photovoltaic device from last two decades. In a DSSC, photo-electrode is suggested as an important component which collects as well as transports the photo-excited electrons from sensitizer dye to external circuit. In this research, photoanodes of 1% copper doped Titanium dioxide (Cu-TiO2) have been prepared by doctor blade method on FTO-glass substrates. These photoanodes are implanted by Gold (Au) ions of energy 900 keV along with different exposure rate (1 × 104 and 4 × 104 ions/cm2). XRD pattern confirmed that all the photoanodes consist of anatase phase of TiO2. N719 dye is used as sensitizer in all films. UV–Visible absorption results show the absorbance peak of all films at 524 nm which confirmed the absorption of dye in photoanodes and the intensity of peaks increases with Cu doping and Au ions implantation. Solar simulation result showed that a maximum efficiency of about 2.15% is achieved by implanting gold ions with flounce rate of 4x104 ions/cm2 in Cu-TiO2 film. The present work suggest that optimization of the gold nanoparticles in the Cu: TiO2 layer plays a vital role in enhancing efficiency of DSSC.

Highly-Organized One-Dimensional Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes for Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Acid Orange 52

Highly-organized one-dimensional arrays of copper-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes (Cu-TiNTs) were synthesized in a one-pot approach by double anodization of titanium sheets. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy showed that Cu-TiNTs have an average inner diameter of 52.13 nm, a wall thickness of 14.28 nm, and a tube length of 0.6401 μm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic O-Ti-O bond of TiO2. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed copper-doping with an average dopant loading of 0.0248%. Even at this low dopant loading, Cu-TiNTs were shown to be photo-active in degrading Acid Orange 52 (AO 52) under UV light illumination. The kinetic profiles of AO 52 photoelectrochemical degradation were best described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.991) with kinetic constants 9.42 x 10-3 min-1 for Cu-TiNTs as compared to 6.04 x 10-3 min-1 for pristine TiNTs. Overall, doping pristine TiNTs with Cu was shown to enhance its photoelectrocatalytic properties in degrading textile dyes such as AO 52.

Polydopamine Modified Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Long-Term Controlled Nitric Oxide Release and Improved Re-Endothelialization

Polydopamine Modified Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Long-Term Controlled Nitric Oxide Release and Improved Re-Endothelialization

Application of visible light on copper-doped titanium dioxide catalyzing degradation of chlorophenols

Chlorophenols are extensively used in the anthroposphere, and their fates in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere and their degradations under natural light of great interests. The homogeneous photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in titanium dioxide suspensions containing copper ions or/and sulfates has been well examined. In this study, TiO2 is directly doped with copper sulfate by a sol-gel method to promote its visible light activity (VLA) following a post-calcination step. The effects of three parameters of synthesis (calcination temperature, amounts of dopant and nitric acid) on 2-CP degradations were experimentally investigated using a three-factor, two-level factorial design in the first stage. Catalysts of the most significant synthetic parameters were further synthesized at five calcined temperatures and characterized in the second stage. 2-CP was completely removed using catalysts that were doped 0.21 mol.% CuSO4 with 0.1 vol.% nitric acid and then calcined at 300 °C for 6 h. Morphological variations with doping amount are observed from scanning electron micrographs. XRD patterns demonstrated a transformation from amorphous to the anatase phase, with replacement of Ti4+ by Cu2+ in the crystal structure of TiO2. UV–visible light diffuse reflectance spectra of the doped catalysts exhibited red-shifts, revealing their VLA. Surface areas, measured by the BET method, decreased as the calcination temperatures increased, and the pore sizes increased. Moreover, effect of three operational parameters, including: (del) initial concentration of 2-CP, initial pH and the photocatalyst dosage, under visible-light irradiation were investigated to simulate the scenarios of degradation in the natural and artificial conditions. Optimal operational parameters were obtained at a catalyst dosage of 3 g·dm−3, an initial 2-CP concentration of 20 ppm and a solution pH of 5.5. The pHzpc of the undoped and CuSO4-doped TiO2 were determined to be 3.5 and 3.84.

Surface plasmon resonance effect of Cu nanoparticles in a dye sensitized solar cell

Pure and copper doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) photo anodes with different doping amounts of copper (Cu) 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5mole% are synthesized using modified sol-gel route. Addition of Cu in TiO2 matrix can enhance absorption towards visible spectrum and can reduce the charge carrier recombination due to Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR). The samples are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV-VIS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electro Chemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The crystallite size is measured by XRD and surface morphology of the samples is analyzed using SEM. UV–vis measurement shows that the influence of Cu in TiO2 lattice altered its optical properties and extended absorption in the visible region. The resistances between different junctions of the cell are measured by EIS. The J-V measurement of the cell prepared using pure and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs is carried out by solar simulator. The optimized Cu doped DSSC with 0.3mole% Cu in TiO2 shows the best power conversion efficiency of 8.65% which is approximately 26% greater than the efficiency of undoped DSSC (6.41%).