Coordinated Control Model Research Articles

Enhancing the Forming Accuracy of CFRP through a Global Compensation Method by Introducing an Optimal Profile.

Irreversible curing distortion represents a significant limiting factor in the application of high-performance composite structures. Curing distortion is the deviation of a component's profile from the theoretical profile after demolding. Introducing the optimal compensation profile into the traditional compensation algorithm represents an effective method to enhance CFRPs' forming accuracy. For this method, it is necessary to obtain the optimal compensating profile by establishing the coordinate model of the curing process parameter and mold profile compensation. The coordinated control model consists of four parameters: the mean value (Dav), root mean square value (Dmsr), minimum (Dmin), and maximum (Dmax) of curing distortion. Two sizes of composite structural parts are manufactured using the global compensation method. We investigate the influence mechanisms of heating, holding, and cooling times on curing distortion and residual stresses and develop a multi-field coupled finite element model. Strong agreement between the numerical and experimental findings serves as evidence for the effectiveness of the numerical model. The middle layer of the fabricated parts exhibit a reduction in residual stresses as the heating and holding times increase, while an opposite trend is noted with an increase in cooling time. Refining the design of curing process parameters can yield the minimum value of curing deformation within the specified resin system interval. Comparisons indicate that the distortion of the composite wall panel structure is reduced by 86.2% through the use of the global compensation method, demonstrating the validity of this approach for composite structures.

Research on coordinated control optimization of adjacent intersections based on numerical solution

In order to improve the efficiency of traffic flow and reduce the delay of arterial intersections, a coordinated signal control method based on numerical solution is proposed. Firstly, considering the factors such as the shortest green time and saturation of a single intersection, the intersection delay model is established. Secondly, the traffic capacity of the trunk line is improved by optimizing the public cycle and the green ratio of each intersection. Finally, an optimization model with minimum delay as the optimization objective is constructed, and the signal coordination of arterial intersections is realized by taking Yancheng City as an example. The results show that the coordinated control model of adjacent intersections based on the numerical method can reduce the average vehicle delay of two-way vehicles, achieve the purpose of green wave coordinated control of road sections, and improve the road traffic capacity.

Research on control strategy of distributed photovoltaic cluster based on improved particle swarm-gray wolf coupling algorithm

Conducting research on cluster control strategies for distributed photovoltaic systems to address voltage fluctuations and reverse power flow caused by large-scale distributed photovoltaic integration is crucial foundational work in establishing a new power system and ensuring its safe and stable operation. Based on the division of distributed photovoltaic cluster, this paper takes distributed photovoltaic cluster as the intermediate layer of control, and researches the two-layer control strategy of inter-cluster coordination and intra-cluster autonomy. The inter-cluster coordination strategy is located at the upper layer, and this strategy based on the power grid structure of the controlled area, comprehensively considering the observability, controllability, degree and betweenness centrality of each node, the latter two characterize the spatial location of the nodes. The dominant nodes of each cluster are selected by the above multiple indicators. The multi-objective inter-cluster coordination control model respectively focusing on the minimum voltage deviation of the dominant node or the minimum network loss of the system is constructed according to whether the voltage of the dominant node crosses the limit or not, and the improved particle swarm-gray wolf coupling algorithm (PSO-GWO) is used to generate the output indicators of each cluster. The intra-cluster autonomy strategy is at the lower layer. In the shortage of adjustable PV resources connected to the dominant node, the intra-cluster autonomy strategy adopting the control sequence of dominant node-downstream node-upstream node to distribute the output indicators of inter-cluster coordination within the cluster; In addition, in view of the situation that the cluster cannot receive the output indicators due to communication failure, The intra-cluster autonomy control model is constructed with the goal of minimum voltage deviation and minimum network loss of the dominant node in the cluster. The distributed photovoltaic inter-cluster coordination + intra-cluster autonomy two-layer regulation strategy is used to simulate the improved IEEE33-nodes system under multiple scenarios. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively solve the voltage overlimit, power flow back and other problems, and play an important role in ensuring the safe and economic operation of the system.

Research on Dispatching Coordination Control Method of Distribution Network with Photovoltaic Power Generation

The coordination control of photovoltaic power distribution networks faces challenges such as inaccurate load power prediction and long coordination times. To address these issues, this paper proposes a scheduling coordination control method for photovoltaic power distribution networks. The method involves analyzing the structure of the photovoltaic power generation system, obtaining the operation state of the network using disturbance observation methods, building a dispatching coordination control model, designing constraints for dispatching coordination control, building a power balance function, and solving the total demand power of the load. An algorithm flow is designed to optimize the coordination control of photovoltaic distribution networks. Experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of photovoltaic unit power prediction using this method reaches 98%, with power grid dispatching and coordination control times always less than 3.8 seconds. This approach effectively improves the effectiveness of distribution network dispatching and coordination control.

Operation control technology of source network load storage area based on flexible application of energy storage

This paper studies the operation control technology of source-network-load-storage area. Firstly, the flexible application mode of energy storage in the source-network-load-storage area is analyzed. Secondly, the definitions of absolute mileage and relative mileage are proposed, and the power coordination control model of energy storage units based on mileage balance is established to achieve the purpose of efficient utilization of energy storage resources. Finally, the operation control strategy of the source network load storage area is proposed, which verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the power coordination control model of the energy storage unit and the operation control strategy of the source network load storage area.

Distributed coordinated control of hybrid energy storage in offshore oil field microgrid in short time scale

The offshore oilfield microgrid can effectively integrate distributed power and hybrid energy storage, and its coordinated control can effectively ensure the safe and stable operation of the microgrid. In order to ensure the effect of coordinated control and improve the efficiency of coordinated control, a distributed coordinated control method for hybrid energy storage of offshore oil field microgrids in a short time scale is proposed. By setting two objective functions, namely, short time scale and optimal allocation of hybrid energy storage power of offshore oilfield microgrid, configuration capacity, and operation power constraints, a two-stage distributed coordinated control model for hybrid energy storage of offshore oilfield microgrid is constructed. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage distributed coordination control method for offshore oilfield microgrids has a good effect and high efficiency, and can effectively ensure the stable operation of offshore oilfield microgrids. The experimental results show that the proposed distributed coordinated control method for hybrid energy storage of offshore oilfield microgrids has a good effect and high efficiency. When the number of iterations reaches 100, the coordinated control time of this method can reach a lower time. It effectively ensures the stable operation of the offshore oil field microgrid.

Data-Driven Operation of Flexible Distribution Networks with Charging Loads

The high penetration of distributed generators (DGs) and the large-scale charging loads deteriorate the operational status of flexible distribution networks (FDNs). A soft open point (SOP) can deal with operational issues, such as voltage violations and the high electricity purchasing cost of charging stations. However, the absence of accurate parameters poses challenges to model-based methods. This paper proposes a data-driven operation method of FDNs with charging loads. First, a data-driven model-free adaptive predictive control (MFAPC) approach is proposed to fully involve charging loads in the control of FDN without accurate network parameters. Then, a multi-timescale coordination control model of an SOP with charging loads is established to satisfy the demand of charging loads and improve the control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is numerically demonstrated on the modified IEEE 33-node distribution network. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the electricity purchasing cost of charging stations and improve the operational performance of FDNs.

Retraction: Research on closed-loop supply chain coordination control model based on difference equation load model

This article refers to:RETRACTED ARTICLE: Research on closed-loop supply chain coordination control model based on difference equation load model

Coordinated Control Method for Passive Bus Priority Arterials Considering Multi-Conversion Standard and Bus Stopping Time

Public transport priority is the development trend in public transport, and signal priority is its main means. In order to further improve the accuracy of delay calculation and realize the priority of bus signals, this paper proposes the idea of multiple conversion criteria and consideration of stop time for the coordination and control of bus and car mixed traffic flow trunk roads. First of all, on the basis of in-depth analysis of the differences in the characteristics of bus and car models, a multi-conversion standard delay calculation method is proposed, and its effectiveness is verified by simulation. The results show that compared with the single conversion standard delay calculation method, the average delay error of cars and buses calculated by this method is reduced by 22.54% and 82.21%, respectively. Then, the influence of bus stops on bus speed and delay is further analyzed, and the coordinated control model of bus priority trunk roads considering bus stops is constructed with the passenger capacity of each bus line and the per capita delay as the goal, and the solution is given. Finally, 178 randomly generated examples are used to verify and analyze the effectiveness and sensitivity of this model.

A Joint Allocation Method of Multi-Jammer Cooperative Jamming Resources Based on Suppression Effectiveness

This paper studies the resource allocation problem when multiple jammers follow the aircraft formation to support ground penetration. A joint optimization allocation method of multi-jammer beam-power based on the improved artificial bee colony (IABC) algorithm is proposed. The air-to-ground “many-to-many” assault of the multi-jammer cooperative suppression jamming model is given. The constant false alarm probability detection model of the networked radar is used to evaluate the suppression effect, and a coordinated control model of multi-jammer jamming beams and emitting power is established. The optimal allocation scheme under different combat scenarios is solved by using the IABC algorithm. The search efficiency of the ABC algorithm is improved by cross mutation operation and the replacement of the worst nectar source, and the search performance of the algorithm is enhanced by the random key encoding. Due to the infeasible solution generated by the special random key encoding method, the feasible adjustment strategy is adopted. By changing the jamming parameters, the effect on the detection probability of the radar network is analyzed. Compared to the GWO, SCA, BBO and ABC algorithms, the jamming resource allocation scheme obtained by the proposed IABC algorithm makes the radar detection probability lower. The IABC algorithm has better global search capability and robustness.

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Method of Multi-Virtual Power Plants Based on Non-Cooperative Game

The current electricity market fails to consider the energy consumption characteristics of transaction subjects such as virtual power plants. Besides, the game relationship between transaction subjects needs to be further explored. This paper proposes a Peer-to-Peer energy trading method for multi-virtual power plants based on a non-cooperative game. Firstly, a coordinated control model of public buildings is incorporated into the scheduling framework of the virtual power plant, considering the energy consumption characteristics of users. Secondly, the utility functions of multiple virtual power plants are analyzed, and a non-cooperative game model is established to explore the game relationship between electricity sellers in the Peer-to-Peer transaction process. Finally, the influence of user energy consumption characteristics on the virtual power plant operation and the Peer-to-Peer transaction process is analyzed by case studies. Furthermore, the effect of different parameters on the Nash equilibrium point is explored, and the influence factors of Peer-to-Peer transactions between virtual power plants are summarized. According to the obtained results, compared with the central air conditioning set as constant temperature control strategy, the flexible control strategy proposed in this paper improves the market power of each VPP and the overall revenue of the VPPs. In addition, the upper limit of the service quotation of the market operator have a great impact on the transaction mode of VPPs. When the service quotation decreases gradually, the P2P transaction between VPPs is more likely to occur.

Coordinated Control Model for Oversaturated Arterial Intersections

In order to improve the traffic efficiency of oversaturated arterial traffic, a two-way signal coordinated control method is proposed. Taking traffic speeds, turning flow proportions and the number of lanes into consideration, a traffic flow model for oversaturated arterial is established on the basis of LWR theory, and vehicle trajectory data of arterials is used to verify this model. Then a coordinated control model for two-way oversaturated arterials is introduced, which is composed of a throughput maximization model and a delay minimization model. For the former one, the cycle length and green time at the arterial intersections are optimized to improve the arterial capacity, while the latter is built to realize the signal coordination of the consecutive intersections by optimizing offsets. A multi-objective algorithm is proposed to solve the coordinated control model. First, the throughput maximization model is solved by the standard algorithm of mixed-integer linear programming. Second, the feasible solutions of the signal orders are obtained by a phase pattern searching algorithm. Third, the delay minimization model is solved by a standard algorithm of quadratic programming model. Finally, the proposed model is used to coordinate and optimize the traffic signals on East Zhongshan Road containing 10 intersections in Nanjing, China. A trajectory-based simulation model is put forward to simulate the arterial traffic, demonstrating that the proposed coordinated control model can avoid the spillover and queue retention. After optimization, the capacity increases by 12.6% while the average vehicle delay for through vehicles drops by 23.6% compared to Synchro’s coordinated control.

Simulation study on ramp inflow for hybrid autonomous driving

In view of the complexity of the ramp traffic system on the expressway and the diversity of hybrid automatic driving, the safety distance of vehicles and the corresponding car following model are analyzed based on the combination of driver’s personality characteristics and the characteristics of different automatic driving levels of the vehicle–road​ coordination system, and the risk model is established to screen the potentially dangerous vehicles in the ramp merging process. Based on game theory, this paper constructs a ramp coordination and merging control model suitable for hybrid automatic driving. The model takes the safety benefit and efficiency benefit as the objective function, predicts the benefit value under different strategies and makes the optimal strategy under the current conditions. The proposed model is verified by the joint simulation of Python and sumo. the simulation results show that the average number of combined vehicles is 1.91 times higher, the combined position is 50.11% earlier and the average driving time is 28.35% less than that without control strategy and there is obvious advantage when the density is high compared with vehicles without control strategy.

Arterial Coordination Control Optimization Based on AM–BAND–PBAND Model

The green wave coordinated control model has evolved from the basic bandwidth maximization model to the multiweight approach to an asymmetrical multiband model and a general signal progression model with phase optimization to improve the operational efficiency of urban arterial roads and reduce driving delays and the amount of exhaust gas generated by vehicles queuing at intersections. However, most of the existing green wave models of arterial roads are based on a single phase pattern and little consider the optimization of the combination of multiple phase patterns. Initial queue clearing time is also considered at the green wave progression line in the time–space diagram, which leads to a waste of green light time. This study proposes a coordination control optimization method based on an asymmetrical multiband model with phase optimization to address the abovementioned problem. This model optimizes four aspects in the time–distance diagram: phase pattern selection, phase sequence, offset, and queue clearing time. Numerical experiments were conducted using the VISSIM micro traffic simulation tool for intersections along Kunlunshan South Road in Qingdao, and the effect of green wave coordination was evaluated using hierarchical analysis and compared with the signal-timing schemes generated by the four models: the multiweight approach, the improved multiweight approach, an asymmetrical multiband model, and a general signal progression model with phase optimization. The results show that an asymmetrical multiband model with phase optimization obtains a total bandwidth of 314 s in both directions. In the outbound direction, average number of stops, average travel speed, average travel time, and average delay time improve by 16%, 7.9%, 17.9%, and 15.6%, respectively. In the inbound direction, they improve by 43.7%, 16.1%, 40.7%, and 36%, respectively. Polluting gas emissions and fuel consumption improve by 17.9%. The applicability of the optimization method under different traffic flow conditions is analyzed, and results indicate a clear control effect when the traffic volume is moderate and the turning vehicles on the feeder roads are few. This work can provide a reference for the optimization of subsequent arterial signal coordination and also has indirect significance for environmental protection to a certain extent.

Analysis of Energy Sharing Impacts in a Commercial Community: A Case of Battery Energy Storage System Deployment for Load Leveling

Energy use differences between day and night have been a key point in the efficient use of utilities. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is an attractive solution to level the grid load and has been introduced independently into many communities, although with high costs. Battery sharing presents the possibility of integrating independent energy storage systems to save money and improve energy use. Battery sharing highlights the interactions between a smart grid, smart buildings, and distributed energy storage to produce better energy management practices. In this work, we provide an analysis of battery sharing by establishing a coordinated control model for a distributed battery system. In our case study design, we selected 39 buildings with different capacities of energy storage systems as a battery-sharing community to optimize sharing schedules and the load-leveling performance. The results indicate that battery sharing could achieve a 13.2% reduction in building battery capacity compared with independent operation. We further investigate the impact of a building’s load profile patterns on the battery capacity in a battery-sharing community. It is economical to introduce a larger capacity battery system into buildings with no closing days and higher electricity consumption throughout the year. The optimal BESS capacity in commercial buildings depends on the lowest daytime power consumption. Commercial buildings with closing days have limitations regarding BESS deployment. On closing days, buildings can only use BESS by sharing. Buildings with two closing days a week lose 14.3% more energy than those with one closing day.

Coordinated control model for arterials with asymmetric traffic

To alleviate the congestion caused by the tidal traffic and to improve the operational performance of both directions in arterials, this paper proposes a coordinated control model for arterials with asymmetric traffic demands in both oversaturated and unsaturated directions. The model utilizes a three-step architecture: (1) A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to maximize the throughput according to the relationship between traffic supply and demand as well as the balance between inflow and outflow. (2) A quadratic programming model is constructed to minimize the vehicle delay in the oversaturated direction based on Lighthill-Whitham-Richards theory. (3) A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to maximize the variable bandwidth in the unsaturated direction by introducing the relaxation variable. Furthermore, a three-step algorithm is used to solve the model and obtain the optimal arterial signal timing. Finally, a simulation model is put forward to verify the coordinated model. The results indicate that the model meet the asymmetric traffic demand through optimizing the arterial throughput, reducing delay in the oversaturated direction and maximizing the green wave bandwidth in the unsaturated direction.

A Multiroute Signal Control Model considering Coordination Rate of Green Bandwidth

Oriented to characteristics of the inflow and outflow of routes in urban road network, we modified the classical fundamental green wave bandwidth model, in which separate turning green wave band is available for traffic flow from subarterials merging into an arterial, and this variable green wave band can be more flexible to service the commuting traffic. Moreover, with the analysis of the mapping characteristics of the phase coordination rate, the concept of the coordination rate of green wave bandwidth was proposed, with which as the objective function, a multiroute signal coordination control model was established, and this model is a mixed integer linear programming problem with the overall optimal coordination rate of inbound, outbound, and turning movement as the objective. Finally, a case study was given with road network in Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu Province, China. From the simulation results, we can conclude that the coordinated distribution of the model proposed in this study is more stable; the fluctuation range is 0.09, which is less than that of optimization scheme in classical signal timing software Synchro, which is 0.33; and the total route delay can also be reduced by 15% compared to the current situation and 3.3% compared to Synchro optimization solution.

Modeling of integrated heat‐electricity systems considering integrated demand response and dynamic behaviors of district heating network

With increasing renewable energy integrated to the integrated energy systems (IESs), the dynamic characteristics and coupling effects of different forms of energy need to be taken into consideration. Dynamic behaviors of heating systems are not well captured by the traditional steady-state models of integrated heat-electricity systems (IHESs). As integrated demand response (IDR) technology is widely used in IHESs, it is of great significance to establish the models of IHESs considering demand side management and dynamic behaviors of district heating network (DHN). Firstly, in order to accurately reflect the real-time operation of the systems, a modeling method of IHESs containing source, network, and load is proposed. Then, based on the dynamic model of each equipment in the DHN and the demand response of multiple types of loads, a multi-energy flow dynamic model considering IDR and dynamic behaviors of DHN is proposed. In this paper, the models of the equipment are integrated under a unified framework, and a coordinated control model of the IHES is given, which aims to realize the economic operation of the system. Finally, the system model is placed in different scenarios for simulation. The results verify the dynamic characteristics of the DHN, and prove that the control strategy design for the IHES can help to improve the wind power consumption capacity and reduce costs.

Regional Green Wave Coordinated Control Model Based on Cooperative Optimization of Vehicle Speed and Traffic Signal

Regional Green Wave Coordinated Control Model Based on Cooperative Optimization of Vehicle Speed and Traffic Signal

Lateral Stability Control of Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Coordinated Control of Torque Distribution and ESP Differential Braking

This research focuses on four-wheel-drive electric vehicles. On the basis of the hierarchical coordinated control strategy, the coordinated control system of driving force distribution regulation and differential braking regulation was designed to increase the electric vehicles steering stability under special road working conditions. A seven-degree-of-freedom model of an electric vehicle was established in MATLAB/Simulink, and then a hierarchical coordination control model of the Electronic stability program and dynamic torque distribution control system was established. Adaptive fuzzy control was applied to ESP and, based on the neural network PID control, a torque distribution control system was designed. On the basis of the proposed coordinated control model, a performance simulation and a hardware-in-the-loop test of the control system under the typical working condition of single line shift were carried out. From the final results, it can be seen that the proposed control strategy can greatly improve the safety of the vehicle after serious side slip, increase the stability of the whole vehicle, and effectively increase the vehicle lateral stability.