Copper Concentration In Water Research Articles

Copper Speciation in Wine Growing-Drain Waters: Mobilization, Transport, and Environmental Diffusion

Copper (Cu) has been used to treat vines for a long time, which has led to its accumulation in vineyard soils. In the present work, the mobilization of copper from these soils and its transport, and diffusion outside the plots by drain water were investigated. For this, the distribution of copper between the dissolved and colloidal phases, and within the colloidal phase, of these waters was determined using an investigation strategy based on the coupling between a size separation technique, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation, and several detectors. First, the total copper concentrations in water from different drains were monitored over a period of 2 years: Cu was mainly found in the fraction of < 450 nm. Then, the distribution of copper on the size continuum was more closely studied in water from one of the drains, sampled over a winter period. Between 45 and 75% of Cu was found in the 2–450 nm colloidal fraction. The <450 nm colloidal phase of the drain waters was found to be mainly composed of humic acids (~15 to 60 mg L−1) and clay-rich particles (~100 to 650 mg (Al) L−1). These particles also contained (hydr)oxides of iron and manganese. The concentrations of Fe and Mn were approximately 100 to 200 times lower than those of Al. The majority of humic acids had an apparent molar mass of ≤ 10 kDa. They were distributed along the size continuum: (i) in a population with an average size of ~20 nm, probably consisting of supramolecular entities, and (ii) associated with clay-rich particles with a size of ~120–200 nm. Copper was found to be complexed with humic acids and associated with clays via clay-humic complexes. Copper mobilization from the soil to the water and its transport to the drain water appeared governed by the soil humidity level and the rainfall.

The content of chemical elements in <i>Trаpa nаtans</i> and <i>Nymphoides peltata</i> of the Volga Delta

Aim. To identify the specific features of the accumulation of heavy metals in Trаpa nаtans and Nymphoides peltata in the Volga delta. Materials and Methods. Plant sampling was carried out in the Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Determination of the concentration of chemical elements was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. As a result of the research it was noted that the plant species studied had some similarities in the accumulation of chemical elements. In both types of plants iron was predominantly accumulated, manganese content being in second place in terms of metal concentration. Chromium and cadmium were found to be in the lowest concentrations. Nymphoides peltata is an iron accumulator compared to Trapa natans. The leaves of Trapa natans are manganese concentrators, while the stems are copper concentrators. Conclusions. Based on the specific features identified in the accumulation of chemical elements in plants, a proposal is put forward regarding the possibility of using the leaves and stems of Nymphoides peltata as a test object for monitoring iron and chromium concentrations in water and the leaves of Trapa natans for monitoring copper concentrations in water.

Evaluation of Changeri Masi (Oxalis corniculata Linn.) in altering the copper concentration in water

Introduction: The presence of heavy metals in water has been increasing with industrial growth and human activities. The major source of copper in drinking water is corrosion of household plumbing, faucets, and water fixtures. Most commonly used copper salt is copper sulphate (CuSO4. 5H2O). It is used as a general pesticide rated as toxicity class 1 highly toxic. Unfortunately, most people are not aware of the safe level and they overuse it causing residue in soil, water, which endangers human and environment. According to EPA the permissible amount of copper in drinking water is 1.3mg/L. As Cu is non-biodegradable, poisonous, and easy to accumulate in living organisms in general and especially in the human body at low concentrations; they can cause major illnesses such as cancer, nervous system damage, and kidney failure, and can be fatal at high doses. hence, it’s important to remove Cu metal from water as well as wastewater. Materials and Methods: Changeri (Oxalis corniculata Lin.) plant is collected as a whole, dried and prepared Changeri Masi (ash) out of it. Copper contaminated water was prepared by adding copper sulphate in distilled water. Amount of copper were evaluated with AAS and fixed to 3mg/L. Different concentration of Changeri Masi was added to copper contaminated water and keep it for different contact time. Results: Changeri Masi mixed copper water filtered through a filter paper and reading was taken in atomic absorption spectroscopy. Significant reduction in copper was observed.

Inhibitory mechanism of nano-copper carbon composite on Microcystis aeruginosa

Nano‑copper carbon composite (NCCC), a typical core-shell-structure carbon-coated nano‑copper material was prepared to investigate its inhibitory effect and toxicity on Microcystis aeruginosa. The two indices (Chlorophyll-a concentration and dehydrogenase activity level/biomass) indicated that NCCC remarkably suppressed the growth of algal cells in a dosage-dependent way. The NCCC group (20 mg·L−1) showed the similar inhibitory effect of 6 mg·L−1 CuSO4. However, the Cu concentration in 20 mg·L−1 NCCC containing Cu element about 22 % (mass ratio) was much lower than that of 6 mg·L−1 CuSO4, indicating that toxicity of NCCC on algal cells was not only due to the toxic effect of Cu2+. The changes of enzymatic antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation damage demonstrated that under the stress of NCCC, Microcystis aeruginosa cells were exposed to oxidative damage. The formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by NCCC was much higher than a comparable amount of Cu2+, pointing out that exceeded ROS was not only generated by the released Cu2+ but probably also induced by the photocatalytic activity of Cu2O. Moreover, the fluorescein diacetate (FDA)-propidium iodide (PI) double staining method was applied to explore the toxicity mechanisms, illustrating that NCCC resulted in the damage of membrane integrity, and the cell death mode of algal cells under the inhibition of NCCC was necrosis-like. In general, compared with CuSO4, NCCC had a more efficient and durable inhibitory effect, and released a lower concentration of copper in water, resulting in less secondary contamination to water. Therefore, NCCC is a novel environmental friendly inhibitor for cyanobacterial bloom control instead of CuSO4.

Immune responses, DNA damage and ultrastructural alterations of gills in the marine mussel Lithophaga lithophaga exposed to CuO nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle (NP) pollution is a worldwide problem. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are one of the most used NPs in a variety of applications, which results in their increased release into the marine environment. In the present work, the marine mussel Lithophaga lithophaga was used as a model organism to evaluate the toxic effects of CuO NPs following 28days of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (5 and 20μg/L). The time points were 1day of exposure to assess the cell viability, phagocytosis in mussel haemocytes and genotoxicity (DNA damage in gills), 1, 14 and 28days of exposure to evaluate copper concentrations in water and gills, as well as metallothionein concentration in gills, while gill histology and SEM examination were done after 28days of exposure. The results indicated that the accumulation of CuO NPs in gills increased with concentration and time. Mussel exposure to CuO NPs increased neutral red uptake. However, the phagocytic abilities decreased in haemocytes with increased concentration. CuO NPs caused DNA damage in the gills even at low concentrations (5µg/L). CuO NPs caused histopathological alterations in gills, such as brown cell accumulation, necrosis, dwarfism of filaments and ciliary erosion. In conclusion, exposure of the mussel L. lithophaga to CuO NPs led to concentration- and time-dependent responses for all the examined biomarkers. Thus, L. lithophaga may be used as a bioindicator organism in the assessment of CuO NP toxicity.

Synthesis of acid treated carbonized mandarin peel for purification of copper

Abstract In this study; acid treated carbonized mandarin peel (CMP) adsorbent was prepared and the adsorption behaviour of the adsorbent for copper removal was investigated. In the adsorption studies the effects of initial metal concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time on the removal were investigated. As a result; the highest removal of 100% was achieved when the copper concentration in water was 5 mg/L and the adsorbent dosage was 3.75 g/L at a solution pH of 7. Isotherm studies were also done and the appropriate isotherm was obtained as the Freundlich isotherm. According to the kinetic studies, the copper adsorption onto CMP adsorbent was adopted to the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic. After HCl regeneration, the adsorbent maintained 94% of its activity.

Removal of copper by adsorption on treated laterite

Copper is an essential element for human body and also micro nutrient for plants. Higher concentrations of copper in water cause severe health problems. Many process and metallurgical industries release significant quantities of copper into the environment. Several methods were suggested for removal of copper, most of which were either cost ineffective and/or release harmful chemicals. In that perspective, current paper is focused on the removal of copper from aqueous solution by using laterite as an adsorbent. The equilibrium, kinetics and adsorption behaviour under varied pH and temperature were studied in this investigation. It was found that the removal efficiency was about 90%. The kinetics obeyed pseudo second order model. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms could be described by Langmuir model satisfactorily.

Aerial application of copper for dothistroma control in New Zealand\u2019s planted forests\u2014effect on stream environments

Limited information is available on the risk to aquatic environments from the aerial application of copper fungicides to treat dothistroma needle blight in managed forests. Cuprous oxide was aerially applied to three catchments of Pinus radiata of varying age classes in the central North Island of New Zealand. Copper was monitored in stream water and sediments prior to and for 1 month after application. Copper deposits collected from tracer plates deployed above the water surface along the stream channels within the treated areas at each site ranged from 13 to 406 ppm. Lowest concentrations occurred above small stream channels with dense overhead riparian vegetation. Peak copper concentrations in stream water across the three sites ranged from 28 to 60 μg L−1 and were below the analytical detection limit within hours. Copper concentrations were higher and persisted for longer in stream sediment (range 1.7–6.1 mg kg−1, sampled at two sites only). Copper concentrations in sediments were below environmental guidelines. Copper concentrations in water and sediment indicated a low risk to aquatic organisms based on the exposure times to the concentrations measured in this study.

Multiple Biomarker Responses in Corbicula fluminea Exposed to Copper in Laboratory Toxicity Tests.

This study evaluated the alteration of the enzymatic system of the freshwater Asian clam exposed to different copper concentrations. Individuals of Corbicula fluminea were exposed to different concentrations of dissolved Cu (0.5, 1, and 2mgL(-1)) for 7days, then, biomarkers of oxidative stress (GST, GPx, GR), exposure (MTs), effect (AChE), and damage (LPO, DNA strand breaks) were quantified. Results showed positive correlations between dissolved metal concentrations and GPx, MTs, and DNA damage, and negative correlation with GST and AChE. In contrast, no clear trend was found for GR and LPO. In general, the established mechanisms of protection might have a beneficial effect on the decreasing ROS attack on membrane and the activation of the metallothioneins. Integrated biomarker analysis revealed that the measured alterations are well correlated with the levels of increasing dissolved copper concentrations in water, demonstrating the effectiveness of this organism for biomonitoring approach purposes.

Population data on calcium in drinking water and hip fracture: An association may depend on other minerals in water. A NOREPOS study

BackgroundThe Norwegian population has among the highest hip fracture rates in the world. The incidence varies geographically, also within Norway. Calcium in drinking water has been found to be beneficially associated with bone health in some studies, but not in all. In most previous studies, other minerals in water have not been taken into account. Trace minerals, for which drinking water can be an important source and even fulfill the daily nutritional requirement, could act as effect-modifiers in the association between calcium and hip fracture risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between calcium in drinking water and hip fracture, and whether other water minerals modified this association. Materials and methodsA survey of trace metals in 429 waterworks, supplying 64% of the population in Norway, was linked geographically to the home addresses of patients with incident hip fractures (1994–2000). Drinking water mineral concentrations were divided into “low” (below and equal waterworks average) and “high” (above waterworks average). Poisson regression models were fitted, and all incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were adjusted for age, geographic region, urbanization degree, type of water source, and pH of the water. Effect modifications were examined by stratification, and interactions between calcium and magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese were tested both on the multiplicative and the additive scale. Analyses were stratified on gender. ResultsAmong those supplied from the 429 waterworks (2,110,916 person-years in men and 2,397,217 person-years in women), 5433 men and 13,493 women aged 50–85years suffered a hip fracture during 1994–2000. Compared to low calcium in drinking water, a high level was associated with a 15% lower hip fracture risk in men (IRR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.91) but no significant difference was found in women (IRR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.93–1.02). There was interaction between calcium and copper on hip fracture risk in men (p=0.051); the association between calcium and hip fracture risk was stronger when the copper concentration in water was high (IRR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.78) as opposed to when it was low (IRR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94). This pattern persisted also after including potential confounding factors and other minerals in the model. No similar variation in risk was found in women. ConclusionIn this large, prospective population study covering two thirds of the Norwegian population and comprising 19,000 hip fractures, we found an inverse association between calcium in drinking water and hip fracture risk in men. The association was stronger when the copper concentration in the water was high.

EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A induction in liver and gills of Senegal sole Solea senegalensis from a polluted Huelva Estuary (SW Spain)

EROD activity and induction cytochrome P4501A in liver and gills of Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, from a heavy metal and PAH polluted estuary, was studied. Liver and gill CYP1A catalytic activity was assessed at the enzyme activity level-measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and cellular localization of CYP1A in the liver was studied using immunohistochemistry. Liver EROD was correlated with phenanthrene-type metabolites in liver and copper concentrations in water. Strong CYP1A occurrence was observed in acinar pancreatic cells, pancreatic duct epithelium and vascular system endothelium and negative/rare induction were observed in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelium. In gills, EROD activity showed a significant correlation with different fractions of heavy metals in sediment but no correlation was observed between EROD activity and PAHs. Strongly positive CYP1A associated staining of the vascular system endothelia and primary filament cells and a moderate staining of pillar cells in gills were observed. The results substantiated the utility of EROD activity and CYP1A induction measurement as biomarkers for use by aquatic toxicologists and indicate that catalytic assays and immunohistochemical assays appear to be sensitive to different kinds of pollutants being the use of both methods recommended for monitoring programs.

Adsorption—Photometric and Test Determination of Copper Using Silica Gel Sequentially Modified with Polyhexamethylene Guanidine and Bathocuproinedisulphonic Acid

The interface interaction of Cu(I) with 2,9-dimethyl-4, 7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid immobilized onto silica modified with polyhexamethylene guanidine was studied. The high affinity of metal ion to the modified silica surface was found to be due to the presence of a complex, which is formed as a result of interaction between Cu(I) and immobilized 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid. This reaction was successfully applied to develop an adsorption-photometric method for determining copper concentrations in waters of different types. The detection limit is 0.01 μg per 0.1 g of adsorbent. The calibration function is linear up to 10 μg per 0.1 g of adsorbent. The colour scale and indicator pipe technique were proposed for rapid test determination of copper concentrations in various water types. The detection limit for copper using the pipe technique is 1 μg/l (volume of the water, 50 ml).

Role of drinking water copper in pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis: a prospective case control study

Although oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is thought to be multifactorial in origin, the chewing of areca nut is thought to be the main cause. Alkaloids and tannins in areca nut are responsible for fibrosis, but recent evidence has suggested that copper ions are also an important mediator, and in a small pilot study we recently found that OSMF was significantly associated with a raised concentration of copper in drinking water. We have further investigated this association in a heterogeneous population in Hyderabad-Karnataka, India, a region with a high incidence of the condition. We evaluated 3 groups, each of 100 patients: those with OSMF who chewed gutkha, those who chewed gutkha but did not have OSMF, and healthy controls who did not chew gutkha. The difference between the groups in the mean concentration of copper in water measured by atomic absorption spectrometry was significant (p<0.001). There were also significant differences between the groups in mean concentrations of serum copper, salivary copper, and ceruloplasmin (p<0.001). Our results confirm that copper in drinking water contributes to the pathogenesis of OSMF, but ingestion of copper is unlikely to be the sole cause.

Copper Removal Efficiency in a Surface Water and Compartmentalization in the Floating Fern Salvinia minima

In order to determine copper removal efficiency and compartmentalization in the free floating fern S. minima, a bioassay was performed in which plants were exposed to increasing copper concentrations in the range of 1 to 30 mg Cu L-1 for six days in Pilcomayo River surface water. S. minima accumulated the metal in a dose-dependent manner. Metal concentration was from 6.5 to 3.9 times higher in the submerged biomass in comparison to the aerial biomass in all treatments reflecting a poor mobility of copper between plant tissues. In both biomasses, most of the copper was localized in the extracellular compartment and increased lineally with increasing concentration of copper in water. The intracellular fraction increased following a polynomial function. The physicochemical characteristics of the experimental water influenced copper bioavailability inducing copper precipitation and the high concentration of calcium may have exerted a protective effect limiting metal entrance to cells. The values of the BCF and of the dry biomass weight that corresponded to copper showed that in Pilcomayo River water S. minima showed a copper removal efficiency not of a hyperaccumulator but of an effective accumulator.

Toxicity of copper and zinc to Puntius parrah (Day, 1865)

The toxicities of the trace metals copper and zinc on the fish Puntius parrah were assessed based on standard renewal bioassay methods, and the 96 h LC50 values for copper and zinc were 0.5 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. The zinc and copper concentrations in water and sediment were high in a highly industrialized area compared with those in non-industrialized zones of the Periyar River. The fish exposed to a sublethal concentration of 0.05 mg/L of Cu and 0.9 mg/L of Zn showed a higher accumulation of both of the metals in the liver than in the kidneys, gills, and muscles. The histological changes induced by copper and zinc on the test organism under sublethal concentrations on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th -days of exposure were also studied. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the erythrocyte count after exposure to sublethal concentrations, whereas the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were significantly decreased after 28 days of exposure. Effective management strategies need to be developed and implemented to protect water bodies and aquatic organisms from trace metal pollution and its toxic effects.

Studies on Phytoremediation of Copper Using Pteridium Aquilinum (Bracken Fern) In the Presence of Biostimulants and Bioassay Using Clarias Gariepinus Juveniles

A study was carried out to evaluate the uptake of copper from water containing 10 mg/L copper by Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) and Clarias gariepinus in the presence of five plant growth stimulants: Nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (15-15-15: an inorganic fertilizer), pig, cattle, poultry, and a mixture of pig/cattle manures. A plant growth stimulant differentiated each treatment. A 96-hour bioassay using C. gariepinus was carried out at the end of the experiment to test the efficacy of the clean up by P. aquilinum. The control experiment contained no copper or plant growth stimulant. Fish survival, uptake of copper by P. aquilinum, C. gariepinus, concentration of copper in water, hematology and histopathology of the fish were assessed. Higher concentrations of copper were reported in P. aquilinum than in water or C. gariepinus. Low fish mortality was reported with the highest being 20% in the cattle manure–containing treatment.

Demonstrating the Appropriateness of Developing Sediment Quality Guidelines Based on Sediment Geochemical Properties

The pool of bioavailable metals in sediments is typically much smaller than the total metal concentration and is strongly influenced by metal-binding with acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), particulate organic carbon (OC), and iron and manganese oxide solid phases. We have investigated how the properties of relatively oxidized sediments influence the exposure and effects of copper on the survival and growth rate of the deposit-feeding benthic bivalve Tellina deltoidalis. Growth rate was a much more sensitive end point than survival. Toxic effects to growth were consistently observed in sediment where both pore water and overlying water copper concentrations were below the effect threshold for dissolved copper. Decreases in growth of the bivalve were largely attributable to dietary exposure to sediment-bound copper, as the organism was observed to actively feed on fine materials from the sediment surface. For sediments with the same total copper concentrations, effects were less for sediments with greater concentrations of fine particles (<63 μm sediment) or particulate organic carbon (OC). Based on the concentration-response relationship, a no-effect value of 5.5 mg <63 μm Cu g(-1) OC for growth of T. deltoidalis was calculated. The results confirm the appropriateness of using OC-normalized copper concentration in the <63 μm sediment fraction to develop sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) that vary with sediment properties. For sediments where the amount of AVS is not sufficient to bind metals in non bioavailable forms, the metal-binding capacity provided by OC and iron and manganese oxyhydroxides associated with the fine sediments considerably reduced metal bioavailability. These sediment properties should be considered when assessing the risks posed by metal-contaminated sediments.

Biosorption of Cu (II) ions by indigenous copper-resistant bacteria isolated from polluted coastal environment

The concentrations of copper in water and sediment samples of Cuddalore coastal area, Tamil Nadu, India were examined. The isolation, characterization, screening, and metal sorption capabilities of copper-resistant bacteria (CURB) also were investigated. Biosorption capabilities and growth time varied among the resistant isolates. All isolates reduced more than 80% of copper from copper-treated broth. However, Bacillus cereus CURB-4 strain absorbed more copper ions (99.9%) than other resistant isolates. Changes in structural group position and synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of CURB-4 strain under copper stress and controlled conditions also were examined. Under copper stress condition, CURB-4 produced more EPS (71 ± 0.6%) compared to control conditions (66 ± 0.4%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the changes in functional group position of EPS were observed in stressed condition. Overall, synthesis of EPS in bacteria is a protective barrier against environmental stress.

The Effects of Copper on Na+/K+-ATPase and Aquaporin Expression in Two Euryhaline Invertebrates

We used immunocytochemical and fluorometric techniques to show that gill cells of two marine invertebrates, the crab Neohelice granulata (osmoregulator) and the clam Mesodesma mactroides (osmoconformer), increase the expression of membrane transporters [Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and aquaporin (AQP1)] after whole-animals exposure (96h) to sublethal concentrations of copper in water of salinity 30ppt, when both clams and crabs are isosmotic with respect to the environmental medium. A plausible interpretation of our findings is that this increased expression in membrane transporters may serve as an attempt to ameliorate the deleterious effects of copper on the mechanisms involved in ion and volume regulation in gill cells.

DGT-Induced Copper Flux Predicts Bioaccumulation and Toxicity to Bivalves in Sediments with Varying Properties

Many regulatory frameworks for sediment quality assessment include consideration of contaminant bioavailability. However, the "snap-shots" of metal bioavailability provided by analyses of porewaters or acid-volatile sulfide-simultaneously extractable metal (AVS-SEM) relationships do not always contribute sufficient information. The use of inappropriate or inadequate information for assessing metal bioavailability in sediments may result in incorrect assessment decisions. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) enables the in situ measurement of metal concentrations in waters and fluxes from sediment porewaters. We utilized the DGT technique to interpret the bioavailability of copper to the benthic bivalve Tellina deltoidalis in sediments of varying properties contaminated with copper-based antifouling paint particles. For a concentration series of copper-paint contaminated sandy, silty-sand, and silty sediment types, DGT-probes were used to measure copper fluxes to the overlying water, at the sediment-water interface, and in deeper sediments. The overlying water copper concentrations and DGT-Cu fluxes were shown to provide excellent exposure concentration-response relationships in relation to lethal effects occurring to the copper-sensitive benthic bivalve, T. deltoidalis. The study demonstrates the strength of the DGT technique, which we expect will become frequently used for assessing metal bioavailability in sediments.