Conventional Water Supply System Research Articles

RESCUE ROBOT FOR BOREWELL

Modern citification and development of cities has expanded since a decade, parchedness and deficient supply of water from conventional water reservoir and supply system has led to expand in number of domestic borewell installation. And price of installation and financing is easy and economical hence increasingly people are selecting for their personal bore well, rather relying of City Corporation for water supply. This has acutely enlarged the accident in the site of bore well especially toddlers are assailable and numerous incidents has transpired where toddlers smitten in open borewell and some falling into the depth. The intension of the project is to establish and design a bore well rescue robot, which can lift and rescue the kids who fall into well. Key words- rescue robot for borewell, confined space rescue, remote-controlled robotics, live streaming surveillance, humanitarian technology, cost-effective rescue system

Smart Borewell Rescue System through Wireless Monitoring using Artificial Intelligence

Modern urbanization and expansion of cities has boomed since a decade, water shortage and inefficient supply of water from conventional water reservoir and supply system has led to increase in number of domestic bore well installation. And cost of installation and maintenance is easy and affordable hence more and more people are opting for their personal bore well, rather depending of City Corporation for water supply. This has drastically increased the accident in the site of bore well especially small kids are vulnerable and many incidents has occurred where small kids get struck in open bre well and some being sunk into the depth. The objective of the project is to construct and design a bore well rescue robot, which can lift and rescue the kids who fall into well.

Technical and economic impact of water reuse as an integrated water resource management measure in rural water supply systems

ABSTRACT Water reuse becomes an alternative to reduce the demand in the conventional water supply systems, especially in regions, where non-potable use of drinking water, as for garden and grass irrigation, is predominant. This study evaluates the footprint of reuse on small water supply systems in rural areas, where raw water quality does not meet the drinking water standards and complicated treatment is needed. Individual facilities for reuse of potential rainwater, light gray, gray and domestic wastewater in the households could lead to a decrease in non-potable tap water use up to 60% and a decrease of households' annual expenses for water supply up to 93 €/household. The installation of individual facilities for common reuse of rainwater and gray wastewater requires the highest investment costs, but the option`s operational costs are between 15% and 20% lower than all other options considered. The Drinking Water Treatment Plant capacity reduction due to Integrated Water Resource Management measures implementation enables from 48% up to 58% saving in the total operational costs for drinking water supply in the settlement. The shortest payback period and best economic impact of reuse for small scale water supply systems is observed if rainwater and gray wastewater are reused together.

Comparative analysis of greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting as supplementary water sources for conventional urban and tourist resort water supplies

Freshwater scarcity combined with high water demand from rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption has resulted in increasing stress on urban water supply systems. Seasonal fluctuations in the population of tourist destinations are especially evident in tourist resorts. Greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting have been proposed as the most widely used valuable strategies to address water scarcity. By taking the conventional water supply system and the water supply of tourist resorts as examples, this study systematically compares and analyzes the advantages and limitations of greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting by enumerating the stress of water supply in different systems, discussing the benefits of both strategies and comparing the differences when using them for tourist destinations. The results showed that pumping systems or elevated tanks used to meet the water supply needs of high-rise buildings pose energy challenges. The water use characteristics of tourist resorts cause it to be closely related to the seasonal influx of tourists. Greywater recycling is more effective than rainwater harvesting in mitigating tourist resorts' water shortage problem. Suggestions for ways to implement these strategies for different regions are also given to make informed decisions about water distribution efforts. This study provides a reference for sustainable urban water resource management.

Conservation of Rain Water in Urban Area Using Ground Water Recharge

Abstract: Water scarcity is serious problem throughout the world for both urban & rural community. As the world population increases, the demand increases for quality drinking water. Urbanization, industrial development & increase in agricultural field & production has resulted in overexploitation of groundwater & surface water resources and resultant deterioration in water quality. The conventional water sources namely well, river and reservoirs, etc. are inadequate to fulfill water demand due to unbalanced rainfall. . Surface andgroundwater resources are being utilized faster than they can be recharged. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an option that has been adopted in many areas of the world where conventional water supply systems have failed to meet people’s needs.It is a technique that has been used since antiquity. It is an environmentally sound solution to address issues brought forth by large projects utilizing centralized water management approaches. Water harvesting is the activity of direct collection of rainwater, which can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into the groundwater. Water harvesting is the collection of runoff for productive purposes. According to Kim et al. (2005), rainwater harvesting may be one of the best methods available to recovering the natural hydrologic cycle and enabling urban development to become sustainable. The harvesting of rainwater has the potential to assist in alleviating pressures on current water supplies and storm water drainage systems. Rainwater collection has the potential to impact many people in the world. As water harvesting is an ancient tradition and has been used for millennia in most dry lands of the world, many different techniques have been developed the aim of the present study is to use rainwater andthus taking close to the concept of nature conservation. In this study, the rain water harvesting (RWH) system is analyzed as an alternative source of water in Gwalior Town in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India and the results were elated. By our calculation we have come to the conclusion that 108 days water can be stored for the entire city by the means of rain water harvesting method and that too only if we assume that only 70% of the water is being stored and remaining 30% of the water is getting wasted in the form of runoff. Even though, after this we are able to get 108 days of water for the entire city.

Environmental Impacts of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Urban Areas Applying Life Cycle Assessment—LCA

Climate change poses a series of challenges to water management to satisfy society’s current and future needs. Considering water an essential resource for life, this research is dedicated to comparing the environmental impacts caused by the conventional water supply system and Conventional Water Supply system complemented with rainwater harvesting, considering in the first one not only the components of the municipal public supply, but also the hydraulic components of the residences until the point of use. A life cycle assessment—LCA—was conducted for the two systems, considering them from the catchment to the point of use. This methodology quantifies environmental impacts throughout the product or process life cycle to obtain sustainable options, from raw material extraction to ultimate disposal. The results expose that the hybrid system represents an increase in environmental impacts. However, at a building scale, this increase was very small, and this can be seen as favorable to the hybrid system due to the benefit it brings. The seven percent reduction in water demand over the conventional system can represent significant relief in regions that already have water stress as a reality. This study has the potential to guide managers and designers of public water policies, providing data for a better decision-making process.

A water-heat combined supply system based on waste heat from a coastal nuclear power plant in northern China

• A new water-heat combined supply system based on waste heat is proposed. • The system realizes the simultaneous delivery of water and heat. • The heating and water supply costs are 34.27 ¥/GJ and 4.08 ¥/m 3 , respectively. • The system has a higher exergy efficiency and a better economic benefit. Based on the existing waste heat recovery technology and seawater desalination technology, a water-heat combined supply system based on waste heat from a costal nuclear power plant is proposed. The proposed system can improve the heating capacity of district heating systems and reduce the energy consumption of water-generating seawater reverse osmosis systems by recovering the waste heat from exhaust steam in a nuclear power plant. Through the simultaneous delivery of water and heat, the long-distance conveyance cost is reduced. The thermodynamic characteristics, energy-saving properties, environmental benefits, and economic efficiency of the proposed system are discussed and analysed. The results show that the heating capacity of the proposed system is increased by 55.5% compared to the original extraction steam heating load. The exergy efficiency is 16.07% higher and the heating cost is 12.32 ¥/GJ lower than those of traditional cogeneration district heating systems. The water supply cost of the proposed system is 2.95 ¥/m 3 lower than that of the conventional desalination water supply system. The current results of this study will be helpful in solving problems related to heat and water resource shortages and the high costs of long-distance heat and water conveyance in coastal areas.

Evaluation of a multi-barrier household system as an alternative to surface water treatment with microbiological risks

ABSTRACT Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) are recommended to supply the demand for drinking water in communities without conventional water supply systems. However, there is a lack of long-term laboratory studies regarding such technologies. We evaluated the contributions of each step of a multi-barrier system with pretreatment (sedimentation and fabric filtration), filtration in Household Slow Sand Filters (HSSFs) and disinfection (sodium hypochlorite) treating surface water for more than 14 consecutive months. Removal of turbidity, colour, organic matter, coliform group bacteria and protozoa were evaluated. Two HSSF models were compared, one with a diffuser vessel (HSSF-d) and one with a gravity float equipped vessel (HSSF-f). Correlations between efficiency and operational parameters were assessed. Overall, the multi-barrier system removed more than 90% of turbidity and more than 3.5 log of Escherichia coli. HSSF removed up to 3.0 log of Giardia spp. and 2.4 log of Cryptosporidium spp. HSSF-f presented significantly higher removal rates for turbidity, apparent colour and E. coli. Disinfection resulted in water with E. coli concentration lower than 1 CFU 100mL−1, however it was not able to inactivate protozoa. The evaluated system was able to reduce microbiological risks from water and could indeed be an alternative to communities that depend on surface water as their main source of supply. Nevertheless, further studies are recommended to include a low-cost disinfectant for protozoa inactivation.

Sustainability assessment and environmental impacts of water supply systems: a case study in Tampa Bay water supply system

Due to the accelerated industrial and urbanization development, climate change, and increasing populations and life quality expectations, the issue of drinking water shortage has raised much public awareness. The desalination system has been widely applied to accommodate the growing demand for clean water resources despite the continuous concerns about its relatively higher energy consumption and environmental footprints. This research conducted a case study in the Tampa Bay Regional Surface Water Treatment Plant and Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant in Florida, U.S. It analysed the performance and environmental impacts of conventional and desalination water supply systems on three sides: energy consumption, carbon footprint, and solid waste. Potential negative effects of both water supply systems are generally associated with surface water ecology, groundwater aquifers, coastal environment, and marine organisms. Various environmental impact mitigation plans have been proposed to prevent or restore the detriments caused by carbon dioxide emissions, plant construction, and concentrated brine discharge. Due to the deficiency in freshwater resources, desalination technology is more promising through proper regulations and regional sustainable development.

Core aspects of international water supply and wastewater disposal with a focus on developing countries in the Asia and Africa region

Abstract Water crises are already stressing societies, economies, and the environment worldwide and especially developing countries. The expected growth in population, urbanization and economic activity, as well as the impact of climate change, will exacerbate the situation in the coming decade. In developed countries, conventional water supply and wastewater disposal systems ensure safe access to drinking water, sanitation and wastewater services. The worldwide application of conventional systems is, however, only possible to a limited extent. The reason for this is that these systems are designed for certain climatic conditions and also do not consider the varying requirements regarding water supply and wastewater disposal typical for developing countries. Although there are alternative water supply and wastewater disposal systems that have proved to be successful throughout the developing world, there are still several barriers to their worldwide adoption. To increase the establishment of these approaches this paper focuses on aspects of particular relevance for developing countries, namely: water reuse (untreated wastewater), alternative sewerage (settled and simplified sewerage), alternative wastewater treatment (waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors) and management of water losses (real and apparent losses).

Potential for rainwater harvesting in a dry climate: Assessments in a semiarid region in northeast Brazil

In the last few years, a rapid increase in the population has been observed in many places. The majority of the population lives in urban areas, and experiences several problems related to an inefficient water supply and the occurrence of precipitation extreme events, such as a long dry season or the occurrence of floods. This framework allows consideration of the harvesting and storage of rainwater in tanks for immediate or future use. The harvesting, storage and use of rainwater in urban areas can create a positive impact on the public water supply system through a reduction in the demand for and use of potable water. Brazil experiences both water scarcity and abundance, due to the large dimensions of the country, imbalances in the population distribution and the timing of precipitation. From north to south, there is a wide variety of climates with distinct regional characteristics, including areas of semiarid climate; these are at risk of flooding due to rainfall concentration in few heavy showers and, on the other hand, are also susceptible to drought. Based on precipitation data and other information, an investigation was carried out into the potential of rainwater harvesting in the semiarid region of Brazil. There are 1133 municipalities within the defined semiarid region of Brazil; these municipalities are in nine states (Ministry of National Integration, 2005), including Pernambuco. In this region, the conventional public drinking water supply system covers 60% of the population, distributing water nine and five days per month to the inhabitants of the urban and rural areas, respectively. The potential for potable water savings was estimated for the urban areas of several cities within the semiarid region in Pernambuco State, northeast Brazil, using the methodology proposed by Ghisi et al. (2006) and Belmeziti et al. (2013). Ghisi et al. (2006) applied this methodology to cities in the southern region of Brazil and Belmeziti et al. (2013) used the methodology proposed in Municipality of Colombes (Paris Region). The results show that savings in water supplied by the public system can reach 25%; this paper discusses in an innovative way the savings in water supplied by the public system in a dry climate. The results indicate that a reduction in the pressure on the public water supply system is possible, simply by incorporating rainwater harvesting into the standard practices of local inhabitants.

Study of Domestic Water Mix

In the RPJMN 2015-2019, the domestic water mix is mentioned as an effort to optimize the various alternative domestic water sources available for the purpose of water utilization, including secondary water uses and water reclaiming. The domestic water mix in the RPJMN is part of the policy direction and strategy to build water security, complementing water-saving, water-saving, and water-keeping strategies. This concept is quite close to the term Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) that some countries have developed. If the domestic water mix attempts to optimize the various alternatives of domestic water sources available then IUWM is a holistic approach to the competition of water use within a region. The domestic water mix is a new paradigm of water supply system by utilizing closed loop system, integrating the existing practice of conventional drinking water supply system by optimizing the potential of water source which has not been utilized yet. This paradigm first appeared in government planning documents, but the application has been done by stakeholders although still partially. This study aims to determine the condition of existing water treatment, best practices, and technological innovations that have been developed in support of the water mix system. The methods include the determination of hypotheses, secondary data collection, field survey, and evaluation, and look for alternative solutions. Lessons learned from the locations visited show the potential for utilizing the domestic water mix that can be done on an environmental, household, and area scales. All initiatives found in the field require support from the government, in the form of advocacy, facilitation, and policy interventions. Technical, socio-economic, financial and environmental and health aspects challenge the implementation of this new paradigm. A more in-depth study needs to be done to see the water mix optimization options at each coverage scale and analyze the aspects to consider before new paradigm applications are implemented. The follow-up study needs to be done with longer time and better funding to conduct a comprehensive pilot, deep analysis and assessment on a more grounded ground-level implementation.

Kajian Kebutuhan Air dan Produktivitas Air Padi Sawah dengan Sistem Pemberian Air Secara SRI dan Konvensional Menggunakan Irigasi Pipa

Kondisi air yang semakin terbatas untuk lahan pertanian dapat menyebabkan penurunan produksi padi. Peningkatan produksi tanaman saat ini menempati prioritas utama dalam pembangunan pertanian. Produktivitas dapat dikaji melalui subsistem tanah, air dan pola lahan untuk penggunaan pada periode tertentu. Aplikasi irigasi pipa dengan kombinasi sistem pemberian air secara SRI mampu memanfaatkan air dengan efisien. Oleh karena itu penelitian mengenai perhitungan produktivitas air padi sawah yang menggunakan input irigasi pipa dengan sistem pemberian air secara konvensional dan SRI penting untuk dilakukan. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu pengamatan langsung dilapangan, pengukuran terhadap evapotranspirasi, perkolasi, kebutuhan air netto di sawah dan perhitungan produktivitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi padi lebih tinggi dengan sistem pemberian air System of Rice Intensification (SRI). Produktivitas air padi dengan sistem pemberian air secara SRI juga lebih tinggi di mana kebutuhan air dengan kombinasi irigasi pipa dan sistem pemberian air secara SRI menjadi perlakuan terbaik. Produktivitas air pada sawah konvensional yaitu 0,82 kg/m3 dan sawah SRI yaitu 1,12 kg/m3. Kombinasi penggunaan irigasi pipa dengan sistem pemberian air secara SRI menunjukkan produktivitas air yang tinggi dan efisien dalam pemakaian air.

Energy consumptions and associated greenhouse gas emissions in operation phases of urban water reuse systems in Korea

Water reuse systems have been widely implemented across the globe as a solution to water shortage and freshwater contamination. Ongoing controversies regarding supposedly high energy cost and the lack of sufficient data to support benefits of water reuse are delaying further expansion of implementation of water reuse systems in South Korea. In order to clarify the ambiguity regarding the energy demand and provide an unbiased comparison between the water reuse alternatives and the conventional water supply system, energy consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions in operation phases of different water reuse facilities and the conventional water supply system were examined. The average total energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emission of the conventional process were calculated to be 0.511 kWh/m3 and 0.43 kgCO2e/m3, respectively. Centralized wastewater reuse systems had prohibitively high energy consumptions (1.224–1.914 kWh/m3) and greenhouse gas emissions (0.72–0.83 kgCO2e/m3). The decentralized wastewater reuse systems, greywater reuse and rainwater harvesting systems, all used for non-potable purposes, had comparable or higher energy demands than the conventional process (0.246–0.970 kWh/m3 after adjustment), although estimated greenhouse gas emissions from these processes were lower than the conventional process (0–0.33 kgCO2e/m3 after adjustment). Considering the hidden environmental benefit (0.357 kWh/m3) from reduction of contaminant release, the energy demand of greywater reuse drops far below that of the conventional system, suggesting that decentralized water reuse is the key to an energy-efficient water management with minimal impact on climate change.

Water usage in rainwater harvesting households in Trinidad

Rainwater harvesting (RWH), which was previously undertaken more out of necessity than any commitment to autonomy, is now being heralded as a sustainable alternative for domestic water supply and flood control, and in disaster relief. In Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean region, RWH is included in water security and sustainability strategies. Despite the plethora of domestic RWH projects, estimates of water consumption in RWH-dependent households are unavailable, and project designers are left to assume values that are based on conventional water-supply systems. In the present study the per capita consumption (PCC) of domestic water in three RWH-dependent communities was quantified. For this purpose, households’ perceived and actual water consumption was investigated in three rural communities in Trinidad. It was found that perceived and actual consumption are 105–164 l per person per day (lpd) and 95–240 lpd, respectively. Householders’ perception of how much water is consumed was generally significantly different from the measured amount. While the sample of measured PCC was small, the results provide more realistic values for the design of RWH systems, which are being promoted in the region.

Potential Rainwater Harvesting: An Adaptation Measure for Urban Areas in Jordan

This study investigated the potential of harvesting rainwater from the roofs of nonresidential buildings in populated urban areas in Amman, Jordan, using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Amman has a mean annual rainfall of 378 mm, which makes rainwater harvesting viable and feasible. The rainfall data recorded at seven different weather stations were processed statistically to produce reliable averaging surface and isohyetal maps for rainfall over Amman. The GIS layer was generated for roofs and catchments to identify the suitable rainwater harvesting sites. Results show that the potential water collected by rainwater harvesting is five times less expensive than that collected via the conventional water supply system. The net total water savings by rainwater harvesting is 3.45 × 106 m3/year, and this could reduce the nonrevenue water and other losses by ∼1%. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting has a potential positive environmental impact by reducing CO2 emissions by about 6.57 tons.

Development of rainwater harvesting technology for securing domestic water supply in Ibadan, Nigeria

In both rural and urban areas, supplying adequate water to meet increasing population water demand is a major challenge faced by decision-makers in developing countries like Nigeria. This is as a result of the failure of conventional or municipal water supply systems to meet the challenges of providing clean water for the populace. People result to digging shallow and deep wells indiscriminately to supplement their daily water needs. As a result, the groundwater table would have been falling, causing hydrological imbalance. Domestic Roof-water Harvesting (DRWH) and groundwater recharge provide innovative solution to the inadequate water supply. In this study, a complete RWH technology was designed and constructed for a household, where public water system was non-existent. The RWH technology was incorporated into the existing shallow well water system. Water samples from the RWH system and shallow well were analysed using standard methods. With roof area of 70 m2, 21 m3 reservoirs was required for dry period. The Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Iron and Nitrate of the harvested water showed values of 20.0, 21.0, 15.0, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/l respectively while pH was 6.8. The values were below WHO guideline limits for drinking water. Safety measures were taken to ensure that the harvested rainwater was of good quality. The study revealed that RWH technology is a viable and reliable water supply option in both urban and rural areas for domestic purposes.

Determinants of rainwater harvesting technology (RWHT) adoption for home gardening in Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Home gardening is extremely important for resource-poor households that have limited access to production inputs. However, in South Africa attempts to implement home garden programmes often fail to improve food security of the poor due to water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting technology (RWHT) has been used to supplement the conventional water supply systems, but its potential has not been fully exploited. An understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of improved technologies is therefore critical to successful implementation of agricultural development programmes. This study evaluated the determinants of farmers’ decisions to adopt rainwater harvesting technology (RWHT) in rural Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, using a binary logistic regression model based on a household survey of 180 rural home gardeners. The result of the logistic regression model showed that gender, age, education, income, social capital, contact with extension agent and perception/attitude towards RWHT are statistically significant in explaining farmers’ adoption of RWHT in the study area. Implications for agricultural and rural development policy were discussed. Keywords : home gardening, rainwater harvesting technology, adoption, logistic regression, South Africa

Tackling uncertainty in multi-criteria decision analysis – An application to water supply infrastructure planning

We present a novel approach for practically tackling uncertainty in preference elicitation and predictive modeling to support complex multi-criteria decisions based on multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). A simplified two-step elicitation procedure consisting of an online survey and face-to-face interviews is followed by an extensive uncertainty analysis. This covers uncertainty of the preference components (marginal value and utility functions, hierarchical aggregation functions, aggregation parameters) and the attribute predictions. Context uncertainties about future socio-economic developments are captured by combining MAUT with scenario planning. We perform a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to assess the contribution of single uncertain preference parameters to the uncertainty of the ranking of alternatives. This is exemplified for sustainable water infrastructure planning in a case study in Switzerland. We compare 11 water supply alternatives ranging from conventional water supply systems to novel technologies and management schemes regarding 44 objectives. Their performance is assessed for four future scenarios and 10 stakeholders from different backgrounds and decision-making levels. Despite uncertainty in the ranking of alternatives, potential best and worst solutions could be identified. We demonstrate that a priori assumptions such as linear value functions or additive aggregation can result in misleading recommendations, unless thoroughly checked during preference elicitation and modeling. We suggest GSA to focus elicitation on most sensitive preference parameters. Our GSA results indicate that output uncertainty can be considerably reduced by additional elicitation of few parameters, e.g. the overall risk attitude and aggregation functions at higher-level nodes. Here, rough value function elicitation was sufficient, thereby substantially reducing elicitation time.

Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review

Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RHS) are increasingly used in buildings to mitigate water shortage and rising prices of centralised water supply. Notwithstanding the benefits of RHS, they may also promote adverse impacts mainly related to the high consumption of energy. In this context, energy intensity (i.e. unit of energy per unit of water) is a crucial parameter for assessing the environmental feasibility of different RHS. However, only recently has attention been drawn to the connection between water and energy consumption, which has been prompted by the increasing importance of water security, energy efficiency and economic feasibility. This connection, known as the water-energy nexus, has been increasingly acknowledged as a key principal for water planning. The objective of this study is twofold: (i) to review the energy intensity data reported for RHS; and (ii) to outline strategies to enhance the energy performance of RHS in buildings. For the reviewed literature, the median energy intensity of theoretical studies (0.20 kWh/m³) was considerably lower than that described in empirical studies (1.40 kWh/m³). This implies that theoretical assessments of energy intensity may not sufficiently consider the energy used for pump start-ups and standby mode, as well as the true motor and pump energy efficiency. However, to some extent, this difference may also represent the amount of energy that can be reduced by optimising RHS design and operation. When comparing RHS to conventional town water supply systems, the reviewed empirical studies showed that RHS tend to be three times more energy intensive, although optimised RHS can have more comparable values. Ultimately, it is predominately the local characteristics, such as rainwater demand, building type (single-storey or multi-storey), RHS sub-systems design, potable water plumbing system design, and town water energy intensity, among other factors that will determine whether or not the environmental and economic performances of RHS are acceptable.