Conversion Policy Research Articles

State‐led urbanization and technological innovation: A quasi‐natural experiment from county‐to‐district conversion in China

AbstractDifferent from the market‐led urbanization in western countries, China's urbanization process has the characteristics of being state‐led, in which county‐to‐district conversion (CTDC) policy plays a key role in promoting urbanization. Our study uses the data of 279 cities as a simple to explore the effect of the state‐led urbanization of CTDC on technological innovation. We find that CTDC significantly promote innovation, and this promoting effect is enhanced with the improvement of urban innovation ability. The mechanism test shows that financial expenditure on education and science, population agglomeration, information and communication technology industry are three channels for CTDC to boost technological innovation. We also find that this promotion effect is more obvious in eastern cities and the cities with higher administrative hierarchy, and is weakest in western cities, however, CTDC adjustment in northeastern cities significantly inhibited technological innovation. Further research shows that when the distance between merged county and city administrative center within 20 km, the effect is negative, after the distance is more than 20 km, with the increase of distance, the promoting effect of CTDC increases.

Information Exposure to National Strategic Projects of Toll Road in Central Java

Abstract This paper takes part in the research on the response of affected farmers to National Strategic Projects. This article reviews the information exposure. The present study aims to examine how farmers assess the frequency of exposure, the credibility of information sources, and the strength of reference groups in constructing the Solo-Yogyakarta toll road in Klaten Regency. The results showed the frequency of information from the government and the largest share of farmers rated as “sometimes”. Meanwhile, the frequency of information from offline (neighbors) and online (media) sources were both considered “never”. Meanwhile, in terms of the credibility (trust and expertise) of information sources, the majority of affected farmers admitted their trust in the government. In terms of the trustworthiness of offline and online reference groups, most farmers doubted the information provided by the offline reference groups and did not trust the information from the online reference groups. Smallholder farmers considered the frequency of information exposure on the land use conversion policy for toll road construction from the government required improvement. However, when compared to the information from neighbors and media, the affected farmers admitted their trust in the official information from the government.

Household Energy Poverty: Evidence From a Large-Scale Longitudinal Survey

Energy is a basic household necessity closely related to human health and well-being; unfortunately, not all households have equal access to energy. This condition is referred to as energy poverty, wherein a household lacks access to or cannot afford basic energy services to meet its daily needs. The goal of this research is to analyze the determining factors of the probability of households experiencing energy poverty in Indonesia, focusing on Household Demography and Household Expenditure factors. Using household survey data from IFLS4 (2007) and IFLS5 (2014) and employing Multinomial Logit analysis, this study aims to capture the differences between groups of energy-consuming households. The research findings indicate that households found it easier to access energy (especially gas) after the implementation of the energy conversion policy from kerosene to gas, which began in 2007. Based on the estimation results, the probability of households experiencing energy poverty in Indonesia in 2007 is determined by Education, Income, Spouse Work, Communication Cost, and Health Cost, while in 2014, it is influenced by Education, Spouse Work, Electric Cost, Fuel Cost, Health Cost, and Non-food Consumption. Other indicators of Household Demography and Household Expenditure show different results for each category and period. To address energy poverty, a change in perspective and reform of programs in the energy sector are required. The government can also provide energy subsidies and compensation to poor and vulnerable populations.

주민자치조직의 지역공동체 의식에 관한 연구

Since the restoration of the self-governance system in 1995, Korea has been striving to stabilize the implementation of the local government system and expand local autonomy to overcome the limitations of representative democracy. In 1998, a local self-governance committee was established and operated to reflect the needs of residents through participation and communication at the town, village, and district levels, which are the basic units of local self-governance, but it did not achieve its purpose. Therefore, in 2010, a special law was enacted to expand the scope of resident participation, which was a limitation of resident autonomy committees. The purpose of the Act was to establish an efficient public service system by expanding residents' participation and restoring local traditional communities. This study sought to verify the effectiveness of the neighborhood association conversion policy by comparing the sense of community in neighborhoods that were converted to neighborhood associations and those that were not converted to neighborhood associations.
 Quantitative research was used as the research method, and the research model and hypotheses were derived through theoretical discussions on major factors such as residents' self-governance capacity as an independent variable and community consciousness as a dependent variable. A survey tool was utilized to measure residents' sense of community. Questionnaires were distributed to residents visiting 44 administrative wards in Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, and the collected questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, correlation, and multiple regression analysis were performed on the collected survey responses.
 The results of the study showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the level of residents' sense of community between neighborhood councils and neighborhood committees. This suggests that the policy of converting neighborhood committees into neighborhood associations had an unexpected effect, resulting in a policy error. In order to improve the sense of community and restore traditional neighborhoods, it is necessary to increase the level of residents' ‘local attachment’, ‘local identity’, and ‘sense of fulfillment’. It is also necessary to verify the professional competence of community council members to ensure their representation. In addition, it will be possible to overcome the limitations of representative democracy by solving local problems with residents through connecting with local resources and community organizations.

1228. Evaluation of the Practice of Switching from Intravenous to Oral Antimicrobial Therapy at King Abdulaziz University Hospital

Abstract Background Conversion from intravenous (IV) antibiotics to an oral (PO) in eligible patients is an important antimicrobial stewardship strategy. Recently, King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital (KAUH) in updated its IV to PO conversion policy. This policy describes eligibility criteria for patients to be switched to oral therapy from IV and it suggests PO alternative to IV medications. The aim of this prospective observational study is to observe IV to PO conversion practices on selected antimicrobials in selected ward after updating and implementing this policy. Methods Adult patients admitted to the medical, surgical, and hematology/oncology wards who received either metronidazole, ciprofloxacin or clindamycin IV were evaluated for antibiotic need and for eligibility for IV to PO conversion according to the policy. Evaluation period spanned from November 2021 – December 2022. Results 194 patients were evaluated. Of them, 154 (80%) had a clear indication for the antibiotic of which 98 (63%) required IV administration for the following reasons: impaired oral route (59%), impaired gastrointestinal absorption (15.3%), acute treatment phase of the infection (15.3%), and other reasons such as surgical prophylaxis (3%) and severe sepsis/septic shock (2%). The remaining 56 (36.7%) met the policy’s eligibility criteria for IV to PO conversion. Conclusion We found that most patients received antibiotics appropriately in the appropriate route for an existing indication. However, there are plenty of opportunities for improvement in discontinuing unnecessary antibiotics and de-escalating from IV to PO. Ideally, this discussion should be had while rounding on the patient for collective decision making at the point of care. Disclosures Nour Baghdady, PharmD, BCPS, MPH, BCIDP, CSL Seqirus: Advisor/Consultant|CSL Seqirus: Stocks/Bonds

Drivers and challenges of large-scale conversion policies to organic and agro-chemical free agriculture in South Asia

ABSTRACTAddressing global environmental and food challenges necessitates holistic approaches that consider environmental, societal, and economic dimensions. This study examines three large-scale organic farming conversion programs and their associated policies in Sikkim, India, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Sikkim stands as the world's first state to fully transition to organic agriculture, while Bhutan is embarking on a similar path, and Sri Lanka is implementing a toxin-free program. A qualitative analysis reveals key drivers and barriers in these large-scale conversions. Five crucial factors for successful transitions to large-scale organic farming emerge: effective institutional leadership, affordable third-party certification, phased reduction of agrochemicals through clear political pathways, development of extension networks, market access with price premiums, and the provision of organic inputs. Key drivers include improving rural livelihoods, upscaling traditional farming practices, addressing health concerns related to agrochemicals, and preserving natural resources. Significant challenges include shortages of organic inputs, limited market access, inadequate food supply, a lack of knowledge about alternative practices and inputs, and high certification costs. In addressing these factors and challenges, policymakers and scientists can better navigate the complex landscape of large-scale organic farming conversion.

Pollution characteristics and source differences of VOCs before and after COVID-19 in Beijing

During the outbreak of the COVID-19, the change in the way of people's living and production provided the opportunity to study the influence of human activity on Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Therefore, this study analyzed VOCs concentration and composition characteristics in urban area of Beijing from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in Chaoyang district in 2020 was 73.1ppbv, lower than that in 2019 (92.8ppbv), and alkanes (45 % and 47 %) were the most dominant components. The concentrations of isopentane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and OVOCs significantly increased in 2020. According to the results of the PMF model, the contribution of VOCs from vehicle and pharmaceutical-related emissions increased to 45.8 % and 27.1 % in 2020, while coal combustion decreased by 23.7 %. This is likely linked to the strict implementation of the coal conversion policy, as well as the increment in individual travel and pharmaceutical production during the pandemic. The calculation results of OFP and SOAFP indicated that toluene had an increased impact on the formation of O3 and SOA in the Chaoyang district in 2020. Notably, VOCs emitted by vehicles have the highest potential for secondary generation. In addition, VOCs from vehicles and industries pose the greatest health risks, together accounting for 77.4 % and 79.31 % of the total carcinogenic risk in 2019 and 2020. Although industrial emission with the high proportions of halocarbons was controlled to some extent during the pandemic, the carcinogenic risk in 2020 was 3.74 × 10−6, which still exceeded the acceptable level, and more attention and governance efforts should be given to.

Inventarisasi pengetahuan lokal hutan pesisir di Tatar Karang Tasikmalaya

Local knowledge of an area doesn't exist without reason; it has an accompanying purpose and philosophy. There are certainly goals and philosophies behind the local knowledge that the Tatar Karang community of Tasikmalaya District holds. This research aims to understand the local knowledge of the coastal forests of the Tatar Karang community. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with methods of observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. It is organized based on the cultural inventory structure of Kemendikbud 2016 and the SECI Model. Informants in this research include traditional elders, customary stakeholders, village heads, cultural figures, religious figures, community leaders, youth leaders, and leaders of traditional families. The results of the study indicate that: 1) Historically, the coastal forest is a heritage of the customary system that existed long before 1861 and was implemented as a legal system in place at the time; 2) Conceptually, the coastal forest serves as a protective measure for residents from various natural disaster threats originating from the direction of the ocean; 3) Factually, the condition of the coastal forest is quite concerning due to land use conversion policies, resulting in much of its area being damaged; and 4) Strategies for preserving the coastal forest can be done through: 1) the SECI Model analysis, which includes socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. This ensures that stakeholders, traditional internal parties, can supervise objectively; 2) maximizing the cultural approach through developing three traditions: hajat lembur, marak, and rarangkén huma; and 3) a popular method using new media. In conclusion, preserving this intangible cultural heritage is vital and, at the very least, should be done through inventory. Thus, this tacit knowledge heritage can be documented.

Determinants of Financial Depth: A Case Study of Mortgage and Microfinance Banks in Nigeria

Financial depth is an important components of financial development for which determinants have been examined by a number of extant studies, using different kinds of financial depth indicators. This study aims at analyzing the factors that determine financial depth using the assets of mortgage and microfinance banks as indicators of financial depth. The study employs data that span from 1992 to 2021, using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. It is found in the study that the policy of conversion of community banks to microfinance banks and the introduction of mortgage warehouse fund have positive effects on microfinance and mortgage banks’ assets. Also, it is found that literacy rate has negative effect only on the microfinance bank assets. Thus, this study recommends further deepening of the various segments of financial system, policy makers should strengthen the existing policies and create the new similar policies and reforms with respect to each indicator of financial depth.

The Role Of Land Deed Making Officials (Ppat) To Prevent Agricultural Land Conversion For Food Security In Madiun Regency

To find out the role of land deed making officials (PPAT) in agricultural land conversion policies in Madiun Regency and find out the factors that cause agricultural land conversion in Madiun Regency and what are the legal consequences. This research uses an empirical juridical approach or Socio Legal Research. The research approach used in socio-legal research uses an interdisciplinary approach. The research specification that the author uses is the descriptive research specification of the analysis. The results of the research obtained are that the role of Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) in providing assistance in managing agricultural land conversion is an implementation of the provisions of Article 7 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation Number 24 of 2016 amending Government Regulation Number 37 of 1998 concerning Regulations of Land Deed Making Officials. In the provisions of the article, it is explained that the Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT) is guided by the Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 2 of 2011 concerning Guidelines for Land Technical Considerations in the Issuance of Location Permits, Implementation of Location Permits, and Land Use Change Permits and other related laws and regulations. Factors that cause agricultural land conversion in Madiun Regency and its significant legal consequences are factors such as the age of farmers and the level of dependence of farmers on food agricultural land have not significantly affected the level of conversion of agricultural food land in Madiun Regency. Asee the function of agricultural to non-agricultural land in the Madiun Regency area.

Development Model of Sago Agroindustry Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In Southeast Sulawesi Province: Income and Strategy Analysis

Sago plants are the main staple food in Southeast Sulawesi. Sago plants have various economic value for bioethanol, roofs, and carbohydrates. Community managed sago plantations by using an agro-industrial model. Although, sago processing has long been developed, but the community is still living in a low socio-economic condition. The allocation of sago agro-industry production factors is still not optimal, resulting in a fluctuative production, quality and productivity. This study analyzed the income of the sago agroindustry and formulated a strategy for the sago agroindustry development. The study was conducted in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Sampling in this study was carried out by purposive sampling and total sampling. The analytical methods used include income analysis to analyze the income of the sago agroindustry, SWOT analysis to formulate strategies for the development of the sago agroindustry. The results showed that the income level of Konawe Regency’s sago agroindustry in a monthly sago processing was Rp. 14,205,770. The analysis results of sago agroindustry development strategy in Konawe Regency obtain five core strategies, focusing on packaging and labeling, production and marketing, training in seedling and management of the sago agroindustry, land conversion policy and sago price policy, and the sago agroindustry partnership program.

전라북도 학교운동부의 전문스포츠클럽 전환 사례 연구

This study is a case of the conversion process between the professional sports club commissioned type and the regional type of the Jeollabuk-do School Sports Department from March to December 2021. The Jeollabuk-do Office of Education promoted the ‘School Sports Department Specialized Sports Club Conversion Plan’. The policy of converting the sports club to a professional sports club is a policy to convert the existing school sports club into a professional sports club through a voluntary and democratic agreement among members in order to promote the nurturing of local student athletes and to ensure efficiency and transparency in operation. It is being implemented based on the collaboration between the sports association and sports organizations) and the Office of Education. As such, the professional sports club conversion policy is a self-reliant school sports policy promoted at the local provincial education office level, not the national level, to overcome the crisis of local school sports extinction due to population decline and to normalize school elite sports. Through this, it can be seen that not only has sufficient meaning and value as a research material related to school sports, but it is also a case that can provide basic data to improve the problems of local school sports departments that are in danger of extinction.

Effects of local land-use policies and anthropogenic activities on water quality in the upstream Sesan River Basin, Vietnam

Study regionThis study focuses on the upstream Sesan River Basin in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Study focusLocal land-use policies and human activities can significantly affect hydrology and increase the magnitude of erosion and nutrients in downstream areas. The effects in terrestrial regions on water quality of the target area were evaluated during the 2000–2018 period using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) with updated land-use conditions following the local policy decisions and agricultural practices in different periods. New hydrological insights for the regionsThis study indicates that the implementation of the local land-use policies, along with extensive anthropogenic activities, has had significant effects on the downstream aquatic environment as compared with the period before the implementation of the land-use policies. Higher annual sediment, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loadings were found upstream from the Poko Watershed, where range land predominated, and in southern and southwestern Dakbla Watershed, where arable land and permanent cropland predominated. Arable land had the highest proportion of sediment and nutrient loadings into the reach, especially in the 2005–2009 period (conducting afforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization) and in the 2010–2014 period (applying crop conversion policy involving a shift from mixed forests to rubber forests). Understanding the watershed characteristics along with the combination of spatial land use, local land-use policies, and agricultural practices will support the implementation of regional land use and water resources management strategies more comprehensively.

Agricultural Land Conversion and Human Trafficking in Northern Java Island, Indonesia

This study examines human trafficking, its causes, and the survival abilities of victims using qualitative interpretive methods and thematic data analysis. Previous studies have not linked human trafficking with agricultural land conversion; however, in Indonesia, this problem is mainly caused by agricultural land conversion, which resulted in a floating mass comprising farmers and their families when this process was not carried out carefully, involving local officials and capital owners. The cooperation between the two forces was assisted by field operators who suppressed landowners in various ways. The owners of large pieces of land managed to reinvest the money from the sale of the land. On the other hand, owners of less than 0.5 hectares tended to share the proceeds from the sale of their land with relatives, as a provision for finding work in other cities or countries. Consequently, they are easily persuaded by the promises of brokers to be trafficked as plantation or sex workers. There are no significant differences in the characteristics of labor and sex trafficking victims. For instance, they both come from economically unstable families with little education. The former farmers do not participate in the industrial sector but work in the informal sector with long working hours and low wages. Nevertheless, they act as the backbone of the family's economy. Therefore, agricultural land conversion policies in developing countries should protect farmers from poverty and vulnerability.

Policy on Forest Land Use Change for Oil Palm Plantations in Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

The conversion of forest functions has often occurred in Indonesia with the background of regional development, tourism and plantation business. The various impacts of this forest conversion can be categorized into environmental impacts, namely hydrology, erosion and sedimentation, fires, extinction of flora and fauna, and impacts on the socio-economic community around the forest. The aim of this research is to analyze the policy of forest conversion into oil palm plantations in Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The research was conducted using the socio-legal method with a qualitative approach which is expected to find hidden meanings behind the objects and subjects to be studied. The data in this study were obtained through observation, interviews, document interpretation (text), and personal experience. The results showed that the policy of the Lamandau Regency Regional Regulation was in accordance with the Forestry Law No. 41 of 1999 Article 48 paragraph (5). The policy is to ensure the best possible forest protection. To ensure sustainability, communities with their local wisdom are involved in forest protection efforts through the provision of assistance, services, technical assistance, education, training and socialization about forest management processes. As suggestions, State Forest Company in Lamandau Regency is expected to increase socialization to palm oil companies and communities around the Lamandau forest area regarding policies related to forest protection. For forest village communities, in order to maintain the sustainability of production forests in Lamandau Regency, they are expected to be more concerned about natural resources in production forests.

Konversi Perbankan Syariah Dari Konvensional pada Bank Umum Milik Daerah di Indonesia

The conversion of conventional banks to Islamic banks in Indonesia is one of the mechanisms for the structure of Islamic banks. That is a legal change from the conventional banking system to the Islamic banking system. The purpose of this study is to see an overview of the conversion process at the Regional Development Bank. Instant conversion can increase the amount of capital and assets of Islamic banking, but the conversion policy also raises the problem of an ineffective corporate governance mechanism model. The research method is descriptive qualitative, looking at the literature and banking reports that have been converted and are in the process of being converted to Islamic Banking. The results show that had successfully converted, some banks are in the process of converting and partially postponing. This article has implications for regional banks that want to convert to pay attention to banking problems that have been converted to Islamic Banking first.Keywords: conversion, Islamic bank, conventional bank

Harvesting the low-hanging fruit? Comparative assessment of intravenous to oral route antimicrobial conversion policy implementation.

Policies that promote conversion of antibiotics from intravenous to oral route administration are considered "low hanging fruit" for hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs. We developed a simple metric based on digestive days of therapy divided by total days of therapy for targeted agents and a method for hospital comparisons. External comparisons may help identify opportunities for improving prospective implementation.

Distribution Analysis and Distribution of 3 Kg LPG Gas Sales Allocations (Case Study Of PT. Sintora Putra Gasindo)

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is one of the petroleum products produced by PT Pertamina (Persero). The government has implemented a national energy policy by converting kerosene to LPG. In 2007, the government started converting kerosene into 3 kg LPG. In order to overcome the scarcity of 3 kg LPG, Pertamina and the government have begun to improve, one of which is by changing the 3 kg LPG distribution system from an open distribution system to a closed distribution system. This is to reduce oil subsidies, the largest portion of which is 50% of the government's energy subsidies, and each year the subsidies continue to increase. PT Pertamina (Persero) launched its product with a new variant of 3 kg LPG packaging which is fully subsidized by the government so that kerosene consumers can switch to LPG. With the issuance of the conversion policy, all kerosene trading agents became agents of 3 kg LPG. PT. Sintora Putra GasIndo is a company engaged in gas distribution for 3 kg of gas. PT. Sintora Putra GasIndo distributes its products in several areas of Deli Serdang. To market their products, companies need a marketing system, namely distribution channels that must be studied, so that companies can earn big profits in certain areas in the Deli Serdang area. Regarding the objectives to be achieved, namely the efficiency and effectiveness of the company and the use of available resources. Competition in the market is getting tougher and products can be widely available in several areas of Deli Serdang. Regarding the objectives to be achieved, namely the efficiency and effectiveness of the company and the use of available resources. Competition in the market is getting tougher and products can be widely available in several areas in the Deli Serdang area.

Incidence of mTORi Associated BOOP in Cardiac Transplant Recipients – A Single Center Perspective

<h3>Purpose</h3> The incidence of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) associated bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) varies in the literature. We have previously reported a 24% incidence of BOOP in patients transitioned to sirolimus. This high rate was believed to be related to the full withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitor (CI) therapy. The aim of this study is to compare those results to our current practice of maintaining a low-dose CI with mTORi-based regimens <h3>Methods</h3> This was a single-center retrospective review of adult heart transplant recipients initiated on an mTORi at least six months post-transplant. The primary outcome of the study was incidence of BOOP. Secondary outcomes included timing of mTORi conversion post-transplant and associated tacrolimus concentrations. <h3>Results</h3> During the study period, none of the 61 included heart transplant patients developed BOOP. Late mTORi transition (>1 year post transplant) was more common (72%) than early conversion (6 months - 1 year post transplant; 28%), and sirolimus was more commonly utilized than everolimus (90% vs 10%). Following our centers mTORi conversion policy, all patients were maintained on low-dose tacrolimus at initiation, with 84% of patients continuing concomitant tacrolimus at one year. Of these patients, 46% had an FK goal < 4 mcg/mL and 38% had an FK goal 4-8 mcg/mL. <h3>Conclusion</h3> No patients at our center experienced mTORi related BOOP while maintaining a low dose CI. The results of this study suggest calcineurin inhibitors have a protective effect from BOOP, even at low concentrations.

Innovation for Sustainable Productivity in Agricultural Land Conversion

The conversion of agricultural land for the construction of toll roads is a necessity. The change requires supporting agricultural technology and innovation to combat the decline in agricultural productive lands. The research objective was to analyze the Innovation for Sustainable Productivity in Agricultural Land Conversion policy. Case studies of farming communities affected by land conversion were used. The sources of the data were community research and farmer groups with interactive data analysis. The findings showed that productivity was not fully directed to sustainability and productivity decreased. Agricultural innovation was limited to the adoption of agricultural machines causing problems for both labor and the environment. Farmers used conventional methods. The adoption of agricultural technology was based on changes in attitudes, subjective norms and beliefs, and strengthening of the existing community structure and both state and non-state agency roles. Involving all relevant actors made the process of adopting technology with a cultural approach easier. Efforts to persuade adoption of agricultural technologies were outlined in the form of innovative regional policies for sustainability. Innovative policies can facilitate the technology adoption process of communities to increase agricultural sustainability.&#x0D; Keywords: adoption of innovation, productivity, sustainability, farmers, toll road construction