Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends Research Articles

Investigation on nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of particulate along the exhaust after-treatment of a diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends.

In this study, the nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of soot particulate along the exhaust after-treatment system of a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends are investigated by TEM, XPS, and TGA respectively. The main findings are as follows: Along the exhaust after-treatment system, fringe length of primary particles of soot particulate emitted from tested heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with B0, B10, B20, and B100, i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, and 100% ratio of WCO biodiesel blended into petroleum diesel in volume respectively increases, while fringe tortuosity and separation distance of primary particles reduces. The fringe length of B10, B20, and B100 is smaller, but the fringe tortuosity and separation distance are larger than that of B0. The O/C ratio of soot particulate tends to increase firstly and then decrease as the exhaust passes through DOC+cDPF and SCR+ASC in sequence. The O/C ratio of B10, B20, and B100 are also higher than that of B0. Soot particulate at cDPF outlet contains carborundum and biuret is found at SCR+ASC outlet. The sp3/sp2 ratio decreases along the exhaust after-treatment system, and B10, B20, and B100 tend to get higher sp3/sp2 ratio than B0. The C-OH and C=O content of soot particulate from different WCO biodiesel blends show generally similar trends along the exhaust after-treatment system, while the activation energy of soot particulate keeps increasing along the exhaust after-treatment system, but decreases with the increasing of blend ratio. These findings can provide useful references for optimizing the after-treatment system for WCO biodiesel blends.

Influence of hydrogen-assisted combustion in compression ignition engines fueled with fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel using toroidal combustion chamber

In this research study, fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel (P/WCO) were examined for combustion analysis, engine performance, and emission characteristics tests. Improved combustion and engine performance were achieved using a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) and hydrogen supply as a dual fuel. The combustion behavior of fuel blends and hydrogen fuel was examined by varying the engine load at a constant speed. The results revealed that significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption for rich pine oil. Thus, a slightly lesser energy share from the fuel blends and a higher energy share from the hydrogen fuel was required for the engine to maintain the same brake power. Lower viscosity, higher flash point, and presence of oxygen in the pine oil enhance the combustion rate and brake thermal efficiency. Furthermore, hydrogen induction in the engine improves the flame velocity. A lesser crevice volume in the TCC can trap the unburnt fuel which can further increase the combustion efficiency. Thus, rich pine oil with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC causes advanced ignition, improved combustion, and more heat release during the combustion. The investigation results revealed that hydrogen induction increases the heat release rate and peak pressure by 7.4% and 2.67%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum of 24.55% increase in BTE and 18.22% reduction in BSFC was observed due to a constant 10 lpm hydrogen induction. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel significantly reduces the emissions such as CO, HC, CO2, and smoke. However, more NOx was generated due to more heat release rate during combustion. Thus, pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC improve the engine performance and mitigate the toxic pollutants and can be a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.

Compatibility Effects of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blend on Fuel System Elastomers in Compression Ignition Engines.

Alternative energy sources, such as biodiesel, play a vital role in environmental protection. Waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel has promising applications in compression ignition engines. A major problem regarding biodiesel implementation is the deterioration and materials incompatibility of existing fuel system components with biodiesel. Variations in the composition of fuel prompted by the inclusion of biodiesel cause a variety of issues in diesel engine fuel systems where the elastomer is generally utilized as the fuel hose material and sealings. In this experimental work, the effects of the diesel and WCO biodiesel blends (B8, B16, B24, and B100) on Buna-N, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), and polystyrene (PS) were examined by the immersion test, which was conducted for 160 h at various immersion temperatures of 30, 60, and 80 °C, respectively. The study also showed that the use of elastomer materials like Buna-N, EPR, and PS in diesel engines fueled up to 20% WCO biodiesel blends is advantageous; the overall compatibility improves by 100% compared to that obtained using neat diesel. The outcome revealed remarkable behavior changes, including a minor increase in volume and a slight loss in tensile strength and hardness compared to that observed using neat diesel fuel. The expansion of rubber materials increases over 60 °C, although the rate of this process decreases above 80 °C. It has been found that the expansion of rubber materials is unaffected by the acid concentration of the WCO biodiesel blends but significantly affected by the moisture content.

Multi-objective Parameter Optimization of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Diesel Blend using RSM-NSGA-II

Multi-objective Parameter Optimization of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Diesel Blend using RSM-NSGA-II

Unjuk Kerja Mesin Diesel Berbahan Bakar Campuran Biodiesel Jatropha- Jelantah 1:9

In the context of a rapidly growing industry and increasing energy needs, the dwindling sources of fossil fuels prompt the necessity for alternative fuels. This study focuses on the performance of diesel engines running on a blended biodiesel made from jatropha oil and waste cooking oil in a 1:9 ratio. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biodiesel fuel made from jatropha oil and waste cooking oil on diesel engine performance and fuel physical properties. The tests include an evaluation of the fuels physical properties, injection characteristics, engine speed, generated power, and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Results indicate that although this blended biodiesel has higher density and viscosity compared to diesel, it offers promising calorific value and spray angle. Moreover, engines using this fuel showed relatively stable engine speeds and power outputs, along with efficient SFC at higher loads. The jatropha-waste cooking oil biodiesel blend shows potential as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly alternative fuel

Effect of Dwell Angle and Two-Stage Fueling Approach on the Engine Parameters of CRDi Engine using WCO Biodiesel Blends

In this paper, the impact of dwell angle and two-stage fueling technique on engine efficiency and tailpipe emissions in a 3.5 kW powered four-stroke diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends were investigated. An experiment with single-cylinder high-pressure CRDi equipped diesel engine was executed at two different dwell angles (5° CA and 10° CA) with varying pilot fueling quantities of 10% and 20% at nozzle fueling pressure of 600 bar. The outcomes revealed that the combined effect of dwell angle and two-stage fueling techniques had enhanced the BTE by 8.13% for B20P20 pilot fueling timing (PFT) of 28° bTDC, whereas BSFC lowers for B20P20 blend at pilot fueling timing of 33° bTDC. Comparing B20P20 PFT at 28° bTDC to PFT at 33° bTDC, CO, HC and smoke emissions drop by 72.72%, 37.04%, and 93.75%, respectively. The nitrogen oxide reduction is unaffected by two-stage fueling strategy among all the test sample fuels and significantly higher for the biodiesel blends than mineral diesel.

Influence of varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles and engine speed on the performance and emissions of diesel engine operated on waste cooking oil biodiesel blends using response surface methodology

For a few decades now fast depleting fossil fuels has been a major challenge. Fast expanding population and increased rate of urbanization has increased energy demand. This makes the current scenario worse. Fossil fuels' emissions are another challenge. Apart from fossil fuel emissions, the untreated disposal of waste cooking oil presents another environment’s sustainability challenge. The treatment of waste cooking oil as fuel presents a tangible solution to challenge. In this research article, impact of the engine speed and the concentration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in diesel-biodiesel blended fuels on the engine’s performance. The emission characteristics of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine has also been examined. TiO2 NPs were produced by a sol-gel methodology. The diesel-biodiesel combination was fortified with TiO2 NPs at 40, 80 and 120 ppm. These mixtures were used to power the diesel engine, which was then run at 1150, 1400, 1650, 1900 and 2150 RPM. Interaction between engine speeds and nanoparticle concentrations and investigation of their combined effect on engine performance and emissions was done using response surface methodology. The minimum BSFC of 0.33994 kg/kWh and maximum BTE of 25.90% were found for B30 + 120 ppm biodiesel blend at 2150 rpm as compared to all other tested fuels. The emissions including CO and HC emissions were recorded as 25.61486 kg/kWh and 0.05289kg/kWh respectively at 2150 rpm for B30 + 120 ppm biodiesel blend while NOx on the contrary side exhibits a slight escalation with increasing engine speed and nanoparticles concentration. The findings of the experiments demonstrated that adding TiO2 nanoparticles to diesel–biodiesel blends is an effective way to enhance the performance of diesel engines while simultaneously reducing the emissions. It was also discovered that the mathematical model that was built can efficiently estimate the performance of the engine and the emission levels.

Thermal and vibration analysis of CI engine using diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

Compression Ignition (CI) engines can operate on blend of diesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD). In order to reduce the consumption of diesel, a rapidly depleting fossil fuel, can be replaced with WCOBD, which was derived from waste cooking oil (WCO). To support this, an experimental analysis is carried out on combustion, performance, emission and vibration characteristics of CI engines using blends of diesel and WCOBD. As a result, the WCOBD is recommended to replace the diesel partially in order to address the issues raised due to large usage of diesel and re-use of cooking oil. The large usage of diesel causes pollution. Similarly, the re-use of cooking oil leads to severe health issues such as cancers and lungs related diseases. The diesel and blend of diesel and WCOBD such as BD10 (Blend of 90% diesel and 10% WCOBD), BD20, BD30 and BD40 are used as fuels in the test engine. According to the experimental results, at full load and 1500 RPM, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of the engine utilizing BD20 is 32.36%, with a Rate of Pressure Rise (RPR) of 4.48 bar/0CA. Further increase in WCOBD% resulted in decreased BTE. At BD20 CO and HC emissions decreased marginally. In comparison to other fuels, BD20 has a reduced vibration acceleration i.e., 0.10 m/s2. Therefore, it can be inferred that the engine without any modifications can operate on BD20 blend as it has a modest BTE, RPR, and low vibration and low emission as compared to other WCOBD blends.

Experimental probe into an automative engine run on waste cooking oil biodiesel blend at varying engine speeds

The present work attempts to evaluate the performance of an automotive diesel engine run on waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) blend at variable engine speeds. The composition of the blend (B40) used in the study is 40% WCO and 60% diesel by volume and the engine used for the experimentation is a naturally aspirated, water-cooled and direct injection type having a compression ratio of 18:1. The engine settings used in the study are an injection timing (IT) of 150bTDC and a fuel injection pressure (IP) of 500 bar. The performance and emissions characteristics of the automotive engine are studied at various loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% and at different engine speeds of 1500, 1800 and 2400 rpm. The first two rotational speeds are chosen to study the stationary power generation capabilities of the blend, while the feasibility of blend for automotive applications has been evaluated at 2400 rpm. Experiments have also been conducted on the engine run on mineral diesel fuel in order to make a comparative analysis. At full load, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is found to be 21.51%, 25.48% and 23.56% for the blend at 1500, 1800 and 2400 rpm, respectively. At 2400 rpm and at 20% and 40% loads, the blend shows an absolute improvement in BTE of 0.17% and 0.03%, respectively over diesel fuel. On an average, there is a decrease of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 87.5%, 22.22% and 14.28% at 1500, 1800 and 2400 rpm as compared to diesel fuel. At 1500 and 2400 rpm, there is an average absolute increase in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 1.6 ppm and 9.6 ppm, respectively; while at 1800 rpm, an average decrease in HC emissions by 4 ppm is observed vis-a-vis diesel fuel. While emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) as compared to diesel fuel increased on an average by 19.43%, 26.09% and 1.01% at 1500, 1800 and 2400 rpm, respectively.

Investigation Of Waste Cooking Oil-Diesel Blend With Copper Oxide Additives As Fuel For Diesel Engine Under Variations In Fuel Injection Pressure

Fuel Injection is a significant factor when biodiesel-diesel blends are fired in diesel engines as they have very diverse property when related to diesel. The current work describes unusual experimental study of CI engine fuelled with Waste cooking methyl ester with copper oxide nano additives at varying fuel injection pressures. The Copper oxide nano additives were manufactured using homogenous addition method and were subjected to studies such as XRD and SEM characterization. These synthesized nanoparticles were later added in waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (WCO20) with levels of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40ppm. The results were noted from a DI-CI VCR engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer. The addition of CuO particles reduces the ignition delay of WCO20 and raises the thermal efficiency of the engine by an average of 3.9% and limits HC emission by 15.6%.

Experimental Investigation of the Biodiesel Direct Injection and Diesel Fuel as Premixed Charge on CI-Engine Emissions, Performance, and Combustion Characteristics

This study aims to investigate the use of waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (B30D70) in CDC mode and the use of different premixing ratios of diesel vapor (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) through manifold injection at a manifold premixed temperature of 110 ⁰C in PCCI mode when using biodiesel blend (B30D70) as the main fuel and diesel as the premixed fuel. The experiments were carried out on 4-stroke, single-cylinder, air cooled, DI diesel engine which was modified to run in PCCI mode with adding a fuel vaporizer to create the external homogeneous mixture. The engine combustion parameters, performance, and emissions characteristics were fully discussed, and the results were compared with these of CDC mode fueled by diesel. The obtained results for the use of B30D70 fuel indicates a certain decrement for exhaust gas temperature, HC, and CO emissions, but with a penalty in brake thermal efficiency, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experiments revealed that the best results were indicated for 20% diesel vapor in PCCI mode as CO, HC, NOx, and EGT reduced by 34.62%, 43.75%, 2.65% and 8.53% respectively and almost has the same BTE compared to CDC mode fueled by diesel. While increasing PR to 25% and 30% decrease the volumetric efficiency leads to rich mixture and deterioration of combustion and increase CO, HC and smoke emissions.

Synthesis of methacrylate–vinyl acetate–N-phenylmethylpropionamide terpolymers as pour point depressants and combined with methyl palmitoleate to improve the cold flowability of waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

Biodiesel, especially waste cooking oil biodiesel, which is economical and widely sourced, is considered to gradually replace petro-diesel by its blend with diesel in a certain ratio, but poor cold flowability is one of the key factors affecting the generalization and application of biodiesel blends. Therefore, studies should exploit new and efficient pour point depressants (PPDs) that can significantly improve the cold flowability of biodiesel blends at small dosages. Herein, a series of methacrylate–vinyl acetate–N-phenylmethylpropionamide terpolymers (RMC-VA-NPM, R = C12, C14, C16, C18) was synthesized by radical polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography as PPDs. Then, these PPDs were applied to 20 vol% waste cooking oil biodiesel and 80 vol% petro-diesel (B20), which contained the optimal blend of biodiesel and petro-diesel. In this work, C14MC-VA-NPM (15:1:1) at 2000 ppm showed the best improvement of effect on improving the cold flowability of B20. Correspondingly, the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) were reduced by 14 °C and 16 °C, respectively. Notably, the combined PPDs (PPDC-3) composed of C14MC-VA-NPM (15:1:1) and methyl palmitoleate (a component of biodiesel) at a 4:1 mass ratio had a better depressing effect. The 1000 ppm PPDC-3 reduced the CFPP and PP of B20 by 17 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The depressing effects were also compared with previous reports. In addition, B20 with PPDs was used for in-depth mechanism study using differential scanning calorimetry, rheological analysis, and polarizing optical microscopy.

Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics with cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

The study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine with variable compression ratio using nanoparticles blended biofuel. The cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been blended in corresponding ratios with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. Further, response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was used to evaluate engine performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and emission characteristics (such as NOx, CO, and CO2 emission). In addition, the quadratic models were obtained to investigate the influence of input parameters on each output response with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desirability approach was used to obtain the optimal engine performance and emission characteristics. The analysis revealed that WCO blended with CeO2 nanoparticles fuel improves CI engines’ performance and reduces their hazardous emissions. The compression ratio of 14:1 at 10.29% blend composition and 50 ppm concentration level of nanoparticles with composite desirability of 0.858 was found to be the engine’s optimal operating conditions. At optimal conditions, BTE, BSFC, NOx, CO, and CO2 were 36.62%, 0.2204 kg/kW-h, 168 ppm, 0.0192%, and 1.132% respectively.

Experimental analysis of diesel/biodiesel blends with a nano additive for the performance and emission characteristics of CI Engine

Recently nano additives have proven their significance in biodiesels to overcome the challenges of fossil fuels in CI engines. The current study examines the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine on waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCME) blends with Titanium oxide (TiO2) nano additives. TiO2 of 50 and 100 ppm were added in WCME blends with the help of magnetic stirring, followed by ultrasonication. Test fuel with 100 ppm of TiO2 and WCME30 (30% WCME and 70% neat Diesel) showed a 4.04% improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 3.3% decrement in BSEC. Moreover, lowered NOx, HC, and CO exhaust emissions by 1.7%, 14%, and 17.46% respectively than neat Diesel. So WCME30 with 100 ppm concentration of TiO2 can be utilized as a potential fuel for a single cylinder four-stroke compression ignition engine with the compression ratio of 18:1.

Bifunctional additive phenolic acids grafted ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers for improving the cold flow properties and oxidative stability of waste cooking oil biodiesel-diesel blends

Poor cold flow properties (CFPs) and oxidative stability (OS) are the main commercial obstacles affecting the application of biodiesel. Most additives only improve a single specific property. In this study, a bifunctional additive was prepared to improve the CFPs and OS of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends. 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DTBHA) and gallic acid (GA) were grafted on the ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with different VA contents, and the grafted EVAs were used as the cold flow improvers and antioxidants for B20 (20 vol% WCO biodiesel + 80 vol% diesel fuel). EVA with 25 % VA content (EVA-2) at 0.15 wt% dosage exhibited better reduction on cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) by 5 °C, 7 °C, and 10 °C, respectively. The EVA had depression effects on the CFPs of B20, whereas it had no effects on OS. The EVA presented further improvement on the CFPs and OS of B20 after the grafting of phenolic acids. Bio-based GA-grafted EVA showed better improvement effects than that of commercial DTBHA. EVA-GA-2 exhibited better effects on the CFPs and OS at an optimal dosage of 0.1 wt%, and the CP, PP, and CFPP reduced by 5 °C, 10 °C, and 11 °C, respectively. The induction period increased from 1.66 h to 25.56 h. The effects of the bifunctional additive on CFPs and OS of B20 were discussed.

Performance and Emission Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Mixed with Titanium Oxide Nano-Additives

People are using biodiesel in compression ignition engines because it is more environmentally friendly and can be used as a good alternative to diesel. There is a new technology called nanoparticles that can change the way a fuel works. Because waste cooking has a lot of oil in it, it can make biodiesel. To make biodiesel, transesterification was used to turn nonedible oil from waste cooking oil into biodiesel that could be used. Nanoparticles made of titanium oxide were studied by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive X-ray analysis, among other things. TiO2 nanoparticles are spread out in different amounts in the biodiesel blend. The dosage levels range from 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Tests on how titanium nanoparticles in a waste cooking oil biodiesel blend affect a diesel engine’s performance and how it emits were conducted in this study too. At a steady speed, the engine was used when there was a lot of work to do. Tests show that the WCOME 20 TiO2 100 ppm blend worked well. With the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles, there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and at the same time, there is a decrease in BSFC. It is also less harmful to the environment than other blends, except for NOx, which does no’t change.

Effects of Injector Nozzle Number of Holes and Fuel Injection Pressures on the Diesel Engine Characteristics Operated with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

This work covers the impact of varying injector nozzle hole numbers (INHNs) and fuel injection pressures (IPs) on fuel atomization, performance, and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The primary goal of this research was to improve fuel characteristics. Increasing INHNs and fuel IPs have a substantial impact on the blended fuel viscosity and density, which leads to increased atomization and mixing rates, as well as combustion and engine efficiency. The fuel atomization was checked by varying the INHNs with an operating diesel fuel using the ANSYS Fluent spray simulation work. The experimental test was performed on the fuel blends of waste cooking oil (WCO)–diesel blends from 10 to 30% (with an increment of 10%) by evaluating the performance and emission parameters. The fuel IPs were altered on four, such as 190, 200 (default), 210, and 220 bar with a modification of INHN of 1 (default), 3, and 4), each 0.84, 0.33, and 0.25 mm in orifice size, respectively. The simulation result shows that the INHN-4 has better fuel atomization. Whereas the experimental test revealed that the increment in blending ratio of WCO was up to 30%, INHNs and fuel IPs enhanced the BSFC and BTE and reduced exhaust emissions. The results indicate that increasing the fuel IP up to 210 bar with a 4-hole INHN for B30 was the optimal combination for the overall enhancement of BSFC and BTE, as well as lower CO and HC emissions with a minor rise in NOx when compared to the baseline diesel.

Emulsification of waste cooking oil biodiesel blend with hydrogen peroxide to assess tailpipe emissions and performance of a compression ignition engine

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an excellent oxidant carrier that finds its use in combustion and fuel applications. In the present study, H2O2 (30% assay) is used as an emulsifier in waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (B20) and the emissions and performance in a compression ignition engine are assessed. Along with the neat B20, three blends of B20 with 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% H2O2 concentrations are used. Increasing the concentration of H2O2 beyond 1.5% resulted in vapor lock in the fuel pump leading to a loss in injection pressure. An increase in the exhaust gas temperature was recorded with the increase in H2O2 concentration due to improved fuel properties, like, cetane number, thermal conductivity, and microexplosions of fuel droplets. However, NOx emissions decreased mainly due to the presence of the hydroperoxyl group from H2O2. Analysis of variance was also carried out to assess the statistical significance of H2O2 on the responses and is seen that the maximum impact of H2O2 was positively influencing brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), hydrocarbon (HC), and NOx. Compared with the B20 blend, H2O2 emulsified fuel with a concentration of 1.5% showed a substantial reduction of 53.7%, 28.6%, 14.2%, and 16.2% in the average emissions of CO, HC, smoke, and NOx, respectively. Similarly, 7.9% and 7.1% improvement in the BTE and BSFC is obtained. However, more studies are required to ascertain the NOx reduction mechanism and address issues of fuel vaporization at higher concentrations of H2O2.

Experimental analysis of real-world emissions using ultra-low carbon intensity biodiesel for a light-duty diesel vehicle in Monterrey metropolitan area

Experiments were conducted employing a light-duty diesel vehicle filled with complete characterized 5%, 10%, and 20% volume ultra-low carbon intensity waste cooking oil biodiesel blends for determining real-world emission rates and emission factors, which were compared to those of petroleum diesel for three driving modes, namely, low, medium, and high cruise speed, and transient conditions. Chemical characterization of blended and pure fuels allowed to discard any quality influences on the fuel performance during the on-road tests. Five percent volume blends showed the best all-around performance of all blends in comparison with petroleum diesel in terms of emissions reduction, along with its lowest fuel consumption, hence, representing a potential blend that can be considered as good additive for petroleum diesel, applicable only at the specific conditions of the present work. The benefit from the use of ultra-low carbon intensity biodiesel blends was clear from greenhouse gases emissions point of view, given the lifecycle emission diminishing of 93.8% mass in CO2 equivalent emissions, if the biodiesel is produced using waste cooking oil collected within the city limits.

Exploration of combustion behavior in a compression ignition engine fuelled with low-viscous Pimpinella anisum and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

In today's world due to a greater demand for fossil fuels, many alternative solutions such as extracting energy from waste and also from green biofuels have been offered. Among various studies, a new approach on the usage of low viscous Pimpinella anisum as a green biofuel with waste cooking oil biodiesel blend in the diesel engine efficiently has shed new light in the field of alternative renewable sources of energy. The aim of this work is to eliminate the usage of conventional fuel in a diesel engine by incorporating binary green fuel (Waste Cooking Oil biodiesel blended with Pimpinella anisum as low viscous oil) effectively. The enhancement of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) biodiesel production was done by employing the transesterification process. Calcium oxide heterogeneous catalyst was prepared using eggshell and it was doped with barium of 4–8 %wt. to improve the catalytic efficiency. Pimpinella anisum oil with its promising properties such as low viscosity, high O2 content, and high boiling point is better suited to the diesel engine and was prepared by steam distillation method. Binary fuels were prepared by blending Pimpinella anisum oil (A) with WCO biodiesel (B) in 90%, 80%, and 70% of volume. The engine was tested with pure diesel and WCO biodiesel for comparative study. The addition of Pimpinella anisum elongated the period of ignition delay. Among the tested fuels, B20A80 has shown better heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure, bringing brake thermal efficiency (BTE) near to that of diesel since the biodiesel operation decreases BTE in diesel engines. It also has shown the reduced formation of soot, Carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 81.43%, 43.8%, and 18.6% respectively. A slight increase of 2.49% in Oxide of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in compared with the operation of diesel was observed.