Converter For Electric Vehicle Applications Research Articles

Development of high-gain switched-capacitor based bi-directional converter for electric vehicle applications

High efficiency, high voltage transfer ratio (VTR), and low input ripple current is required in any bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) that plays a major role in interfacing batteries in applications like dc microgrids and electric vehicles (EVs). For meeting these requirements, a switched capacitor-based BDC is proposed to interface the battery with a propulsion system via DC Link. It has a simple circuit with only a set of switching operations, High VTR, and lesser ripple current on the low voltage (LV) side are advantages of the proposed High Gain Switched-Capacitor Bi-directional DC-DC Converter (SC-BDC) making it appropriate for use in EVs. The steady-state analysis, design consideration of passive components, loss and efficiency analysis are presented. Finally, the proposed High Gain SC-BDC is compared with few of the existing BDC in the literature. The feasibility of the converter was demonstrated by simulating a 200 W converter and validating results produced in a MATLAB environment.

High gain novel two input two output buck-boost converter for electric vehicle applications

ABSTRACT With the advancements in electric vehicles in the market, it is necessary to rephrase the converter for effective gain. The proposed Two Input – Two Output (TITO) converter accepts input from two sources: Battery and Solar PV panel included with non-isolated buck, boost, and buck-boost DC–DC converters. Also, the proposed TITO converter topology uses only three switches when compared to conventional multiport converters where the number of semiconductor switches is higher. The conventional converter has a higher number of components, whereas the proposed converter has a reduced number of conduction components as well as switching semiconductors. As a result, there is a reduction in energy lost. The proposed topology is designed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink and observed with a lower ripple voltage during buck, boost and buck-boost mode. Experimental setup results are also obtained from a prototype of the proposed converter, which confirms the theoretical considerations and effectiveness of the proposed topology.

Design of Super-Lift Luo Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

Electric vehicles (EVs) are replacing conventional vehicles in the automobile industry. An energy storage device (battery) plays a major role in providing a power supply to the vehicle. Due to automotive constraints, the power supply should be highly efficient and have low current and voltage ripple. The design of 12V-60V DC-DC Super-lift Luo Converter (SLLC) is proposed in this paper, with an emphasis on electric vehicle (EV) applications. The conventional boost converter (12V-60V) is modelled and analysed in Matlab Simulink and the output voltage ripple is calculated. A three-stage SLLC is then designed and modelled in Matlab Simulink. The voltage output is analysed for each stage and the ripple voltage is re-calculated. The comparison of voltage ripple between the CBC and SLLC shows that, the output ripple gets reduced by using the proposed SLLC.

Implementation of non-isolated high-gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicle application

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a non-isolated high voltage gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed converter schematic is modelled to be operated on reasonable duty cycle by employing passive switched inductor (PSL) cell and voltage multipliers. Moreover, this structure is functioning on continuous conduction mode (CCM) with a wide range of operations. This structure offers high voltage gain, lower voltage stress across all the devices, low switching losses and high efficiency. Thus, simple proportional integral (PI) controller is adopted to regulate the output to the desired voltage of 200 V. The proposed converter is designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink platform and hardware prototype of 100 W/200 V is developed to examine the performance of the proposed circuit. Besides, the experimental results are recorded to prove its robustness over both source voltage and load power discrepancies. The efficiency of the presented configuration is around 91% and it acts as a good choice for EV applications.

Design and implementation of a multi‐port bidirectional converter for electric vehicle applications

SummaryThis article proposes a new multi‐port bidirectional DC‐DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) usages. The recommended converter has the ability for step‐up and step‐down operating. The bidirectional power flow makes the proposed converter suitable for EV applications, where a storage unit is charged and discharged. The proposed converter has three ports (VHigh, VLow, and V2), and all of these ports have bidirectional features. In each operation mode (step‐up or step‐down), the output port is loaded by two independent input sources. Also, a high voltage conversion ratio is achieved with low power switches duty cycle and reduced peak voltage over semiconductors. Input current with reduced ripple, low components count, a simple circuit with low cost and volume, and high efficiency are the main advantages of the presented bidirectional topology. In order to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the recommended converter, operational and steady‐state analysis in step‐up and step‐down modes, design consideration, efficiency calculation, and comparison with other DC‐DC converters are provided Finally, a prototype with a step‐up power of 120 W and a step‐down power of 30 W is created, and experimental data are shown to validate the numerical investigations.

Hybrid Controlled Multi-Input DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

The use of energy sources for electric vehicle (EV) applications relies heavily on the power electronic interlinking and its successful control mechanism. A hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) proportional-integral (PI) based control strategy for a multi-input DC-DC converter is investigated in-depth for this purpose. At steady state, the proposed hybrid ANFIS PI controller uses the standard PI controller, and during the transient state, the ANFIS PI control strategy is used. Furthermore, the proposed control scheme aids in the tracing of a predetermined speed pattern in order to achieve total EV. A detailed simulation analysis of the proposed control strategy is carried out and its performace was compared with traditional controllers. The result indicated that the designed control strategy is reliable since it offers bidirectional power management, high gain with quick reaction, and low steady-state error. It enables rapid tracking and achieves improved dynamic response through increased flexibility and energy efficiency. The proposed scheme reduces component stress, as demonstrated by a reliability assessment using the MIL-HDBK-217F military handbook. At nominal power, the converter achieves 96.954% efficiency. An 80 W converter prototype was created and tested in the laboratory to monitor the real-time system’s response time.

Analysis and validation of multi‐device interleaved DC‐DC boost converter for electric vehicle applications

AbstractIn Electric Vehicle (EV) application, voltage conversion is significant to obtain the desired operating voltage from the source voltage. A conventional boost converter can handle such applications, but it may add losses throughout the conversion process. This work focuses on the design and implementation of a multi device Interleaved DC‐DC converter with greater voltage gain, lower voltage stress across the switch, and improved efficiency when compared to the standard Boost converter and conventional Interleaved Converter. The suggested converter has three times the voltage gain of a standard Boost DC‐DC converter. These converters are used in applications that demand a constant DC voltage, such as electric vehicles. The proposed converter's mathematical modelling and modes of operation are discussed. The proposed DC‐DC converter's feasibility is validated using real‐time simulation (OPAL‐RT), and the results are presented in detail.

A novel control strategy for dual active bridge bidirectional converter for electric vehicle application

AbstractEnvironmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuel resources cause increased demand for electric vehicles. An electric vehicle consists of two main components: a propulsion system and a battery charger. The design of an efficient, fast and economical charger is key to its success. Therefore, this paper presents a novel design of a dual active bridge‐based bidirectional converter with logical control for an electric vehicle application. The logical control of the converter enables the power flow between the grid and the electric vehicle and vice versa. The power flow is based on the single‐phase shift method. The converter selects the mode of operation based on the battery's state of charge and the user command using a binary switch. The power requirement influences the design of the circuit's parameters of the electric vehicle battery. A 50 V, 100 Ah, and 5 kW Li‐ion battery and AC power source of 230 V, 50 Hz are used in the simulation work. The circuit performance is verified in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. The analysis of the converter gives better control for various state‐of‐charge levels of electric vehicle batteries.

Lithium-ion battery state-of-charge balancing circuit using single resonant converter for electric vehicle applications

The series of energy storage devices, namely battery, super/ultra-capacitor string voltage balancing circuit, based on a single LC energy converter, is presented in this paper. It transfers the excess energy directly from the higher cell to the lower cell in the string. This requires n-4 bidirectional MOSFET switches and a single LC tank for n number of energy storage device strings. This active balancing circuit has high efficiency, fast balancing speed, small size, low cost, and maximum energy recovery. All MOSFET switches are operated in a near-zero current system and controlled by complementary plus wide modulation signals in synchronous trigger patterns. It achieves the zero voltage gap between two nonadjacent cells in a series battery or supercapacitor string and works on cyclic charging and discharging conditions. In this circuit, the resonant frequency is the same as the switching frequency, and the resonant frequency is reduced. The details of theoretical analysis and operation principles are provided. The experimental result of two 4200 mAh Li-ion cell states of charge 95 % (3.958 V) and 66 % (3.712 V), respectively, after 79 min, voltage difference becomes zero (0 V). Furthermore, we conduct our experiment on lead–acid battery and super-capacitor. This balancing circuit is stable and suitable for battery management systems in electric vehicles.

A Comprehensive loss analysis of SiC-based DAB DC-DC converter for electric vehicle application

This paper presents loss analysis of SiC MOSFET based bidirectional DAB (Dual Active Bridge) DC-DC converter for EV application. This converter benefits the efficiency of the EV vehicle by reducing power loss and voltage drop across the converter. The DAB uses WBG (Wide-Bandgap) semiconductor devices such as SiC MOSFET to optimize the efficiency and extend soft-switching over whole operating range. The SiC MOSFET switching devices rated at 1200 V with different drain- source on-state resistance Rds(on) of 21 mΩ/32 mΩ is considered. Therefore, a reliable converter rated at 10 kW which works under normal operating condition at high-switching frequency of 100 kHz. The switching and conduction losses are taken under two different junction temperature such as 25 °C and 100 °C with various operating load current between 10 A to 40 A. Based on an analysis of SiC MOSFET based DAB attains 98.8% efficiency. The simulation results are taken as voltage and current waveforms at various points of converter are reported. This SiC based DAB converter would be used in next generation of V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) and G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) technology.

Design of Single Input Dual Output DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

DC–DC converters are playing a vital in the electric vehicles (EVs) application. In current EVs, a separate DC–DC converter is used to charge both in the low voltage and the high‐voltage batteries. These factors have resulted in higher output voltage ripples, higher switching and device conduction losses, all of which can have an impact on EV performance. In addition, the previous mulitport converters have more number of energy storage elements and switching devices for EV application. To address these issues, this article proposes a multiport DC–DC converter charging circuit for EVs. The proposed circuit has a single‐input dual‐output (SIDO) structure that consists of a positive output boost converter (POBC) with integration of buck converter (POBCIBC). Here, the POBC is used to stepping‐up the voltage, while the buck converter is used to step‐down the voltage. The POBC is a fundamental topology composed of Cascaded Boost Super Lift Luo Converters. The designed POBCIBC has several advantages such as reduced output voltage ripples, high‐voltage transfer gain, proficient efficiency, lower switching and conduction losses, less number of storage components, and a compact structure over the existing multiport converters. The performance of the POBCIBC is tested at different operating conditions by constructing the MATLAB/Simulink and prototype models. The proposed converter has produced different output voltage levels based on their duty cycles variations. The results are presented to show the proficient POBCIBC for the EV application.

Synthesis and Implementation of a Multiport Dual Input-Dual Output Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

In recent years, multiport DC-DC converters are seen in a variety of power converter applications in electric vehicles. The design of multiport converter architectures plays a major role in DC microgrids and electric vehicle applications. This research examines a modified multiport converter structure interface with dual inputs and dual outputs used in electric vehicles. The versatility of accommodating energy sources with varying voltage and current nature characteristics is the most notable feature of this converter. During operation, the proposed architecture can offer a boost as well as buck operations at the same time. The suggested dual input-dual output (DIDO) converter is built with fewer components and a simpler control technique which makes it more dependable and the converter is cost-effective. Furthermore, this structure allows the power to flow in both directions making it to be utilized in electric vehicle battery charging during regenerative braking. The converter’s steady-state and dynamic behavior are investigated, and a control strategy for regulating the power flow among the varied input energies is proposed. To develop the suggested converter, a small-signal model is modeled. MATLAB simulation and experimental findings are used for the verification of converter design and validated the performance behavior experimentally using a hardware setup.

Modelling of Four-Port Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

Modelling of Four-Port Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

A Comprehensive Review: Topology, Modeling and Control Techniques of Resonant Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

This paper proposes the comprehensive review on the different resonant converter topologies, different modelling techniques, and different control techniques are being used in electric vehicle application. This paper also discusses the merits and demerits of different modulation/control techniques. The performance of variable frequency control technique can be improvised using SSPM is discussed in this paper. Optimal projectory control method has a quick transient response than SSPSM followed by SSOC, then PSM, and finally by VF controller are reviewed in detail in this study. Cyclic averaging is an accurate alternative method for state variable, this approach is used for time domain analysis of resonant dc-dc converter has been emphasized in this paper. Reverberation would be beneficial when series and parallel resonance converters combined are explained in this paper. LLC topology would be best suitable for electric vehicle applications are discussed and structure of the resonant converters, power efficiency, compatibility and its suitable applications are presented in this paper. A detailed study of modelling techniques to address the increasing demand for electric vehicles are presented.

Design, Validation, and Economic Behavior of a Three-Phase Interleaved Step-Up DC–DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

Due to the increasing number of direct current (DC) loads in electric vehicles (EVs), DC–DC converters are widely used in EV applications. Hence, a DC distribution system with DC–DC converters is more efficient. A three-phase interleaved step-up DC–DC converter (ISC) has been proposed for use in electric vehicles. Other uses of the proposed ISC converter include aircraft, satellites, industrial, and traction drives. The proposed converter is subjected to a thorough frequency response study, which is explained in detail. The design technique recommends the proper quantity of switches to be used in the system. The reduction in the number of switches results in a 94% increase in the efficiency of this converter. The economic aspects of ISC, such as cost analysis and its procedure, have been discussed. Design models were checked using MATLAB/Simulink, which was interfaced with the real-time simulator OPAL-RT (OP5700) to ensure that they were appropriate. The results have been presented in detail.

Bidirectional buck boost converter with PI control for Electric Vehicle Application

This paper represents a PI control Bidirectional buck boost converter for electric vehicle application. Electric vehicle is known for the cleanliness and environment friendly. So, a source for electric vehicle source with highly efficient converter that can be used for less price as we know the fuel prices are very high so a less price source has been research in many papers.  In this paper a converter is proposed that will supply the electric vehicle.

Fuzzy logic control based high step up converter for electric vehicle applications

Fuzzy logic control based high step up converter for electric vehicle applications

Fuzzy logic control based high step up converter for electric vehicle applications

Fuzzy logic control based high step up converter for electric vehicle applications

Hardware Implementation of Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

This paper deals with the design and simulation of two stage interleaved boost converter (IBC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The IBC is considered as a better solution among the different DC-DC topologies for EV for reducing the current ripple, power loss and the size of the components. Traditional DC-DC boost converter (BC) is not applicable for high power applications. Use of interleaving technique minimizes the voltage stress on the switching devices and to be improving the converter performance. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software. The prototype of two stage IBC is fabricated to test the performance. Hardware results shows that the inductor power loss is minimum at a switching frequency of 5 kHz compared to that of 10 kHz. The output power at the load end is maximum for 5 kHz switching when compared with 10 kHz switching. The study shows that the operation of IBC at 5 kHz improves the performance.

A novel non-isolated dual-input DC-DC boost converter for hybrid electric vehicle application

Abstract This paper proposes a novel non-isolated multi-input dc-dc boost converter for electrical vehicle application. A hybrid system balances the power of the system by using two or more sources. The power between the input sources can be flexibly distributed without any distortion. The charging or discharging of the energy storage systems by other input energy sources can also be monitored in a proper manner and is a feasible task. The design consists of only one inductor and the charging and discharging of the energy storage system decides the operation modes of the converter. In this paper, every operating mode has a small signal model that leads to the control system design for the converter. Simulation and experimental results are provided to prove the validity of the converter and the performance of its control system.