Copolymerization Of MMA Research Articles

High energy storage density and low energy loss achieved by inserting charge traps in all organic dielectric materials

An innovative strategy of introducing space charge traps to dielectric materials is developed by copolymerization of MMA with conjugated VK, which enables superior energy storage performance (Ue = 15.7 J cm−3 @ 750 MV m−1, η = 88%).

Transparent films based on functionalized Poly(ionic liquids) coordinating to photoactive Lanthanide(Eu3+,Tb3+) and Poly(methyl methacrylate): Luminescence and chemical sensing

Two kinds of hybrid luminescence films ([C8VIM][Eu (nta)4]@PMMA and [C8VIM][Tb (acac)4]@PMMA) have been synthesized by the copolymerization of MMA with lanthanide functionalized ionic liquid [C8VIM][Eu (nta)4]. The structure and composition of the as-synthesized films have been characterized by 1HNMR, XPS, FTIR, UV–vis, XRD, TGA and SEM. In addition, the photophysical properties of as-synthesized films have been investigated in detail by luminescence spectroscopy. It was found that the transparent and thermal stability of as-synthesized films are improved by the long chains of PMMA. More significantly, [C8VIM][Eu (nta)4] @PMMA exhibits the improvement of photo physical properties (ƞ = 52.6%) and is selected as the representative sample to examine the potential fluorescence sensing of metal ions and anions. It has been showed highly selective and sensitive fluorescence sensing for Cu2+ and CrO42−. Meanwhile, [C8VIM][Eu (nta)4]@PMMA exhibits a good stability in the aqueous solution, which is further used as fluorescence probe for detecting CO32−. The good stability, sensitive fluorescence response and good mechanical processing properties of [C8VIM][Eu (nta)4]@PMMA show a great potential to establish a fast response anion and cationic of aqueous solution fluorescence colorimetric sensor devices.

SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF ACRYLIC FILMS IN PAINT AND VARNISH MATERIALS

Copolymerizations of unsaturated compounds with different ratios of acrylic monomers were synthesized. The synthesized copolymers exhibit good adhesion, flexibility and waterproofing performance may be used in the paint industry. The behavior of the copolymers of MMA and BuMA and proven by IR spectroscopy. This paper describes the synthesis, structure and properties of certain block copolymers. The practical application of scanning electron microscopy used for investigation of materials. Keywords: methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, copolymers, paint, films, tensile strength, elongation at break, shore hardness.

Synthesis of nanoparticles composed of a poly(methylmethacrylate-co-laurylmethacrylate) core and a polysiloxane shell as vehicles for limonene

In this study, hybrid nanoparticles composed of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-laurylmethacrylate) (PMMA-co-LMA) and poly(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (PMS) obtained via seeded emulsion polymerisation were synthesised. A series of copolymers of LMA and MMA was obtained via emulsion polymerisation in the presence of β-cyclodextrin as a phase transport catalyst. The resulting spherical particles of approximately 50 nm were used as seeds for MPS polymerisation, resulting in spherical core-shell particles. These materials were evaluated as vehicles for limonene. Initially, it was observed that the extent of particle swelling by limonene was enhanced at the highest fractions of LMA. The same trend was obtained when the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency were determined. Although when the core contained PLMA only, the particles exhibited the highest encapsulation capacity, these nanoparticles presented the poorest control on the release of limonene. The cytotoxicity evaluation of the core-shell nanoparticles revealed that they are slightly cytotoxic with cell viabilities higher than 70% at all the concentrations. Our results indicated that core-shell nanoparticles containing a core composed of P(MMA-co-LMA) and a siloxane shell were promising vehicles for nonpolar and volatile compounds, such as limonene, and they showed potential for applications in various fields, such as pest control, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) with perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether moiety as crosslinking unit: thermally stable polymer with high glass transition temperature

Crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature was prepared by simple thermal crosslinking of PMMA-containing random copolymers bearing aryl trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE) moieties. A methacrylate monomer consisting of aryl TFVE moiety, 4-((1,2,2-trifluorovinyl)oxy)phenyl methacrylate (TFVOPMA), was first synthesized followed by radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by AIBN, providing the random copolymer containing aryl TFVE moieties, poly(4-((1,2,2-trifluorovinyl)oxy)phenyl methacrylate)-co-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA). Finally, crosslinked PMMA polymer with perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether moieties as crosslinking units was obtained by [2π + 2π] cycloaddition reaction of aryl TFVE moieties in PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA copolymer. Thermal properties of both PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA and crosslinked PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA were examined by TGA and DSC. Compared to pure PMMA, Tg of PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA increased by 15.1 °C and no Tg was found in the DCS test of the crosslinked PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA. Thermal decomposition temperature (Td,5%) of crosslinked PMMA was 47 °C higher than that of pure PMMA. Furthermore, the water absorption of crosslinked PMMA film greatly reduced in comparison with that of pure PMMA.

Maleimide Copolymers of MMA / Styrene: Microwave -Preparation And Their Properties

This study focused ona convenient, fast and rapid process to synthesis of N-substituted maleimide [4-N-Phenylethanamide azo-3-N-(4-chlorophenyl)Maleimide] [PAChMI] and their copolymers in domestic microwave as an energy source. The monomer was prepared by the reaction of maleic anhydride with 4-aminochlorobenzene in the presence of ml volume of DMF and P2O5 to provide a homogenous solution for chemical transformation. The copolymerization were also done under microwave heating conditions, in presence of ml volume of DMF with AIBN as free radical initiator. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and molecular weight was determined by GPC

Volume shrinkage and abrasive wear properties of crosslinked Poly(ester-urethane-acrylate)/MMA copolymer: Effect of chain length

ABSTRACTThe current study deals with the preparation of novel crosslink transparent poly(ester-urethane-acrylate)/methyl methacrylate (TPEUMA) copolymers and the effect of hydroxyl terminated aromatic polyester (PEs) was also investigated. The properties of TPEUMA were investigated in terms of double bond concentration, polymerization shrinkage, abrasive wear analysis and chemical resistance. The volume shrinkage decreased due to the significant reduction in the concentration of double bonds. The first two effects reflect in lowering the abrasive wear resistance properties at room temperature, while the larger chain length between crosslink decreases the hardness. Decrease in polymerization shrinkage shows more condensed microstructure which was revealed by the abrasive wear rate of TPEUMAs due to hydrogen bonding near to crosslink point. Increase in the chain length of PEs, decreases the glass transition temperature of TPEUMA copolymer which results in loose microstructure. Worn surface were studied using scanning electron microscope to give insight on the wear mechanism of TPEUMA crosslink. It can be suggested from the present study that this copolymer can be used for a broad range of optical applications.

Synthesis of n-octadecane/poly (styrene-methyl methacrylate) (St-MMA) energy-storage microcapsules via emulsion polymerization

Poly (methyl methacrylate) block copolymer is interesting due to its good compatibility with many polymers. In this study, a novel phase-change energy storage material, n-octadecane/poly (styrene-methyl methacrylate) (OD/P(St-MMA)) microcapsules, were designed and synthesized by emulsion polymerization, in which n-OD was used as core materials, the copolymer of St and MMA as shell materials, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as emulsifier. The morphology, phase-change thermal properties and thermal stability of microcapsules were investigated by particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that when the ratio of the two monomers, St and MMA, was 1/5 and the dosage of SDBS was 1.5 g (3% of the total mass), the particle size dispersion of microcapsules was uniform and microcapsule particles were well wrapped. TG analysis showed that the long-term use temperature of microcapsules could not exceed 131°C. DSC showed that the phase-change enthalpy of microcapsule was 148.39 J·g−1, which indicated the microcapsules had excellent energy storage property.

PH sensitive poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acryloyl phenylalanine) nanogels and their silver nanocomposites for biomedical applications

poly (methyl methacrylate-co-acryloylphenylalanine) (PMAPA) nanogels (NGs) were developed by a simple surfactant free emulsion polymerization method. PMAPA NGs were composed from the copolymerization of MMA, APA crosslinked with EGDMA. A green approach was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles in PMAPA NG networks using leaf extract of Limonia acidissima. The NGs and their silver nanocomposite were used for controlled release of 5-Fluorouracil and antimicrobial activity against Bacilli and Escherichia coli, respectively. Chemical, structural interactions, thermal and morphological properties of PMAPA nano hydrogels are characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC, TEM and DLS, respectively. The average size of nano hydrogels were achieved up to 40–120 nm. The % encapsulation efficiency was achieved up to 53.43 ± 1.7 by equilibrium swelling method.

Construction of wettability gradient surface on copper substrate by controlled hydrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate–butyl acrylate) films

Abstract We report a gradient wettability surface on copper slide prepared by a simple controlled ester group hydrolysis procedure of poly(methyl methacrylate–butyl acrylate) [P (MMA-BA)] films coated on the copper substrate. In the method, sodium hydroxide solutions are selected to prepare surface gradient wettability on P (MMA-BA) films. The P (MMA-BA) copolymers with different MMA contents are first synthesized by a conventional free atom radical solution polymerization method. The transfer of surface chemical composition from the ester group to acid salt is achieved by hydrolysis in NaOH solution. The effects of different concentrations of NaOH solution and reaction times on the physicochemical properties of the resulting surfaces are studied. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the varying concentration along the substrate length is only attributed to the hydrolysis reaction of ester groups. The hydrolysis causes insignificant change on the morphology of the original film on the copper substrate. In addition, it is found that the MMA copolymer content has a significant influence on the concentration of ester groups on the outermost surface and thus important for forming the slope gradients.

Nano-encapsulated organic phase change material based on copolymer nanocomposites for thermal energy storage

This study deals with fabrication, physico–chemical characterizations and thermal properties of n-octadecane nanocapsules as organic PCM (phase change materials) for TES (thermal energy storage). Nano-encapsulated organic PCM was fabricated by encapsulation of n-octadecane as a core with St (styrene) – MMA (methylmethacrylate) copolymer shell using miniemulsion in-situ polymerization method. The influence of St/MMA and n-octadecane/copolymer mass ratio on the encapsulation processes, physico–chemical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocapsules has been studied systematically. DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) analysis indicated that the n-octadecane in the nanocapsules form melts at 29.5 °C and crystallize at 24.6 °C. N-octadecane nanocapsules has an enthalpy of 107.9 and 104.9 Jg-1 for melting and crystallization, respectively. TGA (thermal gravimetric analysis) thermograms showed that the nano-encapsulated organic PCM degraded in two distinguishable steps and has a good chemical stability. The thermal cycling test of the nanocapsules was carried out for 360 heating/cooling cycles and indicates that the developed nanomaterial has good chemical stability and thermal reliability. Based on all the results obtained, it can be concluded that n-octadecane/St-MMA nanocapsules have potential for thermal energy storage for buildings and other applications.

Preparation of TiO<sub>2</sub>/latex Composite for inkjet white ink

A TiO2/latex composite was prepared from KH570-modified TiO2 and methylmethacrylate (MMA) via miniemulsion polymerization, and further was used to formulate a white inkjet ink. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the copolymer of DNS-86 and MMA was successfully coated onto TiO2 surface and amount of copolymer was about 40%. A white inkjet ink prepared from the TiO2/latex composite had a small particle size, a narrow particle size distribution and enhanced stabilities to temperature and centrifugal forces. This research may provide a method to prepare a white inkjet ink for textile inkjet printing.

The non-isothermal degradation kinetics of St–MMA copolymers

Abstract Styrene–methyl methacrylate (St–MMA) random copolymer in different compositions, polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles were synthesized by suspension polymerization. The copolymer compositions were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) method as well as their molecular weights were examined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The non-isothermal degradation behavior of the synthesized copolymers was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen purge and the results were compared with corresponding homopolymers. In this study it was tried to clarify the effect of St–MMA copolymer composition on the non-isothermal degradation kinetics. It was found that with decreasing the MMA content in copolymer, the molecular weight was decreased and degradation temperature in copolymer increased in all heating rates. The activation energy was calculated by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. It was concluded that using the model fitting methods couldn't reveal the complexity of the thermal degradation process and the model-free methods could be a reliable way to determine the kinetic parameters. Furthermore the iso-kinetic relationship (IKR) was used to estimate a model independent pre-exponential factor (lnA) corresponding to a given degree of conversion.

Synthesis of 4-arms hydroxy-functionalized PMMA-b-PE through combining free radical polymerization with coordination polymerization

The copolymerization of MMA with ethylene was promoted by metallocene complex in the presence of initiator tetra(2,3-epoxy propoxy)silane (Is), reducing agent Zn and cocatalyst MAO, combining free radical polymerization with coordination polymerization via sequential monomer addition strategy in one-pot to produce 4-arms hydroxy-functionalized PMMA-b-PE. The effects of polymerization conditions such as temperature, time, ethylene pressure and Al/Ti molar ratio on the polymerization performance were investigated. 4-Arms hydroxy-functionalized PMMA-b-PE was obtained by solvent extraction and determined by GPC, MALLS, DSC, FT-IR, WAXD and 1H(13C) NMR. The DSC result indicated that the 4-arms hydroxy-functionalized PMMA-b-PE had one Tg at 87.0°C and one Tm at 117.0°C which attributed to Tg of PMMA segment and Tm of PE segment, respectively. The microstructure of 4-arms hydroxy-functionalized PMMA-b-PE was further confirmed by WAXD, FT-IR, and 13C NMR analysis. These results demonstrated that the obtained 4-arms block copolymer consisted of PMMA segment and crystalline PE segment.

Ascorbic Acid/H2O2-initiated Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate onto Abelmoschus Esculentus Fiber: A Kinetic Approach

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto lignocellulosic Abelmoschus esculentus fibers was successfully carried out in aqueous medium using ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide as redox initiator. Maximum percentage of grafting was achieved when the concentrations of ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and monomer were 3.85 × 10−2, 2.41 × 10−1, and 1.87 × 10−1 mol/L respectively at a temperature of 45°C for a reaction time of 90 min. The kinetics of graft copolymerization was also studied, and it was found that the rate expression for graft copolymerization is (Rg) = K [Asc]0.68[H2O2]0.49[MMA]1.17. The activation energy for graft copolymerization of MMA onto Abelmoschus fiber was found to be 12.48 KJ/mol. The graft copolymers thus formed were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.

Preparation and properties of network polymers of urethane dimethacrylate bearing photo-initiating unit

Network homo- and copolymers were prepared by photo- and thermal radical polymerizations of urethane dimethacrylate bearing photo-initiating Irgacure unit (IrDM) at the same molecule, and their thermal, optical, and mechanical properties were investigated. In the photopolymerization, the resulting IrDM homopolymer indicated the highest glass transition temperature and thermal stability among homo- and copolymers of IrDM and MMA studied. In particular, IrDM homopolymer has the excellent environmental stability, and the coloration of IrDM copolymers and poly(MMA) observed by, heating seems to arise from the additional reactions of free initiator fragment and monomer remained unreacted in the system. For optical properties, all their polymers represented high transparency and refractive index (RI), but the mechanical properties much depended on the contents of IrDM unit in the copolymer. In the thermal copolymerization of IrDM and MMA using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator, the resulting copolymers have still a photo-initiating unit at the bridge in the network structure, and post photo-irradiation to the polymer changed the mechanical performances. In addition, the copolymers of IrDM with 2-hydroxy methacrylate and acrylic acid (AA) were also prepared and their unique functionalities were investigated.

Reactivity Ratios of the Copolymerization Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate Using FT-IR Spectroscopy with Comparing to Mathematically Method

Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate were prepared chemically under Nitrogen ,which was investigated, in the present of Benzoyl Peroxide as Initiator at concentration of 2 × 10-3 molar at 70 °C, which was carried out in Benzene as solvent to a certain low conversion . FT-IR spectra were used for determining of the monomer reactivity ratios ,which was obtained by employing the conventional linearization method of Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tüdos (K- T). The experimental results showed the average value for the Styrene r1 / Methyl Methacrylate r2 system, Sty r1 = 0.45 , MMA r2 = 0.38 in the (F–R) Method and r1 = 0.49 , r2 = 0.35 in the (K–T) Method, The Results of this indicated show the random distribution of monomers in the copolymer.Likewise The monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated Mathematically in comparison in the (F–R) Method with the data STY r1 = 0.61 , MMA r2 = 0.47 , and r1 = 0.45 , r2 =0.38 in the (K–T) Method. And were used the values r1 ,r2 for STY / MMA Copolymers in computing integral curves for the instantaneous Copolymer composition throughout the whole range of conversion.

Reactivity Ratios of the Copolymerization Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate Using FT-IR Spectroscopy with Comparing to Mathematically Method

Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate were prepared chemically under Nitrogen ,which was investigated, in the present of Benzoyl Peroxide as Initiator at concentration of 2 × 10-3 molar at 70 °C, which was carried out in Benzene as solvent to a certain low conversion . FT-IR spectra were used for determining of the monomer reactivity ratios ,which was obtained by employing the conventional linearization method of Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tüdos (K- T). The experimental results showed the average value for the Styrene r1 / Methyl Methacrylate r2 system, Sty r1 = 0.45 , MMA r2 = 0.38 in the (F–R) Method and r1 = 0.49 , r2 = 0.35 in the (K–T) Method, The Results of this indicated show the random distribution of monomers in the copolymer.Likewise The monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated Mathematically in comparison in the (F–R) Method with the data STY r1 = 0.61 , MMA r2 = 0.47 , and r1 = 0.45 , r2 =0.38 in the (K–T) Method. And were used the values r1 ,r2 for STY / MMA Copolymers in computing integral curves for the instantaneous Copolymer composition throughout the whole range of conversion.

Performance enhancement induced by electrospinning of polymer electrolytes based on poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid lithium)

A series of novel fibrous polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity based on electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid lithium) (P(MMA-co-AMPSLi)) membranes were prepared and characterized. P(MMA-co-AMPSLi) was synthesized by free radical copolymerization of MMA and AMPS, followed by ion exchange of the H+ with Li+. The fibrous polymer electrolytes were fabricated by immersing the electrospun P(MMA-co-AMPSLi) membranes into the liquid electrolyte. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize the structure of the copolymers. Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to investigate the thermal properties of the copolymers. Scanning electromicroscope was employed to observe the morphology of electrospun membranes before and after soaking the liquid electrolyte. AC impedance and linear sweep voltammetry were adopted to measure the electrochemical properties of the fibrous polymer electrolytes. The incorporation of the AMPSLi units effectively improved the electrospinnability of the copolymer, increased the dielectric constants of the electrospun membranes, and enhanced the dimensional stability by maintaining the pore structures even after the membranes absorbing large amounts of liquid electrolytes. As a result, the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes increased with the increase in the molar ratio of AMPSLi units, and the highest ion conductivity was up to 4.12 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. Meanwhile, the polymer electrolytes studied in this work exhibited a sufficient electrochemical stability (up to 5.0 V) that allows the safe operation in lithium-ion batteries.

Synthesis of PMMA-co-PMAA Copolymer Brush on Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(methacrylamide) copolymer (PMMA-co-PMAA) was synthesized by a free radical copolymerization of MMA and MAA monomers in methylethyl ketone using AIBN as radical initiator. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were oxidized in KMnO4 acidic suspension. Carboxyl groups on the surface oxidized MWCNT were reacted with primary amide group of PMMA-co-PMAA copolymer in MEK solution under ultrasound to form polymer brush on the surface of MWCNT. With the help of TG analyses the amount of covalently grafted PMMA-co-PMAA copolymer onto MWCNT surface was determined as ?47 wt%. TEM analyses identified thin co-polymer layer adhered onto MWCNT surface with average thickness ?5 nm.