Coordination In Distribution Networks Research Articles

Optimal Integration for DGs with EVs planning in Distribution Networks with Hybrid MC-GA Technique using Realistic Load Models

With the growing integration of Distributed Generations (DGs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) into distribution grids, the need for efficient and intelligent management strategies has become paramount. The need for power consumption is increasing every day in accordance with the standard demand pattern. As a result, either creating a lot of electricity or minimizing losses is crucial. In order to minimize real and reactive power losses from the system's point of view, this paper presents the optimal performance index-based size and location determination of DGs, EVs and their coordination in distribution networks using realistic load models (RLMs) such as RLM-1, RLM-2, RLM-3, RLM-4, and RLM-5, respectively. Improvement of the system power factor (SPF) is defined in this analysis as the power system's performance both with and without different kinds of DGs and DGs with EVs for various RLMs. PHEVs type of EVs used in this paper. The hybrid Monte Carlo-Genetic Algorithm (MC-GA) is the basis of the simulation technique that is being suggested. Networks with IEEE-16 and 37 buses in their distribution systems have been used to test the suggested methods. Comprehensive simulations on a test distribution network are used to show that the suggested method is effective. The system's performance can be optimized in terms of grid stability, efficiency, and reliability, according to the results. By stressing the significance of employing a hybrid MC-GA technique to meet realistic load circumstances, this research advances optimal DG and EV solutions.

Multi-Objective Battery Coordination in Distribution Networks to Simultaneously Minimize CO2 Emissions and Energy Losses

The techno–environmental analysis of distributed energy resources in electrical distribution networks is a complex optimization task due to the non-convexities of its nonlinear programming formulation. This research employs convex optimization to address this issue while minimizing the expected carbon dioxide emissions and daily energy losses of a distribution grid via the optimal dispatch of battery energy storage units (BESUs) and renewable energy units (REUs). The exact non-convex model is approximated via semi-definite programming in the complex variable domain. The optimal Pareto front is constructed using a weighting-based optimization approach. Numerical results using an IEEE 69-bus grid confirm the effectiveness of our proposal when considering unitary and variable power factor operation for the BESUs and the REUs. All numerical simulations were carried out using MATLAB software (version 2022b), a convex disciplined tool (CVX), and the semi-definite programming solvers SEDEUMI and SDPT3.

Improving Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distribution Networks for Optimal Operation Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm with Sequential Quadratic Programming

In recent years, with the growing popularity of smart microgrids in distribution networks, the effective coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) has presented a significant challenge for power system operators due to the intricate and nonlinear nature of their optimization model. Hence, this study proposes a hybrid GA-SQP algorithm to enhance the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) in radial and non-radial interconnected distributed power networks. The proposed approach combines the advantages of both the genetic algorithm (GA) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods to optimize the objective function of relay coordination in the best manner. Thus, the proposed hybrid techniques improved the convergence of the problem and increased the likelihood of obtaining a globally optimal solution. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it was tested through three case studies involving the IEEE 3-Bus, 8-Bus, and modified 30-Bus distribution networks. In addition, the results were compared to those obtained using previous methods. The results obtained from the comparison of the proposed method and recent advanced research indicate that the proposed optimization approach is preeminent in terms of accuracy and total operating time as well as the continuity of the minimum margin time requirements between the primary/backup relay pairs.

Digital Twin as a Tool for Supporting Logistics Coordination in Distribution Networks

We all witness changes in supply chains and distribution networks influenced by technological development. One of the trends is Digital Twins and outgoing outsourcing of logistics processes. According to mentioned trends, the following article is aimed to elaborate on the Digital Twin in the wide understanding logistics coordination concept. The research focuses on examining the 4 chosen distribution networks in which logistics service providers collaborate with manufacturers in the area of e-commerce activities. The results from the different simulation models were shown and the perspective of implementation of the Digital Twin was clarified.

Digital Twin as a Tool for Supporting Logistics Coordination in Distribution Networks

We all witness changes in supply chains and distribution networks influenced by technological development. One of the trends is Digital Twins and outgoing outsourcing of logistics processes. According to mentioned trends, the following article is aimed to elaborate on the Digital Twin in the wide understanding logistics coordination concept. The research focuses on examining the 4 chosen distribution networks in which logistics service providers collaborate with manufacturers in the area of e-commerce activities. The results from the different simulation models were shown and the perspective of implementation of the Digital Twin was clarified.

Supporting of manufacturer’s demand plans as an element of logistics coordination in the distribution network

Abstract The paper deals with the concept of centralized demand forecasting and logistical coordination in distribution networks. The aim of the paper is to relate the results provided by the forecasting tools to the basic aspects of logistical coordination. The case of 29 distribution networks in which a logistics operator (3PL) operates and provides contract logistics services to a manufacturing company is analysed. The paper partially confirms the hypothesis of better testability of forecasts based on machine learning algorithms and artificial neural networks for demand planning by the logistics operator to the manufacturer in the framework of logistics coordination in the distribution network. These algorithms perform better for networks with high specificity of flows and food networks. Traditional algorithms, on the other hand, have their better share in creating forecasts for more standard distribution networks. Additionally, the second hypothesis regarding the positive influence of modern technological solutions (such as the use of cloud technologies, EDI and flow tracking standards) was confirmed. Additionally, a number of factors that did not have a direct impact on forecasting errors were detailed.

Logistics coordination in building the resilience of the distribution network

Purpose: The research article is an extension of the concept related to logistics coordination in distribution networks. The concept of logistics coordination extends the flow mechanisms of network governance presented in the literature so far. The aim of the article is to conceptualize logistics coordination as a set of network coordination flow mechanisms that are to strengthen the resilience of the distribution network. Disruptions analysis was used to assess the resilience of the distribution network. Design/methodology/approach: The first stage of the research was to identify the gap in the research on network governance. The assumptions of logistic coordination indicated in the literature research were the basis for the methodology of empirical research. The research was carried out in the distribution network of household appliances/electronics. The resilience of the distribution network to disruptions was assessed. Disruptions and deviations in the implemented processes were identified on the measurement cards. In assessing the resilience of the network, indicators of timeliness, completeness and orders without damage were used. Subsequently, a cause and effect analysis and FMEA were carried out. The conducted research was completed with recommendations for the coordinator of flows in the distribution network. Findings: Recommendations for the coordinator of the household appliances/electronics distribution network include mechanisms for logistics coordination that strengthen the resilience of the network. Other mechanisms that the coordinator is already using have also been identified. Among the identified mechanisms are both proactive and reactive actions. The set of mechanisms, in accordance with the proposed concept of logistics coordination, includes mechanisms focused on flexible resources, redundancy of partners in the network, redundancy of stocks at the material distribution point, extraordinary transport and forecasting for the entire network. Originality/value: The indicated mechanisms, both those used by the coordinator and those proposed to be used to increase the resilience of the distribution network, go beyond the flow mechanisms proposed in network coordination. Thus, it makes sense to extend the flow mechanisms to include logistics coordination in the broadest sense, which aims to synchronise flows, ensure the continuity of the processes carried out and the coherence of the activities of the network nodes. Keywords: distribution network; network governance; logistic coordination; resilience, disruptions. Category of the paper: research paper.

A multi-agent based protection in distribution networks including distributed generations

This paper proposes a strategy for protection coordination in distribution networks with DGs penetration. The main objective of the present work is to employ the potential of Multi-Agent Systems (MASs), which have recently been given considerable attention in the context of smart grids. A modified scheme is proposed to minimize the number of agents while preserving the necessities of protection coordination under different contingencies. A new structure is defined for relay agent (RA) to operate in centralized or decentralized modes. Each RA contains communication and protection units, to detect an appropriate mode according to the required time to clear the fault and maintain coordination with other agents. IEC-61850 standard including GOOSE and SMV protocols used to send necessary commands and share data. The proposed protection scheme has 8 stages, which removes the fault from the network with the help of services and functions defined on the proposed structure of the relay agent. These steps include gathering network information, sending commands, and updating relay settings. In this regard, impacts of DGs are analyzed to show how they would change the operation of protective relays and their corresponding zones. Results of this research ensure the proper performance of protective devices taking into account appropriate settings and configurations.

A Two-Level Scheduling Algorithm for Battery Systems and Load Tap Changers Coordination in Distribution Networks

With the increasing number of controllable devices in the grid, devices owned by different entities are supposed to cooperatively support the grid operation. To balance the various interests of the customers and the utility, this paper proposes a two-level scheduling algorithm to address voltage regulation by coordinating the customer-owned battery energy storage system (BESS) and utility-owned load tap changers (LTCs) in power distribution systems. The objective is to find the optimal operation scheduling for both BESSs and LTCs that simultaneously maximize the economic payback and satisfy system operation rules. For BESSs, a local optimization problem is formulated in a chance-constrained manner in major consideration of the economic performance. For the utility interest, a Markov decision process (MDP) and a computationally efficient reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm are utilized to solve the optimal tap setting problem. To coordinate BESSs and LTCs, a global voltage adjustment is applied. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated via simulations on the IEEE 13-node and 34-node distribution test feeders.

Logistics Coordination Based on Inventory Management and Transportation Planning by Third-Party Logistics (3PL)

Currently, there is still a strong trend in research and in the market connected with the role of 3PL (third-party logistics) companies and the trend of developing and creating coordination in logistics networks. The most important issue for the following paper is the examination of the 3PL enterprise, which is able to create the demand forecasts to gain the functions of logistics coordination in the fields of inventory management and transportation planning. This research paper focuses on showing the demand forecasting tool results for 29 chosen distribution networks (in this paper, the traditional forecasting methods were used based on time series exponential smoothing, ARIMA, machine learning and neural-network-based methods, created in the R programming environment). In the next steps, the forecasting results were compared in the conditions of transportation planning and inventory management (in the conditions of “future” dynamic ABC analysis). The forecasting function supports the inventory management and transportation planning activity of 3PL as a key element of logistics coordination in distribution networks. The proper way to transfer the results of forecasting to an ABC analysis and transportation planning concept is to create a cloud-based system supported by data from the WMS (warehouse management system), while providing the possibility of results visualization by using some BI (business intelligence) solutions or different tools to create managerial information dashboards. Currently, one of the most efficient models connected with logistics coordination is the centralized network with 3PL responsible for planning and executing logistics processes with the creation of additional value. As such, 3PL is able to create a similar forecast for different types of DN and with different aggregations (per SKU or per recipient). It could support coordination in DN from the point of view of inventory management and transportation planning.

Anoff‐linealgorithm forfuse‐reclosercoordination in distribution networks with photovoltaic resources

An<scp>off‐line</scp>algorithm for<scp>fuse‐recloser</scp>coordination in distribution networks with photovoltaic resources

Modified Inverter Control of Distributed Generation for Enhanced Relaying Coordination in Distribution Networks

This paper presents a modified power control to integrate inverter-based distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks. This control is designed for mitigating the maloperation of the overcurrent protection coordination, due to the DG current contribution during the fault. The proposed power control introduces a new approach to perform the inverter control by using new orthogonal components of the grid voltages that provide a modified controlled power. Using the proposed methodology, the injected current to the grid during faults is limited to the DG-rated level. By controlling the reference power based on a proposed function of the per-unit terminal voltage, the injected current is limited to a desired value. The results of the simulated system corroborate the control capability to completely limit the inverter-based DG effects on protection coordination in the distribution level.

Thermal and Arc Flash Analysis of Electric Motor Drives in Distribution Networks

The paper presents thermal analysis and arc flash analysis taking care of protection relays coordination settings for electric motor drives connected to the electrical network. Power flow analysis is performed to check if there are any voltage and loading violation conditions in the system. Fault analysis is performed to check the short circuit values and compute arc flash energy dissipated at industrial busbars to eliminate damage to electrical equipment and electrical shocks and hazard to personnel. Computers enable the use of smart algorithms used by electrical engineers in providing accuracy of these actions. A fast and accurate procedure for proper incident arc flash energy computation and overcurrent relays coordination in distribution networks is presented. The paper presents the use of the Arc Flash module for arc flash energy computation during the short circuit on LV and HV busbars with soft motor starters. A sample case of one real network is presented which uses soft motor starters as well as the influence on arc flash energy in one transformer station supplying the industrial network in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Calculation of maximum DG’s capacity according to their location for remaining the protection coordination in distribution networks

Traditional electric distribution systems are radial in nature. These networks are protected by very simple protection devices such as over-current relays, fuses, and reclosers. Recent trends in distributed generation (DG) and its useful advantages perfectly can be achieved while the relevant concerns are deliberately taken into account. For example, penetration of DG disturbs the radial nature of conventional distribution networks. Therefore, protection coordination will be changed in some cases, and in some other cases it will be lost. In this paper, a new approach is presented for determining the maximum capacity of DG for maintaining the coordination of distribution system's protection devices. In the suggested approach, the contribution of DGs in fault current is limited through considering mathematical equations of characteristics of protection devices. All steps from the beginning to the end were implemented on a simple distribution network using MATLAB and DIgSILENT Power Factory and finally the numerical results are presented in order to confirm the authenticity of suggested approach.