Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 Research Articles

Microwave-assisted and methanol/acetic acid-free method for rapid staining of proteins in SDS-PAGE gels

We describe a microwave-assisted, methanol and acetic acid-free, inexpensive method for rapid staining of SDS-PAGE proteins. Only citric acid, benzoic acid, and Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (CBG) were used. Microwave irradiation reduced the detection duration, and proteins in a clear background were visualized within 30 min of destaining, after 2 min of fixing and 12 min of staining. By using this protocol, comparable band intensities were obtained to the conventional methanol/acetic acid method.

Effective separation of dyes/salts by sulfonated covalent organic framework membranes based on phenolamine network conditioning.

This study developed a modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane controlled by a phenol-amine network and enhanced with a sulfonated covalent organic framework (SCOF), aimed at improving the efficiency of textile wastewater treatment. Utilizing a phenol-amine network control strategy allows for precise manipulation of interfacial reactions in the synthesis of SCOF, achieving highly uniform modification on the surface of the PAN membrane. This modified membrane demonstrated high rejection of over 98% for various water-soluble dyes, including Alcian blue 8GX, Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250, methyl blue, congo red, and rose bengal, and also exhibited specific selectivity in processing salt-containing wastewater. By adjusting the deposition time of the phenol-amine and the concentration of SCOF monomers, optimal retention performance and permeate flux were achieved, effectively separating dyes and salts. This research provides a new and effective solution for treating textile wastewater, especially in separating and recovering dyes and salts, offering broad application prospects in environmental management and water resource management, and highlighting its significant practical implications.

A sensitive Raman spectroscopy sensor for determination cardiac troponin I based on proteolytic peptide magnetic imprinting technology

This paper proposes a selective strategy for quantitative detecting cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in clinical serum samples by using Raman spectroscopy combined with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs). The signature peptide was selected as a template for molecular imprinting due to its chemical stability and small molecular mass. MMIPs were synthetized with the signature peptide as template and methylacrylic acid as monomer in presence of vinyl-modified magnetic particles. MMIPs with high magnetic character and adsorption properties were able to be stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 after the target template was specifically captured, which showing a characteristic absorption peak at Raman shift 1610 cm−1. The Raman signal intensity at 1610 cm−1 showed a linear relationship in the 0.01 to 100 ng·mL−1 concentration range. The recovery of cTnI in serum were 92.7–111.2 % with relative standard deviation in the range of 2.51 % to 8.52 %. This paper has important practical application for preliminary rapid detection of cTnI in clinical serum samples.

Adsorption of anionic dyes onto 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide functionalized magnetic hybrid polymer: Impact of water salinity and surfactants on adsorption isotherms

Herein, an effective hybrid adsorbent based on magnetic chitosan (MC) and magnetic glycidyl methacrylate (Mp(GMA)) was synthesized. The prepared hybrid material was functionalized by 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC), then employed for the adsorption of two anionic dyes (Coomassie brilliant blue G-250; CBB, and Eosin Y; EO) from their synthetic solutions. The as-fabricated adsorbent (MC-Mp(GMA)/DPC) was specifically investigated via FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, TGA, and VSM analyses. The influence of several operational key factors; initial solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and influence of cationic, anionic surfactant, and salinity on adsorption isotherms were investigated. The findings revealed that MC-Mp(GMA)/DPC highest adsorption capacities were recorded in the presence of cationic surfactant (0.795, 0.817 mmol g−1 for CBB and EO, respectively) and salinity hardly affects adsorption isotherms. Moreover, the adsorption process of each dye was reported to fit with the Langmuir model at all conditions, while the PSORE model well-defined their adsorption kinetics. Meanwhile, thermodynamics revealed that the separation of CBB and EO dyes was endothermic. Moreover, MC-Mp(GMA)/DPC possessed a desirable efficacy for the regeneration (e.g., 77.9% and 71.7 for CBB and EO, respectively) up to the 4th cycle, affirming its outstanding renewability. Overall, the produced MC-Mp(GMA)/DPC can potentially be offered as a promising recyclable dye scavenger for wastewater remediation.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acidic and Basic Dye by ZnS and Tin-Doped ZnS Nanocatalysts

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanomaterials were hydrothermally prepared and doped with 2% Tin (Sn). UV–Visible, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the produced NPs. With successful doping, the band gap of ZnS nanomaterials decreased from 3.50 to 3.10 eV. Cubic crystal structure of ZnS and Sn-ZnS nanomaterials was shown by XRD with the average particle size of 16.30 and 18.62 nm, respectively. ZnS nanomaterials were found to have spherical shape, and no change in shape was noticed with Sn-doping. Using TGA analysis, 22.8% and 21.5% weight loss was observed in Zinc sulphide and Tin-doped ZnS nanocatalyst, respectively, at heating range of 40–600 °C revealing their stability to temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles were also used for the photodegradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBB G-250) and Basic Blue-3 (BB-3) dyes in aqueous solution. For photodegradation reaction using bare ZnS and Sn-doped ZnS nanomaterials, activation energies of 8.6 kJ/mol and 32.1 kJ/mol were calculated for ZnS and Sn-ZnS NPs, respectively. First-order reaction kinetics was followed by the photodegradation of both the dyes using these NPs. About 84% and 93% degradation was observed for CBB G-250 dye using bare and Sn-doped ZnS NPs at 240 min time interval while using the same nanoparticles for the degradation of BB-3 dye the degradation reached 83% and 95% at 360 min time, respectively. Low concentration (10 ppm) of dyes, maximum dosage (0.03 g) of the catalysts and increasing temperature up to 70 °C favoured the photocatalytic degradation. Per cent degradation of both the dyes was found higher at low pH(3.5). Both bare Zinc sulphide and Sn-doped Zinc sulphide nanomaterials could be recycled for the given dyes detoxification as shown by the recyclability of the used catalysts, but the performance of Sn-ZnS was higher as compared to pure ZnS. Results of antibacterial studies revealed that the synthesized NPs were more active against E. coli in all concentration as compared to others.

Modeling of adsorptive removal of azithromycin from aquatic media by CoFe2O4/NiO anchored microalgae-derived nitrogen-doped porous activated carbon adsorbent and colorimetric quantifying of azithromycin in pharmaceutical products

Herein, it was aimed to optimize the removal process of Azithromycin (Azi) from the aquatic environment via CoFe2O4/NiO nanoparticles anchored onto the microalgae-derived nitrogen-doped porous activated carbon (N-PAC), besides developing a colorimetric method for the swift monitoring of Azi in pharmaceutical products. In this study, the Spirulina platensis (Sp) was used as a biomass resource for fabricating CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC adsorbent. The pores of N-PAC mainly entail mesoporous structures with a mean pore diameter of 21.546 nm and total cavity volume (Vtotal) of 0.033578 cm3. g−1. The adsorption studies offered that 98.5% of Azi in aqueous media could remove by CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC. For the cyclic stability analysis, the adsorbent was separated magnetically and assessed at the end of five adsorption-desorption cycles with a negligible decrease in adsorption. The kinetic modeling revealed that the adsorption of Azi onto the CoFe2O4/NiO@N-PAC was well-fitted to the second-order reaction kinetics, and the highest adsorption capacity was found as 2000 mg. g−1 at 25 °C based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model at 0.8 g. L−1 adsorbent concentration. The Freundlich isotherm model had the best agreement with the experimental data. Thermodynamic modeling indicated the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Moreover, the effects of pH, temperature, and operating time were also optimized in the colorimetric Azi detection. The blue ion-pair complexes between Azi and Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBBG-250) reagent followed Beer's law at wavelengths of 640 nm in the concentration range of 1.0 μM to 1.0 mM with a 0.94 μM limit of detection (LOD). In addition, the selectivity of Azi determination was verified in presence of various species. Furthermore, the applicability of CBBG-250 dye for quantifying Azi was evaluated in Azi capsules as real samples, which revealed the acceptable recovery percentage (98.72–101.27%). This work paves the way for engineering advanced nanomaterials for the removal and monitoring of Azi and assures the sustainability of environmental protection and public health.

Development of Mixed-Dimensional Membranes Comprising Halloysite Nanotubes and Kevlar Aramid Nanofiber for Enhanced Small-Molecule Dye/Salt Separation

In this work, the novel mixed-dimensional nanofiltration membranes [halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/Kevlar aramid nanofiber (KANF)] with the ability to separate small-molecule dye/salt mixtures were prepared by comprising the rigid HNTs and the soft KANF. The considerable sieving in separating low-molecule dyes from dye/salt mixture solution was designed via the provision of additional channels for water molecules and salt ion transport via the special structure of the hollow structure of HNTs. The optimal 30% HNTs/KANF membrane displayed an eightfold water flux (39.2 L m–2 h–1) of the HNTs-free membrane, the low rejection of salts (21.7% for Na2SO4 and 7.7% for NaCl), and high rejection of various dyes (98.7% for Coomassie brilliant blue G-250, 95.3% for Congo red, 99.5% for Eriochrome black T, and 98.0% for Tropaeolin O). Besides, owing to the hydrophilicity of HNTs and the highly ordered and compact structure of KANF, the HNTs/KANF mixed-dimensional membrane showed excellent antipollution performance and long-term stability. This study provides some ideas for improving the permeability and selectivity of nanofiltration membranes by adding nanomaterials with special structures.

Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 acts as a potential chemical chaperone to stabilize therapeutic insulin.

Our studies show Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 as a promising chemical chaperone that stabilises the α-helical native human insulin conformers, disrupting their aggregation. Furthermore, it also increases the insulin secretion. This multipolar effect coupled with its non-toxic nature could be useful for developing highly bioactive, targeted and biostable therapeutic insulin.

A Method for Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor (UTI) Purification Combining Anion-Exchange Chromatography Enrichment and Preparative SDS-PAGE.

This chapter describes a method for the purification of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with Ser-proteinase inhibitory activity, excreted at high levels into urine following an inflammatory condition. The method consists of two fractionation steps: an anion-exchange chromatography and a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 gel staining. Several UTI bands are excised from gel, minced, destained, and dehydrated for extraction with SDS-containing buffer, at 60°C for 24h. This allows for obtaining a highly purified UTI sample useful for both structural and functional studies.

Comparative Evaluation of Various Root Canal Irrigants on the Marginal Integrity of Furcal Perforation Repair Material: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Furcal perforations can occur during access cavity preparation while locating the canal orifices. This must be sealed immediately. After the repair of furcal perforation, endodontic treatment should be performed with various irrigants to clean the root canal system. This procedure causes unavoidable contact of endodontic irrigants with the site of furcal repair. Aim: To evaluate the effect of root canal irrigants on the marginal integrity of furcal perforation repair material using protein leakage assessment. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted from June to September of 2021 in Kalinga institute of dental sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. A total of 90 extracted mandibular molars with intact furcation were used. Access cavities were prepared. Based on the repair materials, samples were randomly divided into two groups. An artificial perforation of diameter 2 mm was made in the furcation area. The specimens were divided according to the furcation perforation repair materials used: Biodentine, Endosequence (n=45 each). Perforations were filled with Biodentine, Endosequence. They were then subdivided into three subgroups, each containing samples of (n=15) according to the irrigating solutions used. Each group was irrigated with 0.2% Chitosan, Chloroquick, and 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) for two minutes, respectively. Protein {Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)} microleakage was checked by preparing apparatus having upper, lower chamber. Protein leakage through the furcation repair material into the lower chamber was assessed by Ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometry. The microleakage was assessed with a reagent Coomassie Brilliant BlueG-250 daily for 60 days. Intergroup comparisons were made using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test. The multi group comparisons were made using Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests. Results: A 0.2% Chitosan showed more protein leakage than Chloroquick over a period of 60 days (p<0.0001), as compared to the baseline, 30 days values with both the furcation repair materials. A 5.25% NaOCl irrigated samples exhibited highest protein leakage among all the irrigants. Conclusion: Biodentine has a better sealing ability than Endosequence BC sealer. Chloroquick proved to be the better irrigant as compared to Chitosan, Hypochlorite in terms of affecting sealing of furcation repair materials.

Analysis of the enzymatic degradation of lysozyme fibrils using a combination method of non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and double staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 and R-250 dyes.

The Amyloid fibrils of proteins are involved in various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. To suppress such amyloid fibrils, it is essential to develop methods to elucidate their enzymatic degradation process. Lysozyme in egg white has been well studied as a model protein of amyloid fibrils. Here, we establish a method for separating and evaluating both lysozyme fibrils and their enzymatic degradation products by combining non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and anionic dye staining with Congo red and two Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) dyes. By combining non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and amyloid-specific Congo red staining, the separation site of lysozyme fibril was stained explicitly by Congo red and identified on the gel, and the amount of lysozyme fibrils decreased following the enzymatic degradation of lysozyme fibrils. Both lysozyme fibrils and their enzymatic degradation products were separated and examined by combining non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and double staining with CBB G-250 and R-250 dyes. Protein stained with negatively charged colloidal CBB G-250 could migrate to the anode side of electrophoresis. Following gel electrophoresis, noncolloidal CBB R-250 was used to detect lysozyme fibrils and the enzymatic degradation products. This method can be applied to investigate the enzymatic degradation process of amyloid fibrils.

Higher resolution protein band visualisation via improvement of colloidal CBB-G staining by gel fixation

BackgroundGel staining is a crucial step that allows the visualisation of proteins separated through SDS-PAGE. Colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue-G (CBB-G) staining is among the commonly used visualisation methods due to several factors such as compatibility with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, sensitivity, reproducibility, and simplicity of the staining process. However, the standard colloidal CBB-G staining has a drawback: the resolution of protein bands is compromised because of diffusion of proteins during the washing step.ResultsA modification to an established colloidal CBB-G staining method, which greatly increases the resolution of protein bands, is described. The addition of a fixation step, which prevents the diffusion of proteins during the washing step, is shown to increase protein band resolution.ConclusionThe fixation step is fast, flexible, and also retains all the advantages of the standard colloidal CBB-G staining methods. As there are no drawbacks, incorporating this fixation step into the standard colloidal CBB-G staining is an easy way to improve protein visualisation in SDS-PAGE.Graphical

Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by regulating the NF-κB and NLRP3 crosstalk: A novel approach for filling an unmet medical need

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a life-threatening disorder with a very poor prognosis. Because of the complexity of PF pathological mechanisms, filling such an unmet medical need is challenging. A number of pulmonary diseases have been linked to the activation of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (CBBG) is proved to be a safe highly selective P2×7R antagonist with promising consequent inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This is the first report to investigate the effect of CBBG on the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Our findings revealed that CBBG resulted in a significant improvement in histological features and oxidative status biomarkers of bleomycin-exposed lung tissue. Additionally, CBBG repressed collagen deposition as indicated after the analysis of hydroxyproline, TGF-β, PDGF-BB, TIMP-1, MMP-9, Col1a1, SMA and ICAM-1. It also exhibited anti-inflammatory potential as revealed by the determination of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, MCP-1 in the lung tissue. In the bronchoalveolar lavage, the total protein and the LDH activity were substantially reduced. The lung protective effects of CBBG might be attributed on the one hand to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and on the other hand to the inactivation of NF-κB. Decreased levels of phospho-p65 and its DNA-binding activity as well as the analysis of TLR4 confirmed NF-κB inactivation. Caspase-1 activity is suppressed as a consequence of inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. To conclude, CBBG may act as a primary or adjuvant therapy for the management of PF and therefore it may pose an opportunity for a novel approach to an unmet medical need.

Fabrication of highly permeable CS/NaAlg loose nanofiltration membrane by ionic crosslinking assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly for dye desalination

• Membranes were prepared by ionic crosslinking assisted layer-by-layer assembly. • Natural polyelectrolytes were used for self-assembly. • The loose nanofiltration membrane had a high permeate flux. A loose nanofiltration (NF) membrane for dye desalination was prepared by ionic crosslinking assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The natural chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) were used as the cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, respectively. CaCl 2 was used as the ionic crosslinker based on the chelating ability of NaAlg and CS to Ca 2+ ions. The structures, morphologies and surface charge properties of the assembly layers were characterized. In addition, the effects of self-assembly conditions and operation conditions on the filtration performances of composite membranes were evaluated systematically. The results indicate that the dye rejection of assembled membrane increases due to the crosslinking of Ca 2+ ions. The resultant HPAN-(CS/NaAlg) 3 membrane shows high rejections to dyes (98.8% for Congo red, 98.9% for Coomassie brilliant blue G-250, 98.5% for Direct black 38) and low rejections to inorganic salts. Moreover, HPAN-(CS/NaAlg) 3 membrane exhibits high permeate flux (54.8 L·m −2 ·h −1 ·bar −1 ), good stability in continuous filtration and antifouling property.

Colorimetric determination of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by using aggregation with a carbocyanine dye

It was found that the commercial carbocyanine dye IR-783 containing sulfo groups forms aggregates with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in a slightly alkaline medium yielding a new absorption band, a change in the solution color from blue to yellow (Dl = 350 nm), and a change in the fluorescence intensity in the near-IR region. CTAB was determined by the photometric method by photographing the reaction mixture in a 96-well plate with a smartphone camera or in a Camag visualizer. The difference between the intensities of the red and blue channels (R – B), corresponding to the yellow color, was used as an analytical signal. The linear range in an aqueous solution is (3 – 25)·10–6 M, the detection limit is 1.6·10–6 M, and the relative standard deviation is 2–5%. The determination is not affected with a number of non-ionic surfactants, inorganic salts and polymers; the anionic surfactants interfere. Other cationic surfactants also give analytical signals, but with different sensitivities. The characteristics of the literature method for the determination of CTAB based on the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye and the proposed method are comparable. A sample of CTAB-containing lysing buffer solution was analyzed.

Preparation of microbeads grafted with poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) cationic polyelectrolyte as recyclable and effective adsorbents for organic dyes

Brush polymers have been widely used as a suitable replacement for many adsorbents due to their economical cost, reusability, and mechanical strength. Here, cationic polyelectrolyte microbeads poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethylene dimethacrylate)-g-poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) marked as p(HEMA/EDMA)-g-p(AEtMAC) were prepared by a combination of suspension and controlled radical polymerization methods. Microbeads displayed nonporous, spherical, and uniform morphology with a size of about 250 μm. Thermal stability decreased after grafting of p(AEtMAC) onto the surface of p(HEMA/EDMA)-Br and the final microbeads p(HEMA/EDMA)-g-p(AEtMAC) exhibited the onset degradation temperature of 200 °C. The adsorption of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 (CBB) and methyl orange (MO) anionic dyes at different adsorbent dosages (0.5–3 g L−1) and constant concentration of dye (50 mg L−1) was investigated. The adsorbent at the optimum dosage of 2 g L−1 was selected. More than 90% of the mentioned dyes were removed in the optimum pH range of 5–6. The maximum adsorption capacities 145 and 135 mg dye g−1 adsorbent were obtained for MO and CBB dyes, respectively, at ambient temperature and 300 mg L−1 dye concentration. Adsorptions of the MO and CBB on the adsorbent were well fitted to Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively, which obeyed the quasi-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption enthalpy change values for MO and CBB were found to be 32.17 and 17.59 KJ mol−1, correspondingly, which indicated the exothermic property and the physical nature of the adsorption. Furthermore, the entropy change values of 130 and 70 J mol−1 were determined for MO and CBB, respectively. Positive values of entropy changes are related to the increase in irregularity during dye adsorption on the cationic adsorbent.

Coomassie brilliant blue G 250 modified carbon paste electrode sensor for the voltammetric detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers

In this present study, coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (CBBG) modified electrode was fabricated for the specific and simultaneous detection of three dihydroxybenzene isomers such as resorcinol (RS), catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ). The fabrication of the modified electrode was carried out by electrochemical polymerization of CBBG on the surface of unmodified electrode. The surface structures of bare and fabricated electrode were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The established electrode portrays the very fine interface with these isomers and displayed the sufficient sensitivity and selectivity. The specific parameters of pH solution, scan rate and varying the concentration of analytes were optimized at the modified electrode. The sensor process was originated to be adsorption-controlled activity and the low limit of detection (LOD) for RS and CC was attained at 0.24 and 0.21 µM respectively. In the simultaneous study, designed sensor clearly implies the three well separated anodic peaks for RS, HQ and CC nevertheless in unmodified electrode it failed. Also, the constructed electrode was applied for the real sample analysis in tap water and obtained results are agreeable and it consistent in-between 92.80–99.48%.

Multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles bio-fabricated from Canna indica L. flowers for seed germination, adsorption, and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes

The potential of green nanomaterials for environmental and agricultural fields is emerging due to their biocompatible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective performance. We report the use of Canna indica flowers extract as new capping and stabilizing source to bio-fabricate ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs for dyes removal, seed germination. ZnO NPs was biosynthesized by ultrasound-assisted alkaline-free route to reach the critical green strategy. The physicochemical findings of ZnO revealed small crystallite size (27.82 nm), sufficient band-gap energy (3.08 eV), and diverse functional groups. Minimum‑run resolution IV approach found the most pivotal factors influencing on removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Uptake studies pointed out that pseudo second-order, and Langmuir were the best fitted models. Dye molecules behaved monolayer adsorption on ZnO surface layers, and controlled by chemisorption. Natural solar light was used as effective source for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (94.23% of removal and 31.09 mg/g of uptake capacity). Compared with H2O and ZnSO4, ZnO NPs positively affected the growth of shoot and root lengths (10.2–27.8%) of bean seedlings in most cases. ZnO acts an agrochemical for boosting weight gain, and germination ratio. This study may be promising for developing the recyclable, multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles for environmental and agricultural applications.

Conjugated polymers with anionic dyes: Synthesis, properties, and sensing ability for nucleosides, DNA, and BSA

AbstractThe reaction of N‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)pyridinium chloride (salt[Cl−]) with sodium salts of anionic dyes, such as acid red 52 (AR52), acid violet 49 (AV49), and coomassie brilliant blue G‐250 (CBBG250) involves an anion exchange between the chloride anion of salt(Cl−) and sulfonium anion of the dyes, resulting in the generation of novel Zincke salts, namely, salt(AR52), salt(AV49), and salt(CBBG250), respectively. Reactions of salt(AR52), salt(AV49), and salt(CBBG250) with piperazine in the absence of catalysts resulted in the opening of the pyridinium ring to yield ionic polymers comprising units of 5‐piperazinium‐2,4‐dienylideneammonium and the corresponding dye anion, namely polymer(AR52), polymer(AV49), and polymer(SBBG250), respectively. The corresponding model compounds for the polymers were also synthesized by reacting salt(AR52), salt(AV49), and salt(CBBG250) with piperidine. Polymer(AV49) and polymer(SBBG250) were found to be suitable for the detection of nucleosides, DNA, and proteins, realized by monitoring the changes in their UV–vis absorption spectra, arising from the anionic dyes within the polymers. The polymers and the model compounds were electrochemically oxidized in solution.

Bio-Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by a Halophilic Bacterium Salinivibrio sp.

Synthetic dyes, extensively used in various industries, act as pollutants in the aquatic environment, and pose a significant threat to living beings. In the present study, we assessed the potential of a halophilic bacterium Salinivibrio kushneri HTSP isolated from a saltpan for decolorization and bioremediation of synthetic dyes. The genomic assessment of this strain revealed the presence of genes encoding the enzymes involved in decolorization mechanisms including FMN-dependent NADH azoreductase Clade III, which cleave the azo bond of the dye, and the enzymes involved in deamination and isomerization of intermediate compounds. The dye decolorization assay was performed using this bacterial strain on three water-soluble dyes in different concentrations: Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) G-250 (500–3,000 mg/L), Safranin, and Congo red (50–800 mg/L). Within 48 h, more than 80% of decolorization was observed in all tested concentrations of CBB G-250 and Congo red dyes. The rate of decolorization was the highest for Congo red followed by CBB G-250 and then Safranin. Using UV-Visible spectrometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, peaks were observed in the colored and decolorized solutions. The results indicated a breakdown of dyes upon decolorization, as some peaks were shifted and lost for different vibrations of aromatic rings, aliphatic groups (–CH2, –CH3) and functional groups (–NH, –SO3H, and –SO3−) in decolorized solutions. This study has shown the potential of S. kushneri HTSP to decolorize dyes in higher concentrations at a faster pace than previously reported bacterial strains. Thus, we propose that our isolated strain can be utilized as a potential dye decolorizer and biodegradative for wastewater treatment.