Coordinate Compounds Research Articles

How word stress is realized in Thai: evidence from the ordering of coordinate compounds

Abstract This study challenges the widespread belief that Thai lacks word stress, demonstrating its pivotal role in morphophonology. Through a Maximum Entropy analysis, we investigated how specific segmental properties statistically influence speakers’ choices of word order in coordinate compounds. Results indicate a significant effect of phonological weight on the ordering patterns. Specifically, the dispreference for stop codas in final positions and the preference for long or low vowels word-finally converge to differentially distribute phonological weight, ensuring that final syllables are heavier in accordance with the Stress-to-Weight Principle. Additionally, a marginal affinity is observed between the final syllable and the (historical) high-register tone, aligning with the well-documented tone-stress interaction where high tones gravitate towards stressed syllables. These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of word stress in Thai: compound stress necessarily coincides with word stress, as dictated by the Continuous Column Constraint. Thus, this work suggests that relying solely on phonetic cues is insufficient for identifying stress; instead, a comprehensive analysis incorporating “phonological exponents” is essential to capture the greater phonological contrasts licensed in stressed syllables. This study also contributes to a deeper understanding of metrical and prosodic prominence, revealing that word stress can sometimes be masked by higher-level prominence.

NN and VV Coordinate Compounds

Broadly speaking, binominal and biverbal lexical constructions have been studied independently in different research traditions and frameworks. It is true that the two do not necessarily have overlapping areal distributions, but the fundamental question remains whether Indo-European NN compounds and Transeurasian VV compounds have nothing in common. Against this background, a cross-categorial comparison, not within but across languages, is made of coordinative binominal and biverbal constructions. NN and VV coordinate compounds from English and Japanese are examined in detail using the methodology of contrastive morphology and decompositional lexical semantics. It is shown that dvandva is possible not only in NN but also in VV coordinate compounds and, furthermore, that the dvandva–appositive distinction in NN coordinate compounds recurs in VV coordinate compounds. Cross-categorial formal analyses of the two types, i.e., dvandva and appositive, are presented in the Lexical Semantic Framework.

Coordinate and Subordinate Compounds in Chinese Morphology: A Cognitive Approach

Chinese compounds, particularly those categorized as subordinate and coordinate, hold considerable importance in Chinese morphology. The intricacies of these compound structures often pose challenges, even for native speakers, as their identification relies on an understanding of ancient Chinese semantics. This research endeavor aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of abstract morphemes within these two types of Chinese compounds, with a particular focus on their semantic aspects. The cognitive approach proves to be highly effective in examining the internal structure of these compounds, as well as the diverse combinations of morphemes. Furthermore, this study offers valuable teaching implications pertaining to the morphological processes involved in Chinese characters.

Word Structure Tunes Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Responses in the Frontal Cortex

To date, it is still unclear how word structure might impact lexical processing in the brain for languages with an impoverished system of grammatical morphology such as Chinese. In this study, concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recordings were performed to inspect the temporal and spatial brain activities that are related to Chinese word structure (compound vs. derivation vs. non-morphological) effects. A masked priming paradigm was utilized on three lexical conditions (compound constitute priming, derivation constitute priming, and non-morphological priming) to tap Chinese native speakers' structural sensitivity to differing word structures. The compound vs. derivation structure effect was revealed by the behavioral data as well as the temporal and spatial brain activation patterns. In the masked priming task, Chinese derivations exhibited significantly enhanced brain activation in the frontal cortex and involved broader brain networks as compared with lexicalized compounds. The results were interpreted by the differing connection patterns between constitute morphemes within a given word structure from a spreading activation perspective. More importantly, we demonstrated that the Chinese word structure effect showed a distinct brain activation pattern from that of the dual-route mechanism in alphabetic languages. Therefore, this work paved a new avenue for comprehensively understanding the underlying cognitive neural mechanisms associated with Chinese derivations and coordinate compounds.

Early Vedic compounds

Abstract Despite a longstanding tradition of studies in Sanskrit compounds, a description that enables comparisons in cross-linguistic perspective has not yet been worked out. The present article follows classificatory criteria introduced by Bisetto & Scalise (2005, 2009) and sketches a typology of compounds in the most archaic variety of Sanskrit, Early Vedic, as transmitted by the RigVeda. Analyzing compounds on the basis of the grammatical relations holding between their constituents provides a classification into coordinate, subordinate, and attributive compounds, with the endocentric/exocentric divide cutting across all classes. In order to identify the position of Early Vedic compounds on the syntax-morphology continuum, the article investigates the degree of cohesiveness at the level of morphology, prosody, syntax, and semantics. With this respect, the RigVeda offers a varied picture where relics of archaic, less cohesive forms occur side-to-side with more productive and word-like ones.

Six-coordinated rare earth organoarsinate complexes: Crystal structure, luminescent and magnetic properties investigation

An isostructural series of rare earth complexes has been synthesized by using the dimethylarsinate ligand. All complexes have the formula [Ln(Me2AsO2)3][H2O]8 (Ln ​= ​Sm(1), Eu(2), Gd(3), Tb(4), Dy(5), Ho(6), Er(7), Tm(8), Yb(9), Y(10)). They are the first rare earth complexes ligated by organoarsinate. Crystallographic characterizations reveal that all the compounds feature 1D chain-like arrangements, in which two rare earth ions are bounded by three dimethylarsinate ligands (syn,syn, μ2-ƞ1:ƞ1) and the rare six-coordinated rare earth ions display ideal octahedron coordination geometry. The solid state photoluminescent studies reveal that compounds 2 and 4 exhibit the characteristic emission band of the EuIII and TbIII ions respectively. Magnetic measurements indicate Gd(3) shows magnetocaloric effect (MCE) with entropy change of 24.92 ​J ​kg–1 K–1 for ΔH ​= ​0 – 7 ​T at 3 ​K. The Dy(5) and Yb(9) show field induced slow relaxation, which is rare for octahedron coordinate LnIII compounds.

Low coordinate phosphorus compounds for 40 years in memory of the late professor François Mathey, Ecole Polytechnique

Sterically protected low-coordinate organophosphorus compounds such as diphosphenes, phosphaalkenes, 1,3-diphosphaallenes, 1-phosphaallenes, phosphaalkynes, and 3,4-diphosphinidenecyclobutenes are described, which are stabilized with an extremely bulky 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl (Mes*) group. The structures, physical and chemical properties are highly interesting, because they are unusual phosphorus compounds.

Single-Molecule Magnets: From Mn12-ac to dysprosium metallocenes, a travel in time

• A brief introduction concerning origin and detection of Single-Molecule Magnets. • A time travel in single-molecule magnetism. • Highly anisotropic systems are prevailing over high nuclearity metal clusters. • Synergistic multifunctionality, a key feature in molecular magnetism. • Hybrid materials based on Single-Molecule Magnets, towards future devices. The discovery of the first Single-Molecule Magnet, Mn12-ac, in 1993 changed the perspective of how information can be stored. The current bit, occupying few hundreds of nanometers in present devices, would be minimized to tens of angstroms at molecular level. However, until a couple of years these materials could only operate at temperatures near to the absolute zero. From 1993 to date, the field of Single-Molecule Magnets (SMMs) has continuously evolved thanks to the close collaboration of chemists and physicists obtaining materials already operating above the liquid nitrogen temperature. This long journey, however, has involved the study of many different routes towards high performance SMMs, being each of them essential in order to deeply understand the quantum dynamics behind these molecules. An era of high spin 3d metal clusters was the beginning of everything, but it went through highly anisotropic low coordinate 3d compounds, lanthanide based magnets, radical bridged compounds and 3d-4f mixed systems, among others, to end up in the current state of the art dysprosium metallocenes. Furthermore, after the magnetic studies in bulk, SMM based hybrid systems are emerging for future application devices, which also involve very interesting multifunctionalities. All in all, this work aims to explain how these materials work and show the trajectory and some of the major advances that have been made during recent years in this field.

Thermodynamics and kinetics of solution combustion synthesis: Ni(NO3)2 + fuels systems

Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) utilizes exothermic self-propagating reactions to prepare nanoscale materials that can be used widely in energy, electronics, and biomedical technologies and other applications. SCS is a specific variety of a more general combustion synthesis (CS) method. Investigations of the thermodynamics, kinetics, and the mechanisms of SCS reactions, are not as well studied as the other CS processes. This work reports on a systematic study of the thermodynamics and kinetics of SCS reactions involving Ni(NO3)2, an oxidizer, and either glycine (C2H5NO2) or hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4) as fuels. A thermodynamic modeling approach, based on the Gibbs free energy minimization principle, is applied to the simultaneous calculations of the adiabatic temperatures and compositions of the equilibrium products. Our calculations reveal the influence of fuel-to-oxidizer ratio, amount of water, and the oxygen in air on the combustion temperature under adiabatic conditions and the composition of the resulting products. We have, in turn, measured the combustion temperature and phase composition of products and compared them with the calculations. Variations of drying times for the solutions yield precursor gels with varying water contents. This approach enables the manipulation of combustion parameters and confirms the use of calculated activation energies for reactions using the Merzhanov-Khaikin method. The results show that SCS reactions in fuel-lean solutions producing NiO have higher activation energy in contrast to reactions with fuel-rich solutions that form Ni. Reduction of activation energies due to the increase in the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio could be related to the observed change of the rate-limiting stages of the endothermic decomposition of the individual reactants to the exothermic decomposition of coordinate compounds formed between the reactants.

Thermal Vibration Correlation Function Formalism for Molecular Excited State Decay Rates

Thermal Vibration Correlation Function Formalism for Molecular Excited State Decay Rates

Gd-GLU toward NMR imaging: synthesis, characterization and breast cell uptake assay

Breast cancer cell uptake of Gd-metal is investigated based on the formation of coordinate compounds of gadolinium and glucose (Glu) molecules in solution. The hypothesis is that glucose helps Gd-internalization by complex formations constituted of Gd3+ coordinate to m-glucose molecules, whose valence was complemented by Cl- anions. Such a proposal is an insight toward a metabolic-dependent contrast-agent for cancer and inflammation in magnetic resonance image. A solution was prepared based on anhydrous d-glucose and gadolinium chloride (Gd-Glu). Uptake assays for MDA-MB-231(c231) cells were elaborated collecting incubated c231-cells with Gd-Glu and measuring metal-uptake and their concentrations by Nuclear Activation Analysis (NAA). The ionic solution was studied using Direct-Infusion Electrospray Ionization Mass-Spectrometry (ESI-MS) to identify Gd-Glu interactions. Means and standard deviations of Gd-masses were 13.3±0.8 and 12.5±0.7µg, at 361.5 µg of Gd in 3mL Gd-Glu/PBS solution, in times of 30-50 min, equivalent to the concentrations of 13404±2104 and 11347±2742 µg.g-1 in dried cells. Such values were statistically higher than the control with metal presence. ESI-MS demonstrated the m/z-signals at 516, 552, 696, 923, attributed to positively loaded-species containing Glu, Gd+3 and Cl-. In conclusion, Gd-internalization was increased in aqueous solution due to the gadolinium-glucose coordination. Such findings drive the research to MRI with Gd-Glu complexes.

Synthesis of novel metal (II) complexes tailored from 9-oxo-9H-fluorene-1-carboxylic acid via green protocol: DNA cleavage and anticancer studies

Despite being a polycyclic aromatic compound, fluorenone is not classified as carcinogenic. Some of the derivatives of fluorenone and metal complexes embedded with fluorenone based ligands exhibited challenging biological activities, including anticancer activity. The current investigation hence focuses on synthesis, characterization and anticancer activities of fluorenone based ligands and their coordinate compounds of some first row transition metals. The stoichiometry of all the synthesized metal complexes is found to be 1: 2 (metal: ligand) with the general formula [M(L)2], L = singly deprotonated ligand, whereas the geometry of all the metal complexes is found to be octahedral. The synthesized ligands and their respective metal (II) complexes were found to cleave the pBR322 DNA, during gel electrophoresis studies. The inhibition of cancer cell growth has been confirmed by fluorescence imaging techniques using DAPI as staining dye. The IC50 values of ligands and their metal (II) complexes suggest that synthesized compounds are more active towards A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cell line when compared with the standard drug Paclitaxel. In case of MCF-7 (human breast carcinoma) cell line, compound Cu(L2)2 is found to be more active than the standard drug Paclitaxel.

Mandarin Chinese modality exclusivity norms.

Modality exclusivity norms have been developed in different languages for research on the relationship between perceptual and conceptual systems. This paper sets up the first modality exclusivity norms for Chinese, a Sino-Tibetan language with semantics as its orthographically relevant level. The norms are collected through two studies based on Chinese sensory words. The experimental designs take into consideration the morpho-lexical and orthographic structures of Chinese. Study 1 provides a set of norms for Mandarin Chinese single-morpheme words in mean ratings of the extent to which a word is experienced through the five sense modalities. The degrees of modality exclusivity are also provided. The collected norms are further analyzed to examine how sub-lexical orthographic representations of sense modalities in Chinese characters affect speakers’ interpretation of the sensory words. In particular, we found higher modality exclusivity rating for the sense modality explicitly represented by a semantic radical component, as well as higher auditory dominant modality rating for characters with transparent phonetic symbol components. Study 2 presents the mean ratings and modality exclusivity of coordinate disyllabic compounds involving multiple sense modalities. These studies open new perspectives in the study of modality exclusivity. First, links between modality exclusivity and writing systems have been established which has strengthened previous accounts of the influence of orthography in the processing of visual information in reading. Second, a new set of modality exclusivity norms of compounds is proposed to show the competition of influence on modality exclusivity from different linguistic factors and potentially allow such norms to be linked to studies on synesthesia and semantic transparency.

Synthesis of phenanthroimidazole-based four coordinate organoboron compounds

The synthesis of N,C-coordinated organoboron compounds (B1-B4) based on phenanthroimidazole described. All the compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the compounds B1 and B3 revealed that the vicinity around the boron atom adopts tetrahedral geometry. Except compound B4, other organoboron compounds (B1-B3) does not show solvatochromism. All our newly synthesized organoboron compounds exhibited moderate to good solution state quantum yields (0.07–0.88) and moderate solid state quantum yields.

A Contrastive Analysis of the Order of Combination of the Components in Coordinate Compounds in the Korean and Vietnamese Languages

A Contrastive Analysis of the Order of Combination of the Components in Coordinate Compounds in the Korean and Vietnamese Languages

Roads to pentazolate anion: a theoretical insight.

The formation mechanism of pentazolate anion (PZA) is not yet clear. In order to present the possible formation pathways of PZA, the potential energy surfaces of phenylpentazole (PPZ), phenylpentazole radical (PPZ-R), phenylpentazole radical anion (PPZ-RA), PPZ and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA), p-pentazolylphenolate anion (p-PZPolA) and m-CPBA, and p-pentazolylphenol (p-PZPol) and m-CPBA were calculated by the computational electronic structure methods including the hybrid density functional, the double hybrid density functional and the coupled-cluster theories. At the thermodynamic point of view, the cleavages of C–N bonds of PPZ and PPZ-R need to absorb large amounts of heat. Thus, they are not feasible entrance for PZA formation at ambient condition. But excitation of PPZ and deprotonation of PPZ-RA probably happen before cleavage of C–N bond of PPZ at high-energy condition. As to the radical anion mechanism, the high accuracy calculations surveyed that the barrier of PZA formation is probably lower than that of dinitrogen evolution, but the small ionization potential of PPZ-RA gives rise to the unstable ionic pair of sodium PPZ at high temperature. In respect of oxidation mechanism, except for PPZ, the reactions of p-PZPolA and p-PZPol with m-CPBA can form PZA and quinone. The PZA formations have the barriers of about 20 kcal mol−1 which compete with the dinitrogen evolutions. The stabilities of PZA in both solid and gas phases were also studied herein. The proton prefers to transfer to pentazolyl group in the (N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl system which leads to the dissociation of pentazole ring. The ground states of M(N5)2(H2O)4 (M = Co, Fe and Mn) are high-spin states. The pentazolyl groups confined by the crystal waters in the coordinate compounds can improve the kinetic stability. As to the reactivity of PZA, it can be persistently oxidized by m-CPBA to oxo-PZA and 1,3-oxo-PZA with the barriers of about 20 kcal mol−1.

Synthesis and Structures of Novel Molecular Ionic Compounds Based on Encapsulation of Anions and Cations

The novel coordinate compounds T8[(CH2)n-EWG]8F–-18-crown-6-M+ were prepared by reaction of EWG-(CH2)n-Si(OEt)3 (where n = 1–3 and the electron-withdrawing group, EWG, contains an Si–C(sp3) bond) with an 18-crown-6-M+F– complex (where M+ is K+, Cs+, and Rb+) in the presence of a limited amount of water. The EWG facilitates the formation and encapsulation of the fluoride anion in a silsesquioxane cage. The reaction takes place by complexing an alkali metal in the crown ether, catalyzing silsesquioxane cage formation, and concomitant encapsulation of a fluoride ion within the final T8 cage. The reaction is simple and takes place in a single step with excellent yields of 81–95%. These novel materials have been studied by 19F and 29Si NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography as well as by MALDI-TOF and ESI mass spectrometry. The T8[(CH2)n-EWG]8F–-18-crown-6-M+ compounds can be also synthesized by a facile reaction of 18-crown-6-M+F– with the corresponding T8[(CH2)n-EWG]8 cage in nearly quantitative yield. S...

Synthesis and photocatalytic studies of ZnS nanoparticles from heteroleptic complex of Zn(II) 1-cyano-1-carboethoxy-2,-2-ethylenedithiolato diisopropylthiourea and its adducts with N-donor ligands

Zinc complexes of the type [Zn(diptu)2(ced)] (1), [Zn(diptu)2(ced)py] (2), [Zn(diptu)2(ced)bpy] (3), and [Zn(diptu)2(ced)phen] (4), (where (diptu)2(ced) = 1-cyano-1-carboethoxyethylene-2,2-dithiolato–κS,S′–bis(N,N-diisopropyllthiourea), py = pyridine, bpy = 2, 2′ bipyridine and phen = 1, 10 phenanthroline have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The parent complex (1) was formulated as four coordinate species, which gave rise to 5 coordinate complex in (2) and six coordinate compounds in (3) and (4), with the dithiolate acting as bidentate chelating ligand. The complexes were used as single-source precursors for the synthesis of HDA-capped ZnS nanoparticles. The nanoparticles gave different morphologies with sizes in the range of 1.92–4.72 nm as observed from the TEM analysis and supported by XRD. The UV–vis spectroscopy showed that all the ZnS nanoparticles are blue shifted, with respect to the bulk, which confirmed quantum confinement. The photoluminescence spectra showed narrow and broad emission peaks around 290 and 360 nm which are ascribed to spontaneous emission peaks from band to band transition and surface states respectively. Photocatalytic activities of all the nanoparticles were investigated with methylene blue (MB) acting as the organic dye, and the UV–vis spectral revealed a gradual decrease in absorption peak that confirmed the degradation of the MB.

Syntax-based phonological asymmetries: The case of adjective reduplication in Mandarin Chinese

In Prosodic Morphology, reduplication frequently targets phonological constituents such as syllables, feet, or prosodic words. In Mandarin Chinese, however, adjective reduplication targets syntactic units whose size and position depend on the morphosyntactic structure of the base. Specifically, subordinate compounds of form AB are reduplicated as ABAB, whereas coordinate compounds of the same form are reduplicated as AABB. Moreover, two reduplicated forms behave differently in terms of phonological patterning such as more neutralization in AABB and ABAB being transparent. In this article, I show that the phonological asymmetry between two reduplicated forms is a consequence of the distinct morphosyntax of the base and its mapping onto different prosodic structures at the interface. While reduplication making reference to syntax has been reported in the literature (e.g. Ghomeshi et al., 2004; Kirchner, 2010), the Mandarin data is particularly interesting as syntactic reduplication further leads to interesting phonological asymmetries, calling for an elaborated theory of the interface between morphosyntax and phonology. I discuss implications of the current data for previous models of the syntax-phonology interface.

A Paradox: Merger or Compounding — Which comes First? Comments on Geoffrey Sampson’s Article

A Paradox:Merger or Compounding — Which comes First? Comments on Geoffrey Sampson’s Article Matthew Y Chen Geoffrey Sampson’s paper highlights a peculiar fact about Chinese: the prevalence of coordinate compounds consisting of two near-synonyms. To illustrate this point, in a randomly chosen article of about 670 characters, I found as many as 74 such tokens, depending on how loosely one defines “near-synonyums”. That is almost 1/5 of the running text! Here etc.1 Word-formation of this type is rare, for example in English. The closest examples I can think of are expressions like first and foremost, rules and regulations, and twists and turns. This observation raises the intriguing question of whether such redundant compounds are motivated by the avoidance of massive homophony created by phonological mergers (such as the neutralization between -m and -n endings) or, vice-versa, the mergers arise from the profusion of such pleonastic compounds that render finer phonological distinctions unnecessary. At the heart of Sampson’s argument is the relative chronology of merger (e.g. -m and -n) and compounding, e.g. (cf. M.Chen 1976, Relative chronology: three methods of reconstruction, Journal of Linguistics, 12:209-258). There are three logical possibilities: [End Page 692] A. merger > compounding (x > y means x precedes y) B. compounding > merger C. merger & compounding “co-evolved” Scenario (A) constitutes a counterexample to Gilliéron-Martinet’s hypothesis, which “outlaws” mergers resulting in massive homophony. Therein lies the enigma of Chinese compounds, so maintains Sampson. To make this case, ideally one would like to be able to date the onset of mergers and the rise of disyllabic compounds. Unfortunately such philological evidence is spotty at best. For one thing we don’t have anything close to the venerable, magisterial Oxford English Dictionary, that documents the first occurrence of each lexical entry (more precisely, ). That being the case, Sampson does not offer a direct proof of (A), instead he arrives at (A) by a process of elimination. He rejects (B) by noting that in this case (i.e. before the onset of massive phonological mergers) compounding would be “pointlessly redundant” (e.g. friend + friend = friend). It goes without saying that not all compounds are pleonastic. Prof. Sampson could strengthen his case by providing some statistical estimates of compounds made up of near-synonyms vs. other types of disyllabic words (e.g. ). Next, the author dismisses (C) by saying that such a scenario “seems to reduce homophony avoidance to an unfalsifiable doctrine with no predictive power” (p.5, fn. 3). Indeed, (C) gives too much wiggle room for Gilliéron-Martinet’s hypothesis, and introduces unwelcome wrinkles into the tidy world of logical positivism, where falsifiability is the golden yardstick of truth value. But in the real world, the timeline and relationship between cause and effect may not be as neat as we would like them to be. Specifically: 1. The massive homophony in modern Chinese was the result of multiple sound changes, including nasal ending mergers, final consonant loss, devoicing, palatalization (hence the neutralization between k,kh,x and ts, tsh, s), and so forth — processes that need not happen all at once. It is entirely conceivable that, for instance, nasal merger took place at time x, creating pressure for disambiguation by means of compounding at time y, which in turn facilitates devoicing at time z, and so forth. [End Page 693] 2. Even within one single sound change (e.g. nasal merger), there is the logical possibility of gradual lexical diffusion instead of an instantaneous sweep across the vocabulary as conceived by the Neogrammarians. (For the latest discussion on this topic, see A dialogue on Sound Change between William Labov and William S-Y. Wang, ed. by Sh.L. Feng and Virginia Yip, Peking University Press, 2014). Apart from the core argument, there are a number of related issues. • First of all, Gilliéron-Martinet’s hypothesis bears some scrutiny. Almost half a century ago, as a graduate student I noted in a long-forgotten memo (Monthly Internal Memos, Phonology Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, circa 1968) that all phonological change is an instance of neutralization. X > Y / Z means there is no contrast...