Convergent Movements Research Articles

Research on the Characteristics of Raindrop Spectrum and Its Water Vapour Transport Sources in the Southwest Vortex: A Case Study of 15–16 July 2021

This study investigated the convective weather features, precipitation microphysical characteristics, and water vapour transport characteristics associated with a southwest vortex precipitation event that occurred on the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, coinciding with a southwest vortex event, from 15 to 16 July 2021, using conventional observations of raindrop spectra, ERA5 reanalysis data, CMORPH precipitation data, and the HYSPLIT_v4 backward trajectory model. The findings aim to provide theoretical insights for improving the forecasting and numerical simulations of southwest vortex precipitation events. The findings revealed that the precipitation event induced by the southwestern vortex at Emeishan Station on 15–16 July 2021 was characterised by high rainfall intensity and significant precipitation accumulation. The raindrop spectrum exhibited a broad distribution with a notable bimodal structure. Both the Sichuan Basin and the Tibetan Plateau were dominated by the South Asian high pressure at higher altitudes, while a pronounced low-pressure system developed at mid and low altitudes within the basin, establishing a meteorological context marked by upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence. Throughout the event, notable vertical uplift velocities were recorded across the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau, along with distinct positive vorticity zones in the lower and middle strata of the Sichuan Basin, indicating that the atmosphere was in a state of thermal instability. The majority of moisture was in the mid and lower troposphere with evident convergence movements, which played a crucial role in the southwest vortex’s development. WRF numerical simulations of the Emeishan precipitation event more accurately modelled the weather conditions for this precipitation but tended to overestimate the level of precipitation. It was observed that the region around Emei Mountain primarily received moisture influx from the southern Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea, with moisture transport chiefly originating from the Sichuan Basin and in a south-westward trajectory.

Radar Banten's Strategy in Facing the Era of Media Digitalization

Newspaper readers continue to decline and slowly shift to using digital media platforms to obtain information. This happens along with the development of information technology where many online media, social media and so on have emerged. The task and challenge of the print media is to expand its presence into the realm of new media, while continuing to guard the accuracy, credibility and trust that have been the hallmarks of mainstream media. The proliferation of the internet, which is increasingly accessible, has made the media convergence movement grow in particular. Media convergence also occurs in Radar Banten as one of the media that exists in the national arena. This research aims to find out the strategy of Radar Banten Daily to transform itself towards media convergence. The study, which is a qualitative research adopting a constructive paradigm, collected data through interviews and literature review. This research investigates the application of media convergence concept by Radar Banten in facing modern media transformation. Three convergence models, namely newsroom convergence, news gathering convergence, and content convergence, are analyzed as an effort to unify media operations through a holistic approach. The result of the research shows that the 3M strategy (multimedia, multichannel, multiplatform) allows Radar Banten to increase its content coverage, create inter-platform synergy, and strengthen their position in the midst of technological development. The editorial work pattern underwent significant changes, with projection meetings conducted online and deadline adjustments to support online and social media. Overall, this research concludes that Radar Banten is progressively adapting and innovating to stay relevant amidst mass media changes. The continuity of this effort is the key to their success in facing the dynamics of modern media.

Present-day movement characteristics of the Qinghai Nanshan fault and its surrounding area from GPS observation

The Qinghai Nanshan fault is a larger fault in the Northeastern Xizang Plateau. In previous studies, its movement characteristics are mainly investigated with geological and seismic observations, and the tectonic transformation role of the fault on its east is not yet clear. This study uses data fusion to obtain denser GPS observations near the Qinghai Nanshan fault. Based on tectonic characteristics, we establish a block model to investigate the fault slip rate, locking degree, and slip deficit. The results show that the Qinghai Nanshan fault slip rate is characterized by sinistral and convergent movement. Both the sinistral and convergent rates display a decreasing trend from west to east. The locking degree and slip deficit are higher in the western segment (with an average of about 0.74 and 1.1 mm/a) and lower in the eastern segment. Then, we construct a strain rate field using GPS observations to analyze the regional strain characteristics. The results indicate that along the fault, the western segment shows a larger shear strain rate and negative dilation rate. Regional earthquake records show that the frequency of earthquakes is lower near the fault. The joint results suggest that the western segment may have a higher earthquake risk. In addition, the insignificant fault slip rate in the eastern segment may indicate that it does not participate in the tectonic transformation among the Riyueshan, Lajishan, and West Qinling faults.

Popular vote as a form of online dialogue between government and society

The authors consider the popular vote as a mechanism of convergent movement of power and society in the context of the formation and development of the digital public sphere. The theoretical and methodological basis of communication between government and society is analyzed. The search for modern forms of dialogue between government and society is made in the context of discussions on the use of remote electronic voting (DEG) in the electoral process. The role, opportunities, prospects and risks of online voting in Russian regional and municipal practice are assessed, in particular, in the implementation of the program "Formation of a comfortable urban environment", which is a positive experience of equal and effective interaction between government and society, offers one of the possible directions of public dialogue, the essence of which is the transition from an archaic subject-object models for intersubjective communication. The research is based on a dialectical understanding of socio-cultural processes and phenomena, on general scientific and logical methods of cognition. Statistical, institutional and comparative methods are used. The scientific novelty lies in the study of online voting as an effective form of achieving public consensus within the framework of a specific federal program. It is noted that online voting corresponds to the electoral culture of Russian society, its conventional features. The necessity of broad inclusion of citizens in the discussion and implementation of land improvement programs and other socially significant projects is substantiated. The motives that provide these programs with significant public support are revealed. The data characterizing the quality of the urban environment in the Central Federal District are summarized and analyzed. The conclusion is made about the relationship between the popular vote and the growth of the urban space quality index. The resources of the urban environment quality index and the popular vote are evaluated as conditions for the formation of a healthy competitive field, where the main engine is awareness of the responsibility of the administration and residents of the region for the prestige of their region. Recommendations are formulated on the institutionalization of online voting to solve problems that determine the current regional and municipal agenda.

Creating consistency in the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency: screening methods

PurposeTo determine the sensitivity of various clinical tests in the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency. MethodsA total of 254 patients were recruited with complaints consistent with convergence problems but no prior history of strabismus surgery, eye exercises, prism use, recent concussion, or other ocular or neurological diseases. Each patient completed the convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS), and the following data were collected: ocular alignment at distance and near, convergence and divergence fusional amplitudes at distance and near, near-point of convergence (NPC) using an accommodative target and red lens, and assessment of quality of convergence movement (QoCM) and quality of fusional movements (QoFM). The sensitivity of each clinical test was calculated. ResultsMeasurement of NPC using red lens and subjective assessment of the QoCM and QoFM were the most sensitive diagnostic tools for near symptoms consistent with convergence insufficiency: 93.3%, 98.4%, and 94.5% respectively. CISS score, convergence fusional amplitude at near, and exophoria at near had lower sensitivities: 62.9%, 46.0%, and 72.0%, respectively. Although the majority of our patients had a heterophoria or heterotropia at distance (96.8%) and/or near (98.8%), most presented with only small phorias. Furthermore, of those who had a deviation at near, only 22% had the near exophoria exceeding the distance exophoria by 10Δ. ConclusionsIn our study cohort, NPC with red lens and subjective assessment of QoCM and QoFM proved to be the most sensitive screening tools for near symptoms consistent with convergence insufficiency.

Strategi Public Relations Mandalika Grand Prix Association (MGPA) dalam Manajemen Event World Superbike 2022

Advances in technology and the digitalization of information have resulted in the media convergence movement growing and technological advances becoming more rapid. In today's media convergence era, there are various options in event management. This study aims to find out how the role of the Mandalika Grand Prix Association (MGPA) in the 2022 World Superbike event in Mandalika amidst media convergence. More than 50 thousand spectators came to watch the 2022 WSBK in Mandalika. This figure exceeded the initial target of 45 thousand viewers. One of the aspects that made the WSBK 2022 event successful was the event promotion strategy that was able to bring in tens of thousands of spectators. This success is inseparable from the role of Public Relations in branding and making events attractive. Public Relations must be observant in packaging events so as not to generate risks and issues in the community. This research is a constructivist paradigm and uses a descriptive qualitative approach, using the Ronald D. Smith model which analyzes the Public Relations strategy through 4 stages that identify 9 steps in planning public relations activities. From the research results, it was found that MGPA's Public Relations succeeded in utilizing technological advances as a means of event management to become more effective. able to build the image of World Superbike 2022 to become an event that is trusted by the community and its stakeholders. MGPA's Public Relations has succeeded in carrying out four PR roles in building the company's brand image, namely: (1) as a communicator for company stakeholders; (2) making publications; (3) carrying out Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities; and (4) building the company's image program.

Teaching Video NeuroImages: Convergence retraction nystagmus due to compressive lesion of the dorsal midbrain

A 28-year-old man had experienced binocular diplopia for the last 2 months. Around the same time, he noticed mostly nocturnal polyuria and polydipsia and eventually was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Extraocular motility testing demonstrated jerky convergence movements on an attempted upgaze and mild lid retraction (video 1). Urgent MRI of the brain revealed a large mass in the dorsal midbrain region, which was also compressing the hypothalamus (figure). The lesion was biopsied and a diagnosis of primary intracranial germinoma arising from pineal tissue was made. Treatment with low-dose radiotherapy commenced. Characteristic clinical features of convergence retraction nystagmus in this case allowed rapid localization of the lesion, its diagnosis, and eventually treatment.1

Movement of Understanding of Mathematical Literacy from Montessori’s Perspective: An Approach to the Teaching Processes of Geometry

Background: Mathematical literacy has been thematised in our studies by the importance of the initial ideas of mathematics in school paths. In this investigative path, the phenomenon of mathematics-literacy-from-Montessori-perspective stood out. Objectives: To answer the question: What is this, mathematical literacy from Montessori’s perspective? Design: Research of a theoretical nature, with a hermeneutic study of three works by Montessori closest to the phenomenon: The Discovery of the Child, Psychoarithmetic and Psychogeometry. After successive readings, we highlighted in each work excerpts that approached the question, calling them Units of Meaning (UM). Each UM was interpreted in dialogue with the work itself and other relevant authors. In all, 84 UMs were evidenced, which converged to 15 core ideas (CI). Placing all these CI side by side and asking what they said in the light of the guiding question, they enabled new convergence movements, evidencing basic characteristics of the phenomenon and geometry revealed itself as one of the guiding threads of mathematics teaching that aims at students’ learning. Setting and Participants: The theoretical study analysed the three works mentioned above. Data collection and analysis: The works that were closest to the highlighted phenomenon were selected and analysed hermeneutically. Results: The movement of understanding geometry, emerging from a larger study, clarifies Montessori’s understanding of the arithmetic-algebra-geometry triad, with a strong appeal to sensations and perception, emphasising the use of manipulative material, and with sequences that privilege abstractions. Conclusion: Knowing Montessori’s pedagogical proposal favours expanding teaching knowledge about mathematical literacy, woven in the close connection between methodologies, manipulative materials, articulation of mathematics, and teaching posture.

Dynamic background on formation, evolution, and later reformation of the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic Basin in Songliao and its significance for hydrocarbon exploration

Located on the Songnen block of the Northeast Asia block group, the Songliao Basin is sandwiched by three major plates in Siberia, North China, and the Pacific Ocean. The recognition of the basin's properties and the dynamic processes of formation, evolution, and late reformation of the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic Basin (LP-EMB), which has suffered from intense multi-stage, and various types of late reformation, are always controversial. On the basis of previous research on the regional tectonic geological background, combined with petrochemical and chronological data from core samples and seismic data, the attributes, evolution process, and late reformation of the LP-EMB and its dynamic environments have been deeply analyzed. Since the Late Paleozoic, it has successively experienced the development of Late Hercynian to Early–Middle Indosinian rifts and subsequent multi-stage superimposed transformation stages, which can be divided into the near-north-trending thrust reformation in the Late Indosinian, the near-west-trending thrust reformation in the Early Yanshanian, the differential extensional reformation in the early Late Yanshanian, the strike-slip shearing and deep burial reformation in the middle Late Yanshanian, and the strike-slip compression fold transformation in the late Late Yanshanian to the early Himalayan. The formation of the LP-EMB was mainly controlled by back-arc extension caused by the subduction and retreat of the paleo-Pacific Plate and partly by the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean between the North China Plate and the Northeast Asia micro-block group. The later reformation stages were closely related to the collision extrusion, strike-slip activity, and deep mantle activity caused by either the relative convergence movement between Songnen and other micro-blocks in the Northeast China micro-block group or by the remote collision effect of the Northeast China micro-block group and the surrounding plates. The inner fault zone (body), which was formed by multi-phase fault cutting, and the top weathering and denudation unconformity surface, are potential sites of hydrocarbon accumulation, from which natural gas has been transported along the fault and fracture belt into the weathering crust and the inner fracture zone in the Upper Paleozoic–Lower Mesozoic (UP-LM). This study significantly expands our knowledge of the tectonic evolution and gas exploration of the Songliao Basin.

“I Dreamed of an Alliance between the Authority of Dogma and Political Liberty”: Mormonism and Socialism in France in the Nineteenth Century

“I Dreamed of an Alliance between the Authority of Dogma and Political Liberty”: Mormonism and Socialism in France in the Nineteenth Century

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE IN STOLAC ON APRIL 22ND, 2022

The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina represents a seismically relatively active zone, given that it is under the influence of the convergent movement of the African plate towards the Eurasian plate. Evidence of the seis- micity of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the earthquakes recorded in the earthquake catalogs. The strongest earth- quake recorded on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 21st century is the earthquake that occurred in Stolac on April 22, 2022. The area of Stolac is characterized by numerous normal, oblique and overturned folds as well as reverse faults. The reverse faulting is the cause of the earthquake that occurred, which was proven by the analysis of the focal mechanism of the earthquake. Based on the GIS software of the National In- stitute of Geophysics and Volcanology of Italy for earthquake dislocations, the maximum possible earthquake magnitude was determined, which for the Stolac area is 7 degrees on the Richter scale. In view of this, it is nec- essary to design, build and reconstruct buildings so that they are resistant to earthquakes. Keywords: earthquake, seismicity, beachball diagrams, hazard

The mechanism and effects of remdesivir-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish: Blood flow dysfunction and behavioral alterations.

The antiviral drug remdesivir has been used to treat the growing number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the drug is mainly excreted through urine and feces and introduced into the environment to affect non-target organisms, including fish, which has raised concerns about potential ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. Moreover, studies on the ecological impacts of remdesivir on aquatic environments have not been reported. Here, we aimed to explore the toxicological impacts of microinjection of remdesivir on zebrafish early embryonic development and larvae and the associated mechanism. We found that 100 μM remdesivir delayed epiboly and impaired convergent movement of embryos during gastrulation, and dose-dependent increases in mortality and malformation were observed in remdesivir-treated embryos. Moreover, 10-100 μM remdesivir decreased blood flow and swimming velocity and altered the behavior of larvae. In terms of molecular mechanisms, 80 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome analysis in the remdesivir-treated group. Some of these DEGs, such as manf, kif3a, hnf1ba, rgn, prkcz, egr1, fosab, nr4a1, and ptgs2b, were mainly involved in early embryonic development, neuronal developmental disorders, vascular disease and the blood flow pathway. These data reveal that remdesivir can impair early embryonic development, blood flow and behavior of zebrafish embryos/larvae, probably due to alterations at the transcriptome level. This study suggests that it is important to avoid the discharge of remdesivir to aquatic ecosystems and provides a theoretical foundation to hinder remdesivir-induced ecotoxicity to aquatic environments.

Bmp Signal Gradient Modulates Convergent Cell Movement via Xarhgef3.2 during Gastrulation of Xenopus Embryos.

Gastrulation is a critical step in the establishment of a basic body plan during development. Convergence and extension (CE) cell movements organize germ layers during gastrulation. Noncanonical Wnt signaling has been known as major signaling that regulates CE cell movement by activating Rho and Rac. In addition, Bmp molecules are expressed in the ventral side of a developing embryo, and the ventral mesoderm region undergoes minimal CE cell movement while the dorsal mesoderm undergoes dynamic cell movements. This suggests that Bmp signal gradient may affect CE cell movement. To investigate whether Bmp signaling negatively regulates CE cell movements, we performed microarray-based screening and found that the transcription of Xenopus Arhgef3.2 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor) was negatively regulated by Bmp signaling. We also showed that overexpression or knockdown of Xarhgef3.2 caused gastrulation defects. Interestingly, Xarhgef3.2 controlled gastrulation cell movements through interacting with Disheveled (Dsh2) and Dsh2-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam1). Our results suggest that Bmp gradient affects gastrulation cell movement (CE) via negative regulation of Xarhgef3.2 expression.

The Adaptor Protein Lurap1 Is Required for Cell Cohesion during Epiboly Movement in Zebrafish.

Simple SummaryCell adhesion and active cell shape changes play an important role in morphogenetic movements during embryonic development. Zebrafish is an attractive model for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. Epiboly is a conserved gastrulation cell movement, which describes the thinning and spreading of an external sheet of cells to cover other groups of cells in the embryo. It involves differential cellular adhesive properties and dynamic cytoskeletal organization across the embryo, but how these are regulated remains elusive. We found that the adaptor protein Lurap1, which interacts with other proteins required for cell migration, plays a role in cell adhesion during epiboly. In zebrafish mutants with loss of Lurap1 function, there is a reduced cellular cohesion in the epithelial blastoderm cells and a delayed epiboly movement. Our observations suggest that Lurap1 is implicated in the regulation of cellular behavior changes for coordinated morphogenetic movements in vertebrate embryos.Cell adhesion and polarized cellular behaviors play critical roles in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In the zebrafish embryo, epiboly represents an important process of epithelial morphogenesis that involves differential cell adhesion and dynamic cell shape changes for coordinated movements of different cell populations, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The adaptor protein Lurap1 functions to link myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Rac/Cdc42-binding kinase with MYO18A for actomyosin retrograde flow in cell migration. We previously reported that it interacts with Dishevelled in convergence and extension movements during gastrulation. Here, we show that it regulates blastoderm cell adhesion and radial cell intercalation during epiboly. In zebrafish mutant embryos with loss of both maternal and zygotic Lurap1 function, deep cell multilayer of the blastoderm exhibit delayed epiboly with respect to the superficial layer. Time-lapse imaging reveals that these deep cells undergo unstable intercalation, which impedes their expansion over the yolk cell. Cell sorting and adhesion assays indicate reduced cellular cohesion of the blastoderm. These defects are correlated with disrupted cytoskeletal organization in the cortex of blastoderm cells. Thus, the present results extend our previous works by demonstrating that Lurap1 is required for cell adhesion and cell behavior changes to coordinate cell movements during epithelial morphogenesis. They provide insights for a further understanding of the regulation of cytoskeletal organization during gastrulation cell movements.

Convergent movement of COVID-19 outbreak in Japan based on SIR model

The infection dynamics of COVID-19 show frequent phases in which the infection spreads rapidly, resembling explosive infection. However, despite the repeated increases and decreases, there is a process of convergence even within a relatively short period of time. While it is obvious that the growth rate of the cumulative number of infected people slows down as it increases, considering the infectious disease process, we also observe a slowdown in the growth rate of the net number of infected people. Moreover, there exists a special type of convergence whereby areas with initially many infected people exhibit low rates of increase in the numbers of infected people subsequently. This paper uses prefectural panel data from Japan through March 2021 to confirm the convergence process.

Strain maps characterize the symmetry of convergence and extension patterns during zebrafish gastrulation

During gastrulation of the zebrafish embryo, the cap of blastoderm cells organizes into the axial body plan of the embryo with left–right symmetry and head–tail, dorsal–ventral polarities. Our labs have been interested in the mechanics of early development and have investigated whether these large-scale cell movements can be described as tissue-level mechanical strain by a tectonics-based approach. The first step is to image the positions of all nuclei from mid-epiboly to early segmentation by digital sheet light microscopy, organize the surface of the embryo into multi-cell spherical domains, construct velocity fields from the movements of these domains and extract strain rate maps from the change in density of the domains. During gastrulation, tensile/expansive and compressive strains in the axial and equatorial directions are detected as anterior and posterior expansion along the anterior–posterior axis and medial–lateral compression across the dorsal–ventral axis and corresponds to the well characterized morphological movements of convergence and extension. Following gastrulation strain is represented by localized medial expansion at the onset of segmentation and anterior expansion at the onset of neurulation. In addition to linear strain, symmetric patterns of rotation/curl are first detected in the animal hemispheres at mid-epiboly and then the vegetal hemispheres by the end of gastrulation. In embryos treated with C59, a Wnt inhibitor that inhibits head and tail extension, the axial extension and vegetal curl are absent. By analysing the temporal sequence of large-scale movements, deformations across the embryo can be attributed to a combination of epiboly and dorsal convergence-extension.

Source-to-sink transformation processes between closed setting, semiopen setting, and opening setting: A case study of the West-East China Sea from the Paleocene to the Eocene

For complex convergence movements between the Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate since the Cenozoic, the East China Sea Basin (ECSB) presents a three-stage rifting movement: initial rifting, rifting development, and structural reversal stages. The ECSB changed from a closed lacustrine to an open marine source-to-sink (S2S) system and then returned to a semiopen bay S2S system. Recently, research has attracted more attention to the relationship between the depositional setting evolution and the corresponding source-to-sink patterns. This study determines that the early Paleocene was dominated by a closed lacustrine setting according to water salinities based on trace element and micropalaeontological assemblages. The middle Paleocene had an open marine setting, and the late Paleocene and Eocene had semiopen bay settings. In addition, we rebuild the provenance area of the S2S system with detrital zircon UPb data and heavy mineral assemblage data to interpret the provenance from seismic profiles. During the early Paleocene, proximal sediments dominated the western depression zone of the East China Sea (WDZ), which was isolated by three sags. Integrated from core, well logging, and grain size data, the sediments in the routing system migrated to the prograding delta or alluvial fan. With statistics of the S2S parameters on the early Paleocene strata, sediment supply, average terrain height, and volume of the S2S system are analyzed from a bubble chart, which indicates that the average terrain height had a positive correlation with the S2S volume. For the middle Paleocene, more sediments from the Zhe-Min Caledonian fault belts on the western side distally migrated to the drainage basin and were deposited as tidally dominated deltas, reflecting an increasing reworking process. The statistical results show that the sediment supply was a dominant factor in the S2S system. As the regression proceeded, the S2S system developed in a semiopen bay setting in the late Paleocene and Eocene. A wave-dominated delta existed on the western side of the WDZ, and the eastern side developed subaqueous deltas. Moreover, we note that the sediment supply and average terrain height were important factors in developing the S2S system.

User requirement and prototype design of radio streaming using mind map model for “Forum Diskusi Radio Ponorogo” association

Forum Diskusi Radio Ponorogo (FDRP) is an association with consist of four radio station. Namely is Duta Nusantara FM, Suara Gontor FM, Romansa FM, and Songgolangit FM. Nowadays, FDRP as a terrestrial radio has some problem, and the first problem is to broadcast signal because the area is limited covered. The second problem is the listener are turning from traditional broadcasting to smartphone radio streaming, either using mobile apps or a website. To sustain this radio industry, they must switch to streaming radio via internet. This research aims to explore the need for building the radio streaming to expand the reach of radio broadcast and to design radio streaming media as a collaborative convergence movement. This study uses a mind map model by conducting observations, interviews and discussions to identify initial user needs and prototype techniques to determine the needs of streaming radio applications. This research produces a list of collaboration needs in maintaining the existence of the radio industry in Ponorogo and a prototype design of streaming media for a collaborative radio. For further research, it is hoped can be continued at the stage of making media and implementing streaming radio.

New Progress in the Study of Convergence Insufficiency

Convergency insufficiency is typical symptoms such as blurring of distant vision, reexamination of near vision, jumping words and walking while reading, visual fatigue and so on after reading or working closely for a period of time, According to the corresponding symptoms and signs, visual function tests were carried out, such as far and near eye position, accommodative response (BCC), positive relative accommodation (PRA), negative relative accommodation (NRA), near point of convergence (NPC), accommodation amplitude (AMP), etc., The detected visual function data were evaluated according to the normal value of Morgan and Sherad criteria. In daily life, people not only require clear vision, but also pay great attention to the comfort of using eyes, and the convergency insufficiency has become one of the important factors hindering the clarity, persistence and comfort of vision. Making binocular vision system to produce the cognition of regulation, convergence and eye movement through various methods such as optics, psychology and physics, vision therapy improves the application ability of eye vision system, and finally cures visual function problems such as visual fatigue, adjustment and convergence abnormality. We review the incidence, pathogenesis, new progress in the treatment of convergence insufficiency, the mechanism of visual formation and the basic principles of visual training.

Quantitative assessment of the relative tectonic activity using the analytical hierarchy process in the northwestern margin of the Lut Block, Central Iran

In this study, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to enhance the accuracy of the results obtained from the geomorphic analysis of tectonic activity. For this purpose, the relative tectonic activity index was computed by applying different and specific weights to each index based on the general geological and structural conditions of the study area. The Kuh-e-Sarhangi Mountain with a NE-SW strike is located in the northern part of the Tabas Block in the Central Iran Plate. The Kuh-e-Sarhangi Fault is considered one of the major faults in Central Iran and shows evidence of Quaternary activity. In this study, in order to evaluate the activity of the faults, six morphotectonic indices were computed and the different conditions which influenced the morphometric factors were considered and analyzed. The relative tectonic activity of Kuh-e-Sarhangi was classified based on the analytical hierarchy process method. These results were confirmed by field studies. The results of this method fitted well with some independently detected Quaternary faults and other reactivated faults in the Kuh-e-Sarhangi Mountain. With a right-lateral movement, some of these faults have caused the displacement of rivers up to 900 m. The dispersal of the high tectonic activity classes based on the AHP method conforms to the post-Neogene activity of the region. The distribution of the classes illustrates that morphotectonic anomalies correspond with the incised alluvial fans and terraces and the bisected and displaced rivers in the study area. Accordingly, the integration of the results of field investigations, satellite images, morphometry, and the AHP method shows a high accordance with the active structures and demonstrates that the study area is tectonically active. This analysis illustrates the recent movements of the Kuh-e-Sarhangi Fault and the activity of the Lut Block due to the convergent movement of the Arabian plate toward Eurasia.