Copolymerization Of Maleimide Research Articles

Solvent effect on copolymerization of maleimide with styrene induced by irradiation of ion and electron beams

The radiation-induced polymerization of styrene with maleimide was studied in methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol solutions by irradiation of electrons, protons, He and C-ions. The polymer yield increased in the order methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, depending on the reactivity of the solvent radical to initiate the polymerization. Furthermore, the effect of the specific energy of the ions was observed in the methanol and ethanol solutions by ion irradiation at the dose rate of 20nA. Not only the radical distribution depending on the LET value or dose rate, but also the reactivity of the solvent radical to initiate the polymerization will influence the polymer yield and the distribution of the molecular weight.

Radical copolymerization of maleimide with ethyl α‐ethylacrylate and α‐ethylacrylic acid via RAFT

AbstractThe copolymerization of maleimide (MI) with α‐ethylacrylic acid (EAA) and with ethyl α‐ethylacrylate (EEA) in the presence of 2‐phenylprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (PPDB) was investigated. The copolymerization of MI and EAA was difficult to conduct with the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mechanism because reinitiation of expelled radicals by fragmentation chain transfer was inhibited by the association of EAA in polar solvent and the strong interaction of the imino of MI with the carboxyl of EAA between the propagation chains. When the carboxylic group of EAA was esterified, then the copolymerization went well via RAFT, and alternating copolymers with controlled molecular weight were obtained. Combining by electron spin resonance showed a different result. It was found that before 30% of the comonomer conversion had occurred, the copolymer poly(EEA‐co‐MI) showed increasing molecular weight with the conversion and a rather narrow molecular weight distribution; then the molecular weight of the copolymer began to retard. This phenomenon of retardation was aggravated at high temperature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3828–3835, 2004

Photocrosslinking of a maleimide functionalized polymethacrylate

AbstractA polymethacrylate bearing pendent maleimide (MI) groups has been crosslinked by UV irradiation of the photoinitiator‐free functionalized polymer. The reaction was followed in situ by real‐time IR spectroscopy and shown to proceed with an initial quantum yield of two maleimide double bonds polymerized per photon absorbed, the value expected for a photocycloaddition mechanism. A twofold increase of the reaction rate was achieved by performing the UV irradiation in the presence of a thioxanthone photosensitizer (1 wt%). Insolubilization of the photoresist requires the reaction of at least 18 MI double bonds per polymer chain, thus implying the occurrence of an intramolecular coupling process between neighbouring MI groups located on the same polymer chain. In the presence of an electron donor monomer, like the divinylether of triethyleneglycol used, the cycloaddition reaction gives way to a radical‐induced copolymerization of maleimide and vinyl ether double bonds, which becomes the only crosslinking process in a stoichiometric mixture of the two components. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry

Controllability of radical copolymerization of maleimide and ethyl ?-(n-propyl)acrylate using 1,1,2,2-tetraphenyl-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy) ethane as initiator

The radical copolymerization of maleimide (MI) and ethyl a-propylacrylate was performed using 1,1,2,2-tetraphenyl-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy) ethane (TPSE) as initiator. The whole copolymerization process might be divided into two stages: in the first stage, the copolymerization was carried out on the common radical mechanism, the molecular weight of the copolymer increased rapidly in much lower conversion (, 85%), and did not depend on the polymerization time and conversion; in the second stage, molecular weight of the copolymer increased linearly with the conversion and the polymerization time. It was found, however, when the conversion was higher than a certain value, for example, more than 36%, the molecular weight of the copolymer was nearly unchangeable with the polymerization time and the molecular weight distribu- tion was widened. The effect of reaction conditions on copolymerization was discussed and the reactivity ratios were calculated by the Kelen-Tudos method, the values were rMI 5 0.13 6 0.03, rEPA 5 0.58 6 0.06 for TPSE system and rMI 5 0.12 6 0.03, rEPA 5 0.52 6 0.06 for AIBN system. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2872-2878, 2000

Co-Polymerization of Maleimides and Vinyl Ethers: A Structural Study

We report on the thermally-induced and photoinduced polymerization of the electron-donating divinyl ether di(4-vinyloxybutyl)succinate (DVBS) and the electron accepting 1,5-bis(maleimido)-2-methylpentane (BMMP) and their monofunctional analogues, dodecylvinyl ether (DDVE), N-methylmaleimide (NMM), and N-phenylmaleimide (NPM). We focus on the stoichiometry of the monomer constituents consumed in the polymerization and the structural identity and bonding configuration(s) of the polymer products. For both BMMP−DVBS and NMM−DDVE, FTIR and 1H NMR data indicate 1:1 stoichiometry for the resulting polymer. For both systems, the polymers are of the alternating donor and acceptor form (DA)n. This result holds for both photoinduced and thermally induced reactions. Structural NMR studies of polymers synthesized from both mono- and difunctional monomers indicate the presence of both cis and trans conformers of the acceptor at the D−A bond. This finding indicates that thermodynamic factors alone are not sufficient to ...

Copolymerization of ethyl ?-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate with maleimide and characterization of the resulting copolymer

Copolymerization of maleimide (MI) and ethyl α-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (EHMA) was performed at 60°C with AIBN as the initiator in THF. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined as r1 (MI) = 0.13 and r2 (EHMA) = 2.20. As the molar fraction of MI in the monomer feed increased, the initial rate of copolymerization decreased. TGA diagrams suggested the crosslinking reaction of the copolymer on heating. DSC and WAXD results suggested the existence of incomplete crystallinity in the copolymer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1291–1299, 1998

Alternating Copolymerization of Maleimide and Ethyl Atropate Without Initiator

ABSTRACT The copolymerization of maleimide(MI)(M1) and ethyl atropate (EAP)(M2) was carried out by self-initiation at 60°C, in which M2(Q=0.43, e=0.92) and M1 (Q=0.44, e=1.35) constituted a pair of electron donor and acceptor monomers on Price-Alfrey equation. A high alternating tendency was observed, the monomer reactivity ratios r1 =0.048±0.016 and r2=0.12±0.012 were calculated by a nonlinear least-squares procedure. The spontaneous alternative copolymerization is considered to be carried out by the induced radicals produced via a contact-type charge transfer complex between M1 and M2, which was confirmed by UV spectra. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the resulting copolymers have high thermal stability.

Synthesis of chloral derivative of maleimide and its copolymerization with styrene

AbstractA new monomer N‐(1‐acetoxy‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)maleimide (MI) and its copolymer with styrene have been developed. It was found that MI can be synthesized from N‐(1‐hydroxy‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)maleamide in acetic anhydride with a yield of 65%. The radical copolymerization of MI with styrene in benzene solution occurs with a yield of 91%. The obtained copolymer has a melting point about 215°C, good thermal resistance, and is selfextinguishing. The monomer and copolymer compositions were determined by elementary, 1H‐NMR and IR analysis.

γ‐ and ultraviolet‐ray‐induced copolymerization of maleimide and acrylamide in the solid state

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry EditionVolume 16, Issue 12 p. 3307-3310 Note γ- and ultraviolet-ray-induced copolymerization of maleimide and acrylamide in the solid state Kiyoshi Hayakawa, Kiyoshi Hayakawa Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKaoru Kawase, Kaoru Kawase Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorHiromi Yamakita, Hiromi Yamakita Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Kiyoshi Hayakawa, Kiyoshi Hayakawa Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorKaoru Kawase, Kaoru Kawase Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorHiromi Yamakita, Hiromi Yamakita Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya, Hirate-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1978 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170161226Citations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume16, Issue12December 1978Pages 3307-3310 RelatedInformation

Radiation‐induced copolymerization of maleimides and acenaphthylene in the solid state

AbstractThe γ‐ray‐induced polymerizations in the binary systems of maleimide‐acenaphthylene and N‐methylmaleimide‐acenaphthylene have been studied. The phase diagrams of the two systems show that an eutectic was formed in each system. It has been proven by the solvent extraction and the turbidimetric titration of obtained polymer that copolymer was formed in the eutectic of each system together with homopolymers. The fraction of total homopolymers in the maleimide‐acenaphthylene system was nearly the smallest in the monomer mixture of the eutectic composition. The composition of the copolymer, which was isolated by the extractions, was almost independent of the monomer composition. In order to elucidate these results, it was postulated that the copolymerization occurred at grain boundaries between the two components in the eutectic.