Coordination Skills Research Articles

Fabrication of a novel “all in one glove”- a functional tool for oral hygiene maintenance and the assessment of its effectiveness on plaque control in spastic cerebral palsy patients

Background & objectiveSpastic Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder from non-progressive brain injury or malformation during development, severely impairing movement, coordination, reflexes, posture, balance, and motor skills. Individuals with spastic CP experience limb spasticity, complicating tasks like precise gripping, particularly with toothbrushes. This study proposed a novel “all-in-one glove” for oral hygiene, assessing its efficacy and comparing it to conventional toothbrushes for spastic CP patients.Methods & materialsThis randomized controlled trial was conducted on 30 clinically diagnosed spastic CP patients with Group 1 consisting of 15 Subjects with clinically diagnosed spastic CP with generalized gingival diseases using conventional oral hygiene techniques with weekly oral hygiene reinforcement and Group 2 consisting of 15 Subjects with clinically diagnosed spastic cerebral palsy with generalized gingival diseases using the novel “all in one glove” method for oral hygiene maintenance with weekly oral hygiene reinforcement. The Clinical Parameters assessed includes Full mouth plaque scores, Full mouth bleeding scores and OHI scores recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months.ResultsA statistically significant reduction was observed in Full-mouth Plaque, Bleeding, and Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) scores in both the groups (48.87% & 43.285%, 31.57% & 26.66%, 57.29% & 47.37% respectively). The Group 2 exhibited a marginally higher percentage reduction in all clinical parameters compared to the Group 1 at the measured time points.ConclusionThe utilization of the “All in one glove” has improved the effectiveness of oral hygiene maintenance and gingival health in spastic CP individuals. Clinical Trial Registration[ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier, [REF/2022/06/055641].

EFEITOS DA INTERVENÇÃO FISIOTERAPÊUTICA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO NEUROPSICOMOTOR DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES DIAGNOSTICADOS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by changes in movement, communication, social interaction and behavior. These changes can result in motor and functional limitations that harm the physical and mental development of affected children. Pourpose: To investigate the effects of physiotherapeutic intervention on motor, cognitive and behavioral development, analyze physiotherapeutic interventions and describe the effectiveness of physiotherapy in this context. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive literature review with a qualitative approach, with a search in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, Periódicos Capes between 2015 and 2024. Intervention studies in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD at the level 1 to 3, of both sexes, who received physiotherapeutic treatment, available in full for consultation in scientific databases. Results: 67 articles were identified in the databases, of which eight were selected for detailed analysis. These studies, which involved 91 children and adolescents with ASD, the average age of 8 years, showed that approaches such as rhythmic activities, multimodal physiotherapy and sensory integration improve coordination, socialization and motor skills. The interventions promote advances in speech, attention and balance, highlighting the potential of these practices in the motor and social development of children with ASD. Conclusion: Physiotherapy, when using specific techniques to stimulate motor, cognitive, proprioceptive and socio-affective aspects, showed positive results in the treatment of children and adolescents with ASD, improving motor proficiency, social interaction and the practice of physical activities.

Movement Coordination's Link with Common Ground During Dyadic Peer Discourse in Typically Developing and Autistic Speakers.

Common ground (CG)-a pragmatic capability that reflects the construction of shared meaning by two interlocutors during conversation-is widely accepted as crucial for effective communication, but its exploration has been limited in the context of children's peer-to-peer interaction. Specifically, this study aimed to explore CG differences between typically developing (TD) and autistic populations, CG's developmental trajectories, as well as the link between CG and motor coordination skills during peer interactions. Study participants included 148 children (6-16 years), comparing 64 TD and 84 autistic children across three age levels. Fixed dyads matched on IQ, age, sex, and mother's education performed a CG tangram-card task and complementary joint action (JA) tasks to evaluate peer-to-peer movement coordination. Individual motor skills were also assessed. As expected, both autistic and TD groups showed increasing efficacy over the 6-turn CG task (fewer words and shorter duration to communicate), although autistic participants were less efficient than TD participants. Better motor skills and JA synchronization correlated with both groups' more efficient CG performance. Additionally, the indirect relationship between group (TD/autism) and CG was mediated by motor skills and JA, with age moderating the relationship between JA and CG. Specifically, better motor skills and socio-motor coordination were associated with more efficient CG creation, particularly in younger children (under 10years). These findings suggest potential novel avenues for early interventions targeting motor and language challenges in autism to enhance pragmatic abilities and peer interactions, offering insights into language development in this population.

The effects of structured coordinative exercise protocol on physical fitness, motor competence and inhibitory control in preschool children

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a structured coordinative exercise intervention based on motor skill elements on physical fitness (PF), motor competence (MC) and inhibitory control (IC) in preschool children. A total of 41 kindergarten children (27 boys and 17 girls) aged between 5 and 6 years participated and were divided into exercise (EG; n = 18) and control (CG; n = 23) groups. The exercise group participated in a structured coordinative exercise programme focusing on locomotor and balance skills such as side-stepping, galloping, jumping and running for 30 min, 2 days a week for 8 weeks. The control group followed the normal curriculum. Children participated in measurements before and after 8 weeks, respectively; motor competence was assessed using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK3+) test battery, which includes eye-hand coordination and other coordinative skills. Physical fitness was measured by balance, agility and vertical jump tests. Inhibitory control was assessed using the Go/NoGo test in the Early Years Toolbox. As a result of the two-factor analysis of variance for mixed measures to determine whether being in the exercising group had a significant effect on the test scores, group by time interaction effect showed that the increase in the scores of the exercise group was significantly higher than that of the control group in the parameters of static balance, KTK sideways jump and KTK eye-hand coordination [respectively: F(1−39) = 6.993, p = 0.012; 6.443, p = 0.015; 8.180, p = 0.007). The results show that structured coordinative exercises improve PF and MC but have no significant effect on IC. This study targets the development of motor and cognitive skills considered to be important in preschool children and is one of the few studies to evaluate these parameters simultaneously. It also provides a comprehensive perspective on interventions aimed to positively affect health and development in early childhood.Trial Registration: NCT06631248. Registered on October 07, 2024.

The Effect of High Interval Intensity Training (HIIT) on the Performance of Basketball Players 10-15 Years Old

Basketball is a game of seconds. A characteristic of this sport is the high intensity, the pressure of one or more different opponents, and very short recovery times. From a physiological-biomechanical point of view, basketball is classified among the sports activities with alternating aerobic-anaerobic energy commitment, with district demands of medium to high strength and endurance. Based on the High Interval Intensity Training Program (HIIT), in 8 weeks in a group of children aged 10-15, taking into account the efficiency of time, we look up to help the athletic youth progress, offering the improvement of other important skills, such as coordination skills, speed, and performance. This study aims to identify the biomechanical variables that directly affect their progress. In this study participated 15 subjects (age: 12.53 ± 2.09; height: 1.59 ± 0.10; body mass: 49.82 ± 16.78; BMI: 19.21 ± 3.98), basketball players of the basketball team "Sonia Basket." To achieve this aim, the CMJ (countermovement jump) and SJ (squat jump) vertical jump tests were performed on the force platform. The evaluation of the data was made using statistical analysis processing methods. The independent t-test results revealed a statistical improvement of 3 cm in the maximum height in the CMJ test and 90N in the maximum force in the SJ test due to the method called "HIIT." The results of this study of the HIIT method show a positive physical and physiological development of the players in such a way as to offer them the opportunity to express the highest level of performance in the game of basketball. If this training method is used for an even longer time, the results will be many times higher and will affect even more the improvements of all biomechanical parameters.

Innovating neurosurgical training: a comprehensive evaluation of a 3D-printed intraventricular neuroendoscopy simulator and systematic review of the literature.

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a low-cost 3D-printed simulator to improve the ability of neurosurgical residents to handle and coordinate endoscopes in performing technically demanding procedures such as neuroendoscopic removal of ventricular tumors or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). The simulator was developed, printed in-house, and evaluated in a trial involving neurosurgery residents who performed ETV and intraventricular tumor resection tasks using it. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed various aspects of the simulator's effectiveness, including anatomical visualization, procedural understanding, competency enhancement, and subjective impressions. A total of 12 participants were included in the evaluation. The majority (n = 7, 53.85%) were male, with a mean age of 29.8 ± 3.27 years and 4 ± 2 years of neurosurgical experience. All participants agreed or strongly agreed (4.5 ± 0.50) that the 3D printed simulator helped develop systematic intraventricular visualization and understanding of surgical steps (4.42 ± 0.64). The handling of the endoscope was rated as realistic (4.5 ± 0.50), while the haptic qualities of the tumor were rated lower (3.83 ± 0.80; 3.92 ± 0.64). Training increased competence (4.25 ± 0.45) and coordination skills (4.5 ± 0.50), with 75% (n = 9) feeling more confident with neuroendoscopic instruments and 91.7% (n = 11) in future procedures. The developed 3D-printed simulator offers an accessible and practical training resource for neurosurgical residents, addressing the limitations of traditional training methods. The simulator appears to improve procedural skills and the competence of future neurosurgeons, potentially improving patient safety and outcomes in neurosurgical practice.

The influence of sexual dimorphism on the manifestation of coordination abilities of volleyball players aged 15-17

Background and Study Aim. Sexual dimorphism plays a crucial role in the design of training programs for athletes. Therefore, understanding the influence of sexual dimorphism on various abilities is essential for optimizing training regimens. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of sexual dimorphism on the manifestation of coordination abilities in young volleyball players aged 15–17. Material and Methods. Volleyball players aged 15–17 years participated in the study (n=92, training experience – 5–7 years). Fifty of them were girls, and forty-two were boys. Motor tests were used to determine the level of coordination preparedness of the volleyball players. The study assessed kinesthetic differentiation, spatial orientation, reaction, coupling, binding of movements, and balance skills. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel and SPSS programs. Results. For most of the compared indicators of coordination abilities, there was no significant difference between male and female volleyball players aged 15–17 (p>0.05). In the “Shuttle run with back forward” test, which determined the ability of volleyball players to quickly rebuild motor activity, boys outperformed girls by 5.6% (p<0.05). In the “Sprint test with the given rhythm”, boys significantly outperformed girls by 16.6% (p<0.001). However, control exercises that determined the relative indicators of the above qualities did not show a significant difference. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in the indicators that characterized the subjects' ability to demonstrate balance in both groups. Girls outperformed boys by 4.2% in terms of sagittal displacement of the center of mass. Comparison of the magnitude of latent periods of simple and complex visual-motor reaction by groups did not reveal significant differences among boys and girls. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate the need to implement targeted training programs to address and mitigate gender differences in coordination abilities among young volleyball players. These programs should focus on enhancing specific coordination skills. This approach ensures balanced development. Purposeful sports training can help overcome inherent physiological differences. By doing so, it leverages the benefits of tailored training to promote equality in athletic performance.

EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL E A SUA IMPORTÂNCIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DAS CRIANÇAS

Early childhood education is an essential phase in children's development, which covers the first years of life, generally up to the age of five. This period is crucial for children's cognitive, emotional, social and physical development, providing the foundation for future learning. Early childhood education is not limited to teaching academic content, but also focuses on stimulating children's curiosity, creativity, autonomy and socio-emotional skills. Through playful, interactive activities focused on sensory experience, children explore the world around them, develop their language, motor coordination and social skills. In addition, early childhood education plays an essential role in promoting equal opportunities, social inclusion and preparing them for life in society. Therefore, investing in the quality and universal access to early childhood education is important to ensure the healthy and equitable development of children and to build a more just and democratic society in the future.

Method of Electrical Muscle Stimulation to Improve Hand-eye Coordination Training in Gaming

Hand-eye coordination refers to the harmonization between visual information and hand movements. In this coordination, the information perceived by the eyes is used to guide the movements of the hands. In many games, hand-eye coordination is important for the player's experience. However, when players are faced with an unfamiliar activity, it can be a challenge to develop hand-eye coordination in a short period. This study proposes a method for hand-eye coordination training in gaming using Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS). By employing EMS, it is possible to enhance attention distribution during bilateral hand movements and improve hand-eye coordination, potentially enabling individuals to train hand coordination skills in a shorter period. To test the feasibility and effectiveness of our method, we first tested participants for attentional switching while wearing the EMS device to ensure that it did not negatively affect participants. Sixteen participants were then trained in hand-eye coordination with and without EMS, and the effects of the training were tested in a customized game and a real music game. The results showed that participants trained with EMS showed more significant improvements in scores and accuracy than those without EMS in both the custom game and the real game. We also conducted a retained effect experiment, which confirmed that participants retained the training effect one week after training. Thus, our study shows the possibility of using EMS as a new medium for training hand-eye coordination in games.

Desain Game 2D Mini Zoo Edukasi Interaktif untuk Anak-Anak Usia 7 Tahun Keatas

This research focuses on the development of 2D Mini Zoo games specifically designed for children aged 7 years and above. By combining jigsaw puzzle game elements and square puzzles, the game aims to create a fun and rewarding learning experience. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. The data collected from these observations and interviews is expected to be authentically integrated in game development. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively consisting of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that through this game, children can learn to recognize shapes and animals in an interactive and colorful way. The friendly and attractive visual design was deliberately chosen to make children feel comfortable and interested in continuing to play while learning. In addition, this game also helps children in developing important skills such as eye-hand coordination, memory, and problem-solving skills. We hope that Mini Zoo can be a fun learning companion for children, helping them grow and develop in a supportive and educational environment

Comparing laboratory and online settings: equivalence in training and transfer effects for training task-order coordination processes.

The literature on dual-task training suggests reductions in task-coordination costs with extensive practice, yet such regimens are resource-intensive. This study investigates the feasibility of online assessments for cognitive training studies by comparing training and transfer effects on task-order coordination (TOC) skills in laboratory versus online settings. We conducted a 5-day training regimen including pre-and post-test. Sixty-two participants completed training either in our laboratory or online via Pavlovia. They were assigned to one of two training order conditions, either practicing two visual-manual tasks in a dual-task situation with fixed task order or with random task order. Performance metrics included reaction time (RT) and error rates for trained and untrained tasks to assess TOC costs before and after the training. Data from both setting conditions (laboratory vs. online) were compared. Firstly, data of both settings revealed training-order specific training and transfer effects for TOC costs on RT level. Random task order training improved TOC for trained and untrained tasks, whereas fixed order training did not. Secondly, cross-setting analyses, both frequentists and Bayesian, confirmed these effects and revealed no reliable impact of setting on outcomes. This research carries two significant implications. Our findings demonstrate the acquisition of task-order coordination skills, extending prior research on improving task-coordination in dual-task situations. Additionally, the robust effects for such improvements were independent of specific tasks and setting (whether investigated online or in the laboratory), supporting the use of online testing in cognitive training regimens for resource savings without compromising quality.

The Use of Telehealth for People With Disabilities: A Systematic Literature Review and Narrative Synthesis.

To identify the use of telehealth for people with disabilities in community or primary care settings and to explore effective telehealth interventions for this group. Systematic literature review and narrative synthesis. The literature search was conducted in January 2024 using five electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane library and PsycINFO. The review followed the Tawfik's guideline and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines for reporting. Out of 7363 retrieved articles, 1871 duplicates were removed, 5389 were excluded after title and abstract review, and 4 were excluded due to unavailable full text. One additional article was obtained through citation and hand searching. Thirteen studies were quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Quantitative data were narratively synthesised. Thirteen quantitative studies were selected including three quasi-experimental studies and ten randomised controlled trials. The types of telehealth included telemonitoring, computerised intervention, virtual reality, telephone care, mHealth tools, decision support tools, digital storytelling and technology-assisted language interventions. The most common type of disability was intellectual disability, and the most common telehealth provider was the digital device itself. Most studies used surveys as the data collection method and the interventions were mostly conducted individually. Computer-based telehealth interventions demonstrated significant improvement in attention, health knowledge and psychological well-being. Telephone, virtual reality and tablet interventions also had positive impacts on body weight, motor coordination and pragmatic language skills. Telemonitoring was also beneficial. This systematic review examined the current state and effectiveness of telehealth interventions for people with disabilities. However, few intervention studies were found, and some studies were of poor quality. Continued interest and efforts from the government and researchers are needed targeting people with disabilities. Results provide valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers and researchers. They raise awareness about the potential of telehealth to address healthcare disparities and improve access to care for people with disabilities. No patient or public contribution: Systematic review.

The Impact of Inclusive Sports Learning on Improving Motor Skills of Students with Special Needs

This study aims to analyze the impact of inclusive sports learning on improving motor skills of students with special needs, using a literature study method. A review of various relevant literature sources shows that inclusive sports learning has significant potential in improving motor skills, such as coordination, balance, muscle strength, and reflex skills. Structured and adaptively designed physical activities allow students with special needs to participate actively, contributing to better physical development. An inclusive learning environment, where students feel accepted and supported, plays a major role in increasing self-confidence and motivation to engage in physical activity. Social interactions that occur during sports activities also help students strengthen social skills, such as cooperation, communication, and empathy. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of implementing the principle of inclusion in physical education and the need to develop a curriculum that is responsive to the needs of diverse students. Recommendations for educators and policy makers include integrating inclusive sports practices into the education system, training for educators to address diversity in the classroom, and providing adequate resources to support learning. This research is expected to contribute to improving the quality of learning for all students, especially those with special needs, thereby creating a more just and equitable educational environment.

고위직 경찰공무원 필요역량 분석

This study aims to identify the competencies of senior police officers. Through qualitative research methods, including domestic and international literature reviews on competencies using bibliometric mapping, in-depth interviews applying phenomenological research methods, and verification of competency importance by a group of subject matter experts, the competencies of senior police officers were derived. The competencies identified are categorized into public security competencies and management competencies. Public security competencies include integrated command capabilities, risk management abilities, communication skills, analytical and evaluation abilities, and organizational planning abilities. Management competencies include strategic thinking abilities, change management capabilities, coordination and integration skills, citizen-oriented competencies, and public service ethics. The derivation of these competencies is expected to enhance the fairness of the promotion system for senior police officers and to promote a competency-based personnel system. This will contribute to increasing organizational competitiveness and improving police services for citizens.

How Family Group Conferencing Can Support a Contextual Safeguarding Response to Community-based Youth Harm: Lessons for Practice from a Participatory Study

Abstract This article reports on a study that brought Family Group Conferencing (FGC) and Contextual Safeguarding together to create an innovative practice response to extra-familial harm. It took place as part of a wider research project into the implementation of Contextual Safeguarding—an ecological approach to creating safety for young people harmed outside the home. Whilst there is growing understanding in social care of the contextual dynamics of young people’s safeguarding needs beyond their homes, many remain unsure about what it means, in practice, for them to create safety in a context. Using data collected via participatory and embedded research methods, this article considers how FGCs were adapted to create responses to youth harm that shifted the focus from ‘family’ to ‘community’; addressed the ‘social conditions of harm’; and drew on practitioners’ existing FGC skills. It demonstrates conceptual alignment and practice benefits for bringing the two approaches together and argues that drawing on the value-base and skills of FGC coordinators has considerable potential. The article highlights three key elements that are needed to recreate similar responses, namely: organisational mandate/support; conceptual framework aligned to ecological theory; and skills and attributes that include facilitation, working restoratively and with authority in challenging situations.

The Connection Between Essential Running Techniques and Long Jump Performance Indicators in Elementary School Learners Aged 10-11 Years

The purpose of the study. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the link between running technique proficiency and long jump performance in 10 to 11-year-old elementary students. Materials and methods. A sample of 28 male students, aged 10 to 11 years, was selected for this study. A cross-sectional research design was utilized to investigate the relationship between basic running techniques and long jump performance in this demographic. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the association between running methodologies and long jump effectiveness. The results of this analysis determined the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables. Results. The analysis yielded a significant correlation coefficient of r= 0.917, with a p-value of 0.000<0.005, indicating a strong positive correlation. This finding suggests that students' skills in body alignment, arm swing, and leg coordination in running are closely related to their ability to generate the power, speed, and control necessary for superior long jump performance. Conclusions. This study provides empirical support for the claim that proficiency in fundamental running techniques, including body alignment, arm swing, and leg coordination, correlates significantly with improved long jump performance in 10 to 11-year-old elementary school students.

Implementasi Permainan Tradisional Batok Kelapa Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Keseimbangan Tubuh

This research aims to improve the movement coordination and body balance abilities of class 1C students at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya through the implementation of the traditional coconut shell game. This Classroom Action Research (PTK) was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The results showed a significant improvement in students' motor skills. At pre-cycle, only 25% of students achieved the expected skills. After implementing the coconut shell game, the percentage of students who completed it increased to 42.86% in the first cycle and 82.14% in the second cycle. This increase indicates that the traditional coconut shell game is an effective method in developing students' movement coordination and body balance skills and providing a fun and active learning experience.

Implementasi Permainan Tradisional Batok Kelapa Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Keseimbangan Tubuh

This research aims to improve the movement coordination and body balance abilities of class 1C students at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya through the implementation of the traditional coconut shell game. This Classroom Action Research (PTK) was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The results showed a significant improvement in students' motor skills. At pre-cycle, only 25% of students achieved the expected skills. After implementing the coconut shell game, the percentage of students who completed it increased to 42.86% in the first cycle and 82.14% in the second cycle. This increase indicates that the traditional coconut shell game is an effective method in developing students' movement coordination and body balance skills and providing a fun and active learning experience.

One-year developmental changes in motor coordination and tennis skills in 10–12-year-old male and female tennis players

BackgroundTo date, no longitudinal studies of quarterly changes have been conducted on the differences in the development of motor coordination between boys and girls in relation to changes in their tennis skills level. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the development of motor coordination of 10–12-year-old tennis players over the course of 1 year, in the light of changes in tennis skills preparation.MethodsOne-hundred eighty male and female tennis players aged 10, 11, or 12 years old participated in the study. Each age group comprised 30 boys and 30 girls. To investigate their motor coordination development, a battery of general tests (simple reaction, complex reaction, Spalding test, spider test, hexagon jumping, Starosta’s test, hand–eye test, balance, plate tapping, jump rope) and specific tennis skills tests (wall game and 100-tennis ball tests) were performed 4 times quarterly over 1 year. Differences between sexes and the time points were assessed. The rate of development evaluation was based on beta coefficient of linear regression.ResultsBoys generally performed better in tennis skills tests than girls. The boys performed better also in one motor coordination test (Spalding test) among 10-year-olds, in two additional tests (spider and plate tapping tests) among 11-year-olds, and another three more tests (simple reaction, complex reaction and Starosta’s tests) among 12-year-olds. Jump rope test among 10-year-olds and hexagon jump test among 12-year-olds were the only tests where girls performed better than boys. On the other hand, girls showed higher rate of development in balance and complex reaction tests than boys.ConclusionsWe conclude that motor coordination and tennis skills development over 1 year is age-, sex-, and task-dependent, with the 10–12-year-old male tennis players performing better in tennis skills and overall motor coordination than females.

Lowered GnT-I Activity Decreases Complex-Type N-Glycan Amounts and Results in an Aberrant Primary Motor Neuron Structure in the Spinal Cord.

The attachment of sugar to proteins and lipids is a basic modification needed for organismal survival, and perturbations in glycosylation cause severe developmental and neurological difficulties. Here, we investigated the neurological consequences of N-glycan populations in the spinal cord of Wt AB and mgat1b mutant zebrafish. Mutant fish have reduced N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I (GnT-I) activity as mgat1a remains intact. GnT-I converts oligomannose N-glycans to hybrid N-glycans, which is needed for complex N-glycan production. MALDI-TOF MS profiles identified N-glycans in the spinal cord for the first time and revealed reduced amounts of complex N-glycans in mutant fish, supporting a lesion in mgat1b. Further lectin blotting showed that oligomannose N-glycans were more prevalent in the spinal cord, skeletal muscle, heart, swim bladder, skin, and testis in mutant fish relative to WT AB, supporting lowered GnT- I activity in a global manner. Developmental delays were noted in hatching and in the swim bladder. Microscopic images of caudal primary (CaP) motor neurons of the spinal cord transiently expressing EGFP in mutant fish were abnormal with significant reductions in collateral branches. Further motor coordination skills were impaired in mutant fish. We conclude that identifying the neurological consequences of aberrant N-glycan processing will enhance our understanding of the role of complex N-glycans in development and nervous system health.