Coordination Of Distance Relays Research Articles

Optimizers for optimal coordination of distance relays and non-standard characteristics of directional overcurrent relays

In this paper, different methods are utilized to solve the coordination issue involving directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays. The proper coordination of DOCRs and distance relays is a critical issue for system security in electrical networks. Finding the DOCRs setting, pickup current(Ip) and timed dial setting (TDS), and operating time for zone-2 of distance relays is the primary objective of solving the coordination problem. The constant parameters A & B of the directional overcurrent relay that are responsible to control the form of the relay´s characteristics as well as the Ip and TDS have been regarded as variables in this problem. The optimal value for these four DOCR settings has been determined using different optimization techniques. The primary and backup relays must operate sequentially and without any violations, and this must be guaranteed by optimization techniques. In order to determine the operation time for zone-2 and DOCRs setting, optimization methods are examined utilizing the 8-bus and IEEE 30-bus networks. Different optimization algorithms, including recent and traditional techniques, are compared. The obtained results show the superiority of the genetic algorithm (GA) in solving the coordination problem of distance relays and DOCRs. Also, the obtained results prove the ability of the GA method compared to the particle swarm algorithm (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), water cycle technique (WCA), equilibrium optimizer (EO), African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA), flow direction algorithm (FDA), and gorilla troops optimizer (GTO) techniques.

A New Method for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays

A New Method for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays and distance relays using different optimization algorithms

The focus of this study is on solving the coordination problem between distance relays (DISRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), which is a complex nonlinear problem with various constraints. Ensuring proper coordination between DOCRs and distance relays is critical for maintaining the security of electrical networks. The primary objective of employing optimization algorithms is to determine the optimal operating time for zone-2 of distance relays, as well as the DOCRs setting, time dial setting (TDS), and pickup current (Ipickup). The optimization techniques must also guarantee that the primary and backup relays operate in sequence without any violation. To this end, both recent and well-established optimization algorithms are evaluated using an 8-bus network, with the aim of determining the DOCRs setting and the optimal operating time for zone-2 of distance relays. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different optimization algorithms, including both traditional and recent techniques, is conducted.

Optimal coordination of distance relays and non‐standard characteristics for directional overcurrent relays using a modified African vultures optimization algorithm

AbstractHere, an improved version of an African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA), known as MAVOA is applied to solve the coordination issue between distance relays and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). The suggested method enhances the balance between exploration and exploitation features for the AVOA algorithm in order to find the optimal DOCR settings and operating time for zone‐2 distance relays. In 8‐bus, IEEE 30‐bus, and IEEE 39‐bus networks, the ability of the MAVOA technique to find the optimal solution for the coordination between DOCRs and distance relays is evaluated. Both MAVOA and AVOA algorithms are assessed in the case of standard and non‐standard DOCR characteristic curves. The results indicate the significant superiority of the suggested MAVOA algorithm in solving the coordination issue of the combined DOCR and distance relays. The reduction in operating time for DOCRs and zone‐2 of distance relays decreased by about 30% compared to the conventional AVOA technique. The results also prove the MAVOA's superiority over the recently developed algorithm and other algorithms in solving the coordination problem of the combined DOCRs and distance relays. Additionally, the total operating time for the non‐standard characteristic curve for DOCRs results in a reduction of the overall operating time of primary relays of more than 15%.

Evaluating the Effect of the Communication Link of the Relays on the Operation Time of the Protection System

In case of an error in the power system, it is the duty of the protection relays to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as soon as possible. Overcurrent and distance relays are usually used to protect the transmission and super distribution systems. The optimum coordination of these relays is very important. In this article, communication links are used to improve the optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays. In the proposed plan, the overcurrent relays on both sides of the line are equipped with a communication link for immediate action in the event of an error. Using this communication link, the complete coverage of the line is also provided by distance relays. The number and place of installation of the communication link greatly affect the operation time of overcurrent relays and the distance and coordination between them. The coordination problem is formulated by considering the location and number of communication links, and to solve it, the combined optimization algorithm of genetics and linear programming will be used. With the help of the genetic algorithm, the location and setting of the second zone of the distance relay, and by using the linear programming algorithm, the setting of the overcurrent relays is determined. The proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 14-bus (the simulation in MATLAB software) network and its results examined, and it will be seen how much the existence of a communication link can improve the performance time of the protection system.

An improved seagull optimization algorithm for optimal coordination of distance and directional over-current relays

In this paper, an improved bio-inspired optimization algorithm called Seagull Optimization Algorithm (ISOA) is proposed. ISOA is developed based on three techniques, these techniques use the collaborative optimization strategy, simulating new bird’s generation, and rearranging subgroups. The CEC2020 is utilized to obtain the role and importance of the improved algorithm. Furthermore, the ISOA is applied to find the optimal coordination of Distance and Directional Over-Current Relays (D&DOCRs). The problem of D&DOCRs coordination is more complicated and has numerous constraints. Hence, in this work, a developed object function (DOF) is proposed to set the Distance relays with minimum available settings. ISOA and DOF are tested on the IEEE 8-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. ISOA algorithm is used to coordinate the D&DOCRs in both the near and far ends of transmission lines. The results of test systems prove the effectiveness of ISOA to solve the coordination of D&DOCRs using the DOF.

Coordination of Dual-Setting Overcurrent and Distance Relays for Meshed Distribution Networks with Distributed Generations and Dynamic Voltage Restorer

ABSTRACT Simultaneous coordination of dual-setting directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays (DRs) is capable of providing reliable protection in a meshed distribution network (MDN). However, survey of literature on coordination of DRs and dual-setting DOCRs, reveals changes in system topology, especially in the presence of distributed generations (DGs), affects the coordination. As penetrations of DGs are increasing with time and in few years in a row, MDN with 100% penetration is also possible, an improved coordination of dual-setting DOCRs & DRs is targeted in this work. With nonstandard characteristic of DOCR, an innovative objective function is proposed and explored for optimum settings with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and gray wolf optimization (GWO). With various simulation studies, the performance of the proposed approach is investigated with and without compensation using a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The proposed method is validated on modified 14-bus and 39-bus test systems. The simulation results depict that the proposed approach can solve the miscoordination problem and the number of relays, operating time, and coordination time interval (CTI) of relays are also minimized. Comparison with convention approach demonstrates the benefits of proposed approach.

An Adaptive Protection Scheme for Coordination of Distance and Directional Overcurrent Relays in Distribution Systems Based on a Modified School-Based Optimizer

This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordination problem becomes more complex with the impact of renewable energy sources (RES) when added to the distribution grid. This leads to a change in the grid topology, caused by the on/off states of the distribution generators (DG). The frequency of topological changes in distribution grids poses a challenge to the power system’s protection components. The change in the state of DGs leads to malfunction in reliability and miscoordination between protection relays, since that causes a direct effect to the short circuit currents. This paper used the school-based optimization (SBO) algorithm, which simulates the educational process, in order to deal with coordination problems. That algorithm is modified (MSBO) by modified both learning and teaching processes. The IEEE 8-bus test system and IEEE 14-bus distribution network are used to validate the proposed coordination system’s effectiveness when dealing with the coordination process between distance and DOCRs, at both the near- and far-end in the typical topological grid and with DGs in working order.

Coordination of Directional overcurrent, Distance, and Breaker failure relays using Genetic Algorithm including pilot protection.

Protection relays play an important role in the power systems to maintain stability, reliability, selectivity, and security for the power systems. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique with pilot protection (PP) and without pilot protection (WPP) has been used to obtain proper coordination and the optimum value of transmission lines protection relays between distance relays (DRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), as well as the critical case for fails in high voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) during faults, so using breaker failure relays (BFRs) for IEEE-8 bus system. The main aim of the used PP to reduce the overall time of DOCRs. A comparison is made with previous work in literature to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm with PP and the total operation time of DOCRs in the network is minimized.

Three zone detection and distance relay co-ordination of power system protection

To secure the transmission lines against power system faults, the distance relays are mostly used. Distance relay has its own Resistance (R)–Reactance (X) characteristics. Co-ordination of different distance relays is necessary for the fast operation of circuit breaker. Various distance relays which are being tripped with respect to circuit breakers which are attached at individual buses faraway from each other. These relays will be operated with respect to the distance between the occurred fault and relay location. In this paper, detection of three zones using relay characteristics, co-ordination of distance relays and circuit breakers are shown with the faults placed at different locations of an IEEE Nine bus system using MATLAB/Simulink GUI environment. A comparison also made between the relays performance and circuit breaker tripping operation with respect to severe faults at different locations on IEEE Nine bus system.

Coordination of directional overcurrent and distance relays based on nonlinear multivariable optimization

To ensure stability, security, and protection of electrical equipment from the damage the suitable coordination must be made in interconnected networks. In this paper, the nonlinear multivariable optimization techniques have been used with different performance indexes: Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), Sequential quadratic programming legacy (SQP-Legacy), Interior-Point and Active-Set for IEEE- 8 bus test system.  This system consists of twenty-eight protective relays divided into fourteen directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) and fourteen distance relays (DR). It has been tested in the ETAP environment to obtain three-phase short circuit current at the near and far end faults and operating time for all DOC relays for near-end fault as well as test the second zone time for distance relays (TZ2) with pilot signal (WP)and without pilot signal (WOP) of the proposed algorithm was used to reduce overall operating time of DOC relays and obtain optimal values for time multiplier setting (TMS) and TZ2 with the different coordination time interval (CTI) between main and backup relays. The simulation results were validated in ETAP program prove that the effectiveness of the Active-Set to minimize the TMS and TZ2 for the system.<em> </em>

Coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays using an extended continuous domain ACO algorithm and an hybrid ACO algorithm

This paper performs optimal coordination of directional overcurrent and distance relays jointly in a mixed protection scheme. This problem is a mixed non-linear programming problem (MNLP) with a high-level mathematical complexity. The mixed scheme variables are time dial setting (TDS), and the zone-2 time set (tZ2) parametrized as continuous and plug setting (PS) as discrete. This model considers all fault locations described to obtain a complete mixed optimal coordination. An extended continuous domain ant colony optimization (xℝ-ACO) algorithm and an hybrid algorithm (traditional ACO plus linear programming (LP) solver) are implemented to solve this optimization problem. Initial solutions for ACO are randomly generated whether feasible or not. However, during the iterative ACO process, the algorithm converges into a feasible search space. Four transmission systems (IEEE-3, IEEE-6, IEEE-8, and IEEE-30 Bus) accordingly corroborate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.

Intelligent Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays using Meta Heuristic Algorithms

Intelligent Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays using Meta Heuristic Algorithms

Coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays using a new algorithm: grey wolf optimizer

Coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays using a new algorithm: grey wolf optimizer

Coordination of mixed distance and directional overcurrent relays: Miscoordination elimination by utilizing dual characteristics for DOCRs

Coordination of mixed distance and directional overcurrent relays: Miscoordination elimination by utilizing dual characteristics for DOCRs

Applying Hybrid Interval Linear Programming and Genetic Algorithm to Coordinate Distance and Directional Over-current Relays

Interval linear programming (ILP) is a powerful tool for modeling problems with uncertain and bounded parameters. In real power systems, planned/unplanned events lead to changes in network topology. The changes cause altered distribution and magnitude of fault currents. Since protective relays are usually coordinated based on the fault currents of the main topology, mal-operation of the relays in such situations is likely. By covering the uncertainties, this paper aims to achieve the robust coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays (D&DOCRs), as the main protections of transmission/subtransmission systems. Generally, relay coordination is a complicated nonlinear optimization problem. The complexity increases drastically by increasing coordination constraints, due to considering uncertainties. In this study, the problem is modeled as an ILP problem. The salient advantage of using ILP is that the number of constraints remains the same as in the main network topology, which greatly improves solving performance. Finally, to overcome the nonlinearity of the problem, a hybrid genetic algorithm and ILP (HGA/ILP), as a new optimization algorithm, is proposed. The proposed approach is applied to the IEEE 14-bus test system, and the results show that ILP is a useful tool to obtain robust settings of D&DOCRs in a power system.

Optimal coordination of distance and overcurrent relays considering a non‐standard tripping characteristic for distance relays

The aim of relay coordination is to obtain the optimal relay settings which result in minimum operating times of the relays, satisfying selectivity constraints. In combined coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays (D&DOCRs), operating times of the second zone of distance relays ( T Z2 ) are typically increased in order to satisfy the selectivity constraints. In this study, a new operating characteristic (OPC) for distance relays is proposed which decreases T Z2 s. In the proposed OPC, the common characteristic for the second zone is divided into two sections: the first section protects the main line beyond the first zone with delay time T Z2n1 and the second one protects 50% of the adjacent line with delay time T Z2n2 . A new formulation is then proposed for the non-linear problem of D&DOCRs coordination based on the proposed OPC. The presented method is tested on three test systems: namely, the 8-bus, the IEEE 14-bus, and the IEEE 30-bus test systems. The simulation results show that the method can be used to achieve a faster protection especially when robust coordination is desired.

Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays Using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm

The duty of protective systems is the timely detection of fault and removing it from the power network. The accuracy of the results and reducing the execution time of the optimizing algorithm are two crucial elements in selecting optimizing algorithms in protective functions. The most important protective elements that are used in power networks are distance and overcurrent relays. In this article, a new algorithm is presented to solve the optimization problem of coordination of overcurrent and distance relays by using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm which considers the non-linear model overcurrent relays at all stages of setting. The proposed method is tested on a standard 8-bus power system network. Also the results obtained have been compared with other evolutionary algorithms. The results show that the proposed approach can be provide more effective and practical solutions to minimize the time function of the relays and achieving optimal coordination in comparison with previous studies on optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays in power system networks.

Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays Using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm

The duty of protective systems is the timely detection of fault and removing it from the power network. The accuracy of the results and reducing the execution time of the optimizing algorithm are two crucial elements in selecting optimizing algorithms in protective functions. The most important protective elements that are used in power networks are distance and overcurrent relays. In this article, a new algorithm is presented to solve the optimization problem of coordination of overcurrent and distance relays by using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm which considers the non-linear model overcurrent relays at all stages of setting. The proposed method is tested on a standard 8-bus power system network. Also the results obtained have been compared with other evolutionary algorithms. The results show that the proposed approach can be provide more effective and practical solutions to minimize the time function of the relays and achieving optimal coordination in comparison with previous studies on optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays in power system networks.

Optimal coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays considering different network topologies

Most studies in relay coordination have focused solely on coordination of overcurrent relays while distance relays are used as the main protection of transmission lines. Since, simultaneous coordination of these two types of relays can provide a better protection, in this paper, a new approach is proposed for simultaneous coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays (D&DOCRs). Also, pursued by most of the previously published studies, the settings of D&DOCRs are usually determined based on a main network topology which may result in mis-coordination of relays when changes occur in the network topology. In the proposed method, in order to have a robust coordination, network topology changes are taken into account in the coordination problem. In the new formulation, coordination constraints for different network topologies are added to those of the main topology. A complex nonlinear optimization problem is derived to find the desirable relay settings. Then, the problem is solved using hybridized Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Linear Programming (LP) method (HGA). The proposed method is evaluated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. According to the results, a feasible and robust solution is obtained for D&DOCRs coordination while all constraints, which are due to different network topologies, are satisfied.