Cooperative Links Research Articles

Dynamic event‐triggered leader‐following bipartite consensus of second‐order multi‐agent systems under DoS attacks

AbstractThis article investigates the bipartite secure consensus of the second‐order leader‐follower multi‐agent systems (MASs) against aperiodic denial of service (DoS) attacks. First, a new dynamic event‐triggered strategy is proposed for the consensus control. Compared with the static event‐triggered strategy, the dynamic event‐triggered protocol can reduce the trigger times and save resources by introducing an internal dynamic variable. Different from the secure consensus results which only discussed the cooperative links, based on the theory of the structurally balanced graph, this article considers cooperative and antagonistic interactions among agents simultaneously for complex behaviors of them. Besides, the characteristics of the DoS attacks are analyzed in detail and the secure consensus is achieved by utilizing the Lyapunov theory and inductive methods. Finally, the Zeno behavior is excluded and the availability of the designed algorithms is demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Categorical data analysis using discretization of continuous variables to investigate associations in marine ecosystems

AbstractUnderstanding and predicting interactions between predators and prey and their environment are fundamental for understanding food web structure, dynamics, and ecosystem function in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Thus, estimating the conditional associations between species and their environments is important for exploring connections or cooperative links in the ecosystem, which in turn can help to clarify such directional relationships. For this purpose, a relevant and practical statistical method is required to link presence/absence observations with biomass, abundance, and physical quantities obtained as continuous real values. These data are sometimes sparse in oceanic space and too short as time series data. To meet this challenge, we provide an approach based on applying categorical data analysis to present/absent observations and real‐number data. The real‐number data used as explanatory variables for the present/absent response variable are discretized based on the optimal detection of thresholds without any prior biological/ecological information. These discretized data express two different levels, such as large/small or high/low, which give experts a simple interpretation for investigating complicated associations in marine ecosystems. This approach is implemented in the previous statistical method called CATDAP developed by Sakamoto and Akaike in 1979. Our proposed approach consists of a two‐step procedure for categorical data analysis: (1) finding the appropriate threshold to discretize the real‐number data for applying an independent test; and (2) identifying the best conditional probability model to investigate the possible associations among the data based on a statistical information criterion. We perform a simulation study to validate our proposed approach and investigate whether the method's observation includes many zeros (zero‐inflated data), which can often occur in practical situations. Furthermore, the approach is applied to two datasets: (1) one collected during an international synoptic krill survey in the Scotia Sea west of the Antarctic Peninsula to investigate associations among krill, fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), surface temperature, depth, slope in depth (flatter or steeper terrain), and temperature gradient (slope in temperature); (2) the other collected by ecosystem surveys conducted during August–September in 2014–2017 to investigate associations among common minke whales, the predatory fish Atlantic cod, and their main prey groups (zooplankton, 0‐group fish) in Arctic Ocean waters to the west and north of Svalbard, Norway. The R code summarizing our proposed numerical procedure is presented in S4S1.

EC-MAC: Energy-Aware Cooperative MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Nowadays, cooperative communication algorithms have been utilized in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to enhance the overall network performance. As is well known, a WSN needs to consider a number of important factors, such as the energy effectiveness and the longevity of the sensor nodes. The energy-aware cooperative medium access control (EC-MAC) protocol is a novel protocol proposed in this paper for usage in WSNs. EC-MAC protocol allows the source nodes to use the intermediate nodes as relays that can be used to transmit the source's data to the access point (AP). This paper demonstrates how the suggested relay selection method can be used by the EC-MAC protocol to choose the best relay node. After channel state information (CSI) has been calculated and acquired, the best relay should have the highest residual energy and the quickest transmission time. Then, by establishing suitable cooperative links, data transmission from a source node to an AP can be carried out. The effectiveness of the EC-MAC protocol in terms of system energy efficiency is examined in this study using the MATLAB simulation tool and compares the outcomes with other cooperative protocols like Modified Cooperative Access MAC Protocol (MCA-MAC) and Throughput and Energy aware Cooperative MAC Protocol (TEC-MAC) and the performance of WSNs employing the suggested EC-MAC protocol is examined in this research for both ideal and dynamic channel conditions. EC-MAC protocol achieved energy efficiency improvements of 20%, and 40% respectively, more than MCA-MAC and TEC-MAC protocols. The results indicated that EC-MAC protocol offers a higher level of energy efficiency for the WSN than other cooperative protocols currently in use.

China’s distinctive civil–military integration policy and firm innovation

Abstract Despite the widespread implementation of civil–military integration (CMI) policies in various countries, there remains a significant debate surrounding their impact on innovation. Taking the set of the National Civil–Military Integration Strategy in China in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper uses the Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method to systematically examine the impact of CMI policy on firm innovation. The results demonstrate that the CMI policy has notably increased the intensity of firms’ Research and Development (R&D) investment, but does not exert a significant influence on their innovation output and efficiency. Notably, the policy effect is primarily observed among incumbent military firms and large-scale firms. Moreover, the CMI policy exhibits a considerable effect on fostering new cooperation links, but does not yield a significant impact on deepening cooperation or promoting network agglomeration. The results imply that the policy has not yet deeply affected firms’ innovation processes and patterns. These findings provide manifold implications for policy understanding and decision-making.

Performance of STAR-RIS-aided cooperative NOMA networks under Nakagami-[formula omitted] fading

In this work, we investigate the performance of the cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) downlink wireless communication system assisted by the newly emerged technology of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) over Nakagami-m fading channels. Specifically, outage probability (OP), spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are used as the performance metrics. The near user’s mathematically intractable probability density and cumulative distribution functions were approximated through the Gamma moment-matching technique. This was followed by the derivation of the users’ closed-form OP and ergodic rates expressions, where the latter was used to determine the SE and EE of the system. Further, extensive Monte-Carlo simulations confirmed the correctness of the obtained analytical findings. In addition, to inspect the usefulness of CNOMA in the proposed communication system, the comparison with its NOMA counterpart was incorporated into the numerical results. Finally, it was found that the cooperative link can further enhance the SE and EE of the STAR-RIS-based NOMA network.

Legal Review of Cooperation Links Between Notary and Banks with the Provisions of Article 16 Paragraph (1) Letter (A) of Law Number 2 of 2014 Concerning Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2004 Concerning the Position of Notary

The role of the Notary is very important in helping to create legal certainty and protection for the community, because the Notary as a public official has the authority to make authentic deeds, as long as the making of the authentic deed is not specific to other public officials. Legal certainty and protection can be seen through the authentic deed he made as perfect evidence in court. Perfect evidence because an authentic deed has three evidentiary powers, namely outward evidentiary strength (uitwendige bewijsracht), formal evidentiary power (formele bewijskracht) and material evidentiary power (materiele bewijskracht). (G. H. S. Lumban Tobing, 1999: 55-59) However, over time, competition among Notaries has encouraged several Notaries to practice the philosophy of picking up the ball, such as actively visiting Prospective appearers, offering services, negotiating honorariums and engaging in business-like agreements, including cooperation agreements between Banks and Notaries required in making deeds in the field of credit. Referring to the provisions of the Law on Notary Position and the Notary Code of Ethics, it does not explicitly prohibit a Notary from entering into an agreement with any party, but in practice the implementation of a cooperation agreement between a Bank and a Notary is not in line with the Law on Notary Office and the Notary Code of Ethics. As a result, the Notary becomes independent and sided with the Bank. Whereas in Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary (UUJN) Article 16 paragraph (1) letter (a) it is stated that "In carrying out his position, the Notary is obliged to: act honestly, thoroughly, independent, impartial and protect the interests of parties involved in legal actions. In line with these rules, in the provisions of the Amendment to the Notary Code of Ethics at the Extraordinary Congress of the Banten Indonesian Notary Association, May 29-30 2015, namely in Article 3 paragraph (4) which states "Notaries and other persons who assume and carry out the position of Notary are obliged to: act honestly, independent, impartial, full of responsibility, based on laws and regulations and the contents of the Notary's oath of office. (Perubahan Kode Etik Notaris Kongres Luar Biasa Ikatan Notaris Indonesia. Banten, 29-30 Mei 2015)

Throughput performance optimization of NOMA-assisted cooperative relay system with realistic impairments

Abstract This work aims to investigate the outage and throughput performance of non-orthogonal multiple access assisted cooperative relay system (CRS-NOMA) considering the realistic impairments caused due to in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI), channel estimation errors (CEE), and successive interference cancellation (SIC) errors. More specifically, we investigate a model in which two-phase downlink transmission is carried out in two different modes: (i) CRS-NOMA without direct links and (ii) CRS-NOMA with direct links (CRS-DLNOMA). In CRS-NOMA mode, the source broadcasts a composite NOMA signal to destination users with the assistance of a decode-and-forward (DF) relay. In contrast, in CRS-DLNOMA, direct and cooperative links are available for transmission. We derive the analytical expressions of outage probability and throughput for both the NOMA destinations to evaluate the system performance of both CRS-NOMA and CRS-DLNOMA modes of transmission. Furthermore, numerical simulations also study and validate the influence of IQI, CEE, and SIC errors on the outage and throughput performance. The simulation results verify that realistic impairments degrade the system performance, but the presence of direct link has a positive impact on outage and throughput. Additionally, we use the golden search method to optimize the power allocation factor (PAF) and transmission rate to maximize the throughput at the near user while ensuring the throughput constraint at the far user.

TOOLKIT FOR MANAGING JOINT COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN WARTIME SETTINGS

The article presents the research finding in the area of building an integration framework for managing cooperative institutions of higher education in wartime settings. It is emphasized that such transformation has been underpinned in the first place by the demand for innovations by the national economy and active financing of innovative projects. Given that attaining the above objectives in developed economies is of paramount significance, no wonder the institutions from such countries as the USA, Great Britain, Switzerland, China and Singapore are among the top most ranked universities in the world. However, the QS World University Rankings for 2021 features eleven Ukrainian universities. And although their positions range from 401 to 700 among the 959 top world universities, currently, this sample can be considered a tremendous success of domestic institutions of higher education. It is observed that in recent years, higher education institutions all over the world trying to increase their own competitiveness has been quite active in building and supporting cooperative links to develop global competitiveness and ensure their entry into the international market. It is argued that among the benefits of cooperation of higher education institutions in wartime is its strong focus on the recipient of educational services, that is, shifting the emphasis from supply to demand, primarily to meet the real customers’ needs. It is emphasized that the integrated cooperation of higher education institutions greatly contributes to attaining a wide range of various educational goals, in particular, the pursuit of personal training, professional and cultural development, gaining new knowledge, achieving economic goals along with attaining social and the overall synergistic effects.

Resource allocation and BER performance analysis of NOMA based cooperative networks

Resource sharing and management can significantly improve the performance and spectral efficiency of wireless systems. In power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, users share a common bandwidth for simultaneous data transmission and therfore, the spectral efficiency of the system will be improved at the expense of increased complexity. Provided proper power allocation, it is possible to detect symbols at receivers. In this paper, the downlink of a cellular system is considered where a base station (BS) communicates with two users using NOMA with the assistance of a decode-and-forward (DF) relay. In the proposed scheme, receivers combine received signals from direct and cooperative links, and decode symbols by employing successive interference cancellation (SIC). The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and the optimal power allocation is also derived through a Min–Max optimization, and a closed form approximate solution is proposed for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. Furthermore, it is proved that the proposed receiver achieves full diversity order for all users for proper choice of power allocation. Simulation results also corroborate BER and diversity analysis.

Assessment of Social Effects Generated by Railways

Currently, the efficiency of transport systems, both at national level and while developing regional and interregional trade and cooperation links, is considered to be among most important factors for successful and sustainable economic development. The enhancement of transport systems in many cases implies implementation of large infrastructure projects, supposing major investment and generating a series of economic and social effects. And if a few studies have already been devoted to the economic impact, the social sphere has not yet received due attention. The paper refers to an attempt to fill this gap. The scope of the study regards passenger rail transport that has being dynamically developed in many countries and that is paid much attention in strategic documents on development of transport industry in the Russian Federation. The objective of the study is to identify the positive and negative effects generated by projects for development of railways, and to propose approaches to their quantitative measurement. The methods engaged in the study comprise the analysis of academic sources and methodological materials already developed abroad and in Russia, as well as relevant regulatory documents, including the methodology for assessing the socio-economic effects of transport infrastructure construction projects. This made it possible to systematise the existing social effects of railway transport into groups. The shown examples of monetary assessment of these effects are based on the best foreign practices. The results could be useful to the investors and the public administration for making decisions on funding, as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of transport projects, which could ultimately allow to save budget funds, increase the return on investment and solve several social problems.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Topological Evolution of the Global Crude Oil Trade Network

The high separation of crude oil supply and demand markets has led to the formation of a global crude oil trading system. This paper constructs global crude oil trade networks, integrates macro, meso, and micro network analysis methods, combines geospatial visualization techniques, and then portrays the spatiotemporal patterns and topological evolution of the global crude oil trade networks. Thus, it attempts to dig deeper into the world crude oil competition and cooperation links and evolution laws and provides a scientific reference for a comprehensive understanding of the global crude oil market dynamics. The results show that: (1) After three fluctuations of increase and decrease since 2000, the global crude oil trade volume is entering the adjustment period, and the scale of the crude oil market is rising slowly. (2) The international crude oil trade has formed trade network patterns with complex structures, clear hierarchy and unbalanced distribution. The “rich club” phenomenon is significant, with large trading countries dominating the trade network. (3) The scale and density of the global crude oil trade network show a trend of increasing and then decreasing, the network agglomeration pattern becoming more obvious, the inter-nodal links continuously strengthening, and the network connectivity improving. (4) The global crude oil trade networks are characterized by core–periphery structures, and the polarization effect is significant. The US, Russia, China, Japan, the Netherlands, and South Korea hold the core positions in the crude oil trade network, and the major importing countries have become the dominant forces in the trade network. In addition, we present policy suggestions for different types of countries for energy transformation and security in the global trade market system, which can be used as a reference for policymakers.

COOPERATIVE LINKS BETWEEN BUSINESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCAL SYSTEM RESILIENCE. ACASE STUDY OF POLANDS PERIPHERAL REGIONS

his study investigates the extent and nature of cooperative links between businesses in the analysed administrative units (communes) in peripheral regions in terms of their effect on strengthening the resilience of local economy. Empirical research was carried out in 2018 in three peripheral regions of Poland on a sample of 240 entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs participated in creating local (commune-level) supply chains while reporting connections with suppliers outside of local systems. Businesses analysed in this study played a key role in enhancing the diversity of local (commune-level) goods and services markets while time taking into account their customers requirements. Local cooperation promoted strengthening of the competitive edge of cooperating businesses, becoming a local resilience factor. The characteristics of cooperative links presented in the study revealed that the benefits of local cooperation were appreciated more often in the group of businesses with inferior conditions for running and growing a business. Local economic growth policies in peripheral regions should take into account the assumptions arising from the smart village concept. A vital component of these policies in the context of fostering local innovativeness is the focus on the possibility of stimulating cooperation processes within local business sectors. Such focus of local policies may be seen as aimed at enhancing the resilience of local socio-economic systems.

Повышение эффективности процесса коммерциализации наукоёмкой продукции в межрегиональной промышленной кооперации

The relevance of the study is confirmed by the fact that in order to build high-quality organizational and economic models of cooperation systems at the interregional level in modern Russian industry, it is necessary to establish the nature and intensity of interaction between its main components: the initiator of a new scientific and technical idea; resource infrastructure of the production process, information environment for the transmission of technical information. To create and ensure the conditions for the functioning of the cooperation model, its participants are required to solve a set of special management tasks. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors of successful development of interregional industrial cooperation and to develop an organizational scheme for achieving the main objectives. In the course of the study, the objectives of the study were determined: firstly, to propose preparatory and auxiliary elements of interaction for building the organizational structure of the cooperative system; secondly, to determine the factors of successful development of interregional industrial cooperation in the production of high-tech products; thirdly, to distribute the functional links of interregional industrial cooperation that ensure the commercialization of high-tech products. In the framework of the research, the authors used essential analysis, the transition from the particular to the general, the method of logical imperatives, the method of analysis and synthesis. In the paper, the author presents the decision-making process on the scale of interregional industrial cooperation, which requires the creation of an organizational infrastructure that includes appropriate functional blocks. When organizing the internal management infrastructure within the framework of interregional cooperation, functional support for achieving all the tasks set by the participants of the cooperative system is presented. As a result of detailing the stated research topic, an organizational scheme for achieving the main objectives of interregional industrial cooperation is proposed. The directions of resource support for the commercialization of high-tech products in interregional industrial cooperation are substantiated.

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Protein Intake: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis.

Numerous studies have covered exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) topics, ranging from nutritional strategies to recovery methods, but few attempts have adequately explored and analyzed large volumes of scientific output. The purpose of this study was to assess the scientific output and research activity regarding EIMD and protein intake by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1975–2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 351 total publications, with the number of annual publications steadily increasing. The United States has the highest total number of publications (26.21% of total publications, centrality 0.44). Institutional cooperation is mostly geographically limited, with few transnational cooperation links. EIMD and protein intake research is concentrated in high-quality journals in the disciplines of Sport Science, Physiology, Nutrition, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. The top ten journals in the number of publications are mostly high-quality printed journals, and the top ten journals in centrality have an average impact factor of 13.845. The findings of the co-citation clusters and major keyword co-occurrence reveal that the most discussed research topics are “exercise mode”, “nutritional strategies”, “beneficial outcomes”, and “proposed mechanisms”. Finally, we identified the following research frontiers and research directions: developing a comprehensive understanding of new exercise or training models, nutritional strategies, and recovery techniques to alleviate EIMD symptoms and accelerate recovery; applying the concept of hormesis in EIMD to induce muscle hypertrophy; and investigating the underlying mechanisms of muscle fiber and membrane damage.

Application of artificial intelligence in glioma researches: A bibliometric analysis.

BackgroundThere have been no researches assessing the research trends of the application of artificial intelligence in glioma researches with bibliometric methods.PurposeThe aim of the study is to assess the research trends of the application of artificial intelligence in glioma researches with bibliometric analysis.MethodsDocuments were retrieved from web of science between 1996 and 2022. The bibliometrix package from Rstudio was applied for data analysis and plotting.ResultsA total of 1081 documents were retrieved from web of science between 1996 and 2022. The annual growth rate was 30.47%. The top 5 most productive countries were the USA, China, Germany, France, and UK. The USA and China have the strongest international cooperative link. Machine learning, deep learning, radiomics, and radiogenomics have been the key words and trend topics. “Neuro-Oncology”, “Frontiers in Oncology”, and “Cancers” have been the top 3 most relevant journals. The top 3 most relevant institutions were University of Pennsylvania, Capital Medical University, and Fudan University.ConclusionsWith the growth of publications concerning the application of artificial intelligence in glioma researches, bibliometric analysis help researchers to get access to the international academic collaborations and trend topics in the research field.

The Relationship between Buddhist education in Sriwijaya and Buddhist education in India

Development Buddhist education on the island of Sumatra, specifically in the Srivijaya Kingdom, began in the seventh century. At the time, there was a city big a Chinese Buddhist monk I'Tsing who came see that Buddhism was very developed in life Public Srivijaya as well as he said many activity students who come to Srivijaya for study. The purpose of writing this is to have a deeper understanding of the entwined relationship between the Srivijaya Kingdom and India, particularly in the sphere of education. This article will not only analyze the relationship between education and Buddhism in South Sumatra, but will also describe Buddhist education, the relationship that exists between Kingdom Srivijaya and other countries in numerous fields, and provide proofactual links of cooperation in the sphere of Buddhist education that were previously connected The introduction of Hindu-Buddhist culture to Indonesia had a significant impact, such as the beginning of the development of religion and culture imported from India. This method of research is used in article writing to gather knowledge and resources in the form of articles, journals, books, and ebooks. As a result of the research, more detailed information about the entry and development of Buddhism in South Sumatra, as well as the types of relationships and physical evidence, is available.

Experimental assessment of the performance of cooperative links in visible light communications

Cooperative communication is a technique that is employed in the context of visible light communications (VLC) to improve data rate, reach, coverage area and multi-user capacity of installed systems. In this work, we assess the performance of cooperative links with an experimental setup arranged in three configurations, where the position of source, relay and destination is varied, employing an OFDM modulation scheme. Results show that the cooperation improves the bit error ratio (BER) of VLC links, thus enabling faster data rates and more robust systems. BER analysis of the transmitted OFDM signal shows that an improvement of up to one order of magnitude is achieved when comparing the direct and combined cases.

Tweets and Doorknocks. Differentiation and Cooperation between Black Lives Matter and Community Organizing

Because of its genealogy and a shared commitment to racial justice, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement might be expected to have strong cooperative links with community organizing groups. Close, localized study of the interactions between these two approaches to social change reveals, however, something quite different. Far from being harmonious, the relations between BLM and community organizing prove to be marked by distrust, sometimes competition, and, more sporadically, cooperation. This article, based on ethnographic surveys in Los Angeles and Chicago, investigates how the BLM movement deployed and took root at the local level and how it interacted with community organizing groups in both cities. Emphasizing the importance of blending a meso-sociological level of analysis with a micro-sociological approach, we argue that the relations of competition and distinction, embodied in distinct group styles, repertoires of action, and organizational forms, can be explained by taking into account the actors’ resources, social properties, socializations, and trajectories. The article’s comparative perspective also shows that forms of cooperation may exist despite competition, and that cooperation is made possible in particular by younger people playing a bridging role.

Intermittent event-triggered control for finite-time bipartite consensus of second-order multi-agent systems

This article discusses how second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems achieve bipartite consensus in finite-time using intermittent event-triggered control strategies. Due to the problem arising from antagonistic links between neighboring nodes of second-order multi-agents, the finite-time bipartite consensus analysis is investigated, which is more challenging than that with only cooperative communication links. Accounting for limitations of communication bandwidths, an intermittent framework is proposed first. By utilizing algebraic graph theories and gauge transformations, sufficient conditions are given to achieve finite-time consensus in signed second-order multi-agent systems. Second, a hybrid control mechanism combining intermittent control with event-triggered control is developed. Therefore, some finite-time synchronization conditions of second-order multi-agents on signed graphs are further studied. The proposed protocol reduces the updating frequency of the controller, which saves communication resources a lot. Finally, the Zeno behavior is excluded and some numerical examples are performed to show the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

Implementasi Bimbingan Vokasional Melalui Keterampilan Otomotif Roda Dua Untuk Pecandu NAPZA Usia Produktif Sebagai Bekal Keterampilan Pasca Rehabilitasi

This research is motivated because there are still relapses or relapses of productive age drug addicts after entering the post-rehabilitation stage and this research is also a provision of skills for drug addicts and as a place to shift focus and channel their emotional condition after completing rehabilitation. Based on this, this research will discuss and find out how to implement vocational guidance through wheeled automotive skills. This research is a field research which is analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation related to what the researchers did. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 stages of vocational guidance through two-wheeled automotive skills, namely the initial stage: assessment, building relationships and agreeing contracts. The core stage is divided into 5 stages of work, namely: knowing what the client wants in what field, looking for cooperation links, offering training and making contracts, holding debriefing, accompanying and directing clients through training. Core stage: follow-up.