Conventional Vegetable Oils Research Articles

RSM modelling and optimization for performance evaluation of biodiesel production process from livistona jenkinsiana using NaOH as a catalyst

The production of biodiesel from conventional vegetable oils is limited by the high cost and competition with food supply. Therefore, there is a need to explore new and underutilized feedstocks that can provide abundant and low-cost oil for biodiesel production. Livistona jenkinsiana is a palm species that grows in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It produces oil-rich fruits that are usually discarded as waste. In this work, biodiesel was produced from Livistona jenkinsiana through transesterification reaction, and the parametric analysis was carried out. The process parameters such as reaction temperature, molar ratio, reaction time, and catalyst amount were studied, and yield (Y) was modelled using response surface methodology (RSM) as a modelling tool in MINITAB@17.1.0 software. A second-order RSM model for biodiesel yield was developed as a function of temperature, catalyst, and the molar ratio, which could predict the biodiesel yield. ANOVA results showed that temperature, catalyst, and molar ratio played an important role in the transesterification process. The optimization result showed that the optimal conditions were attained at a temperature of 61.78 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio 9.25:1, and catalyst concentration of 0.86 wt%. The highest biodiesel yield predicted was 94.47%. The reaction was carried out at a constant reaction speed of 500 rpm for 1.5 h of reaction time. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel indicate that the biodiesel from Livistona jenkinsiana oil (LJO) is ideal for the production of biodiesel.

Lipid Production from Native Oleaginous Yeasts Isolated from Southern Chilean Soil Cultivated in Industrial Vinasse Residues.

In this research, six strains of oleaginous yeasts native to southern Chile were analyzed for their biotechnological potential in lipid accumulation. For this purpose, the six strains, named PP1, PP4, PR4, PR10, PR27 and PR29, were cultivated in a nitrogen-deficient synthetic mineral medium (SMM). Then, two strains were selected and cultivated in an industrial residual "vinasse", under different conditions of temperature (°C), pH and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Finally, under optimized conditions, the growth kinetics and determination of the lipid profile were evaluated. The results of growth in the SMM indicate that yeasts PP1 and PR27 presented biomass concentrations and lipid accumulation percentages of 2.73 and 4.3 g/L of biomass and 36.6% and 45.3% lipids, respectively. Subsequently, for both strains, when cultured in the residual vinasse under optimized environmental conditions, biomass concentrations of 14.8 ± 1.51 g/L (C/N 80) and 15.83 ± 0.57 g/L (C/N 50) and lipid accumulations of 28% and 30% were obtained for PP1 and PR27, respectively. The composition of the triglycerides (TGs), obtained in the culture of the yeasts in a 2 L reactor, presented 64.25% of saturated fatty acids for strain PR27 and 47.18% for strain PP1. The saturated fatty acid compositions in both strains are mainly constituted of fatty acids, myristic C 14:0, heptadecanoic C 17:0, palmitic C 16:0 and stearic C 18:0, and the monounsaturated fatty acids constituted of oleic acid C 18:1 (cis 9) (28-46%), and in smaller amounts, palmitoleic acid and heptadecenoic acid. This work demonstrates that the native yeast strains PP1 and PR27 are promising strains for the production of microbial oils similar to conventional vegetable oils. The potential applications in the energy or food industries, such as aquaculture, are conceivable.

Replacement of Conventional Vegetable Oil with Granulated Fats of Palm Oil (Prilled Fats and Calcium Soaps) in Broiler Chicken Diet: Performance and Carcass Traits

Replacement of Conventional Vegetable Oil with Granulated Fats of Palm Oil (Prilled Fats and Calcium Soaps) in Broiler Chicken Diet: Performance and Carcass Traits

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Oil demand has risen steadily due to the growing industrialization and modernization of the world. In addition to rising costs, the supply of fossil fuels is also declining. These and many other concerns couple with food shortages have drawn attention of scientists to a substitute fuel that is generated from feedstocks that can be renewed. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel with a lot of expectations is produced using edible grown conventional vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed, palm, and soybean. The production of biodiesel from edible oils has, meanwhile, worsened the existing competitiveness of oil used for food and fuel. Emphasis on using nonedible feedstock is currently guided by research to discover more potential nonedible feedstock such as croton. Differences between perceptions and facts about these nonedible oils necessitate efforts to diversify feedstocks into sources that can warrant the production of energy without impacting on the security of food. Croton is a multipurpose evergreen plant that is nonedible and is commonly present and cultivated under environmental and socio-economic conditions, which are complex in nature. This plant, referred to as a golden tree, has various uses including fuels, medicinal, ornamentals, dyes, feed, enriching of soil, and afforestation. This research was therefore carried out to investigate the multipurpose use croton. Among the highlighted areas include croton (feedstock) used for biodiesel, the necessity for croton seed oil and its value chain, the process for the modifying croton oil to biodiesel, factors that influence the production of biodiesel, the application of croton biodiesel in engines for efficiency and emission characteristics, and prospects for croton biodiesel.

Feed Additive Vegetable Oil, Addition to Commercial Feed on the Feed Efficiency and Fat Content of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

This study aims to determine the effect of conventional vegetable oil as feed additive, according to soybean oil, coconut oil, corn oil, and the effect of feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and fat content of red tilapia. Feeding trial in this study had used Completely randomized design (CRD), with 4 treatments and repeated 4 times. Red tilapia as much as 160 used initial weight of 25-40g/head, kept in an aquarium with a volume of 20 dm3 with density 2 ind./L, and fed a pelleted with addition vegetable oil for 40 days. The results showed that there was a significant difference(p < 0.05) in Feed Efficiency (FE), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The highest EPP value in treatment addition soybean oil 4% was 66.06% (P < .05), and then treatment corn oil (47.28%), while the control treatment not addition of vegetable oil gave FE as much as 46.70%, and coconut oil was 39.60%. The best FCR value in treatment addition soybean oil 4% as much as 1.52 (P < 0.05%), while feed additive corn oil was 2.23, control was 2.17, and coconut oil was 2.27. Feeding with the addition of 4% soybean oil was the best treatment for growth, while the addition of coconut oil and corn oil increased the fat content of fish descriptively compared to without the addition of oil.

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Myrianthus arboreus Seed Oil Harvested from Cote d’Ivoire

Aims: The rich and diversified Ivorian flora abounds in countless oilseed plants that certain rural populations use for the preparation of dishes. Thus, certain physical and chemical parameters and the fatty acid composition of the fat extracted from the seeds of Myrianthus arboreus from four towns in Côte d'Ivoire (Agboville; Bouaflé; Daloa and Man), were determined, in order to contribute to the development of this wild plant.
 Methodology and Results: Physical and chemical parameters determined by dosage comply with Codex Alimentarius standards. These parameters vary according to the harvest area and they show that the oil of Myrianthus arboreus is rich in unsaturated compounds (Iv ˃ 90; Ri = 1.472 ± 0.001) The evaluation of the antioxidant activity, carried out by spectrophotometry by trapping the radical stable DPPH, showed a weak reduction of the stable radical DPPH by the oil of Myrianthus arboreus compared to vitamin C. This investigation also made it possible to determine for the first time the fatty acid composition of the oil of Myrianthus arboreus by GC / MS; more than 90% linoleic acid is the major acid.
 Conclusion and Application: The oils analyzed showed very good contents of determined elements. Thus, the oil of Myrianthus arboreus could be used as well in human nutrition as in therapy. Thus, by its intrinsic characteristics, the oil from the seeds of Myrianthus arboreus is comparable to a conventional vegetable oil.

Characterization of Biodiesel Obtained from Vegetable Oil; Conventional and Residual

This work shows the description of biodiesel production, characterization and tests of performance on a diesel engine, using conventional vegetable oil and residual vegetable oil to generate it. The process to obtain the biodiesel by transesterification is described and three characteristics of both types of biodiesel were determined: pH, density, viscosity and electrolytic conductivity. Then, biodiesel is characterized electromechanically, through the performance of the biodiesel in a diesel engine, whose characteristics are acquired from a test bench where its efficiency in power, torque and energy consumption is determined. Finally, the comparison of the two types of biodiesel is made in order to define the biodiesel with the best characteristics.

Microbial Lipid Production from Corn Stover by the Oleaginous Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Using the PreSSLP Process

Dry acid pretreatment and biodetoxification (DryPB) has been considered as an advanced technology to treat lignocellulosic materials for improved downstream bioconversion. In this study, the lipid production from DryPB corn stover was investigated by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides using a new process designated prehydrolysis followed by simultaneous saccharification and lipid production (PreSSLP). The results found that prehydrolysis at 50 °C and then lipid production at 30 °C improved lipid yield by more than 17.0% compared with those without a prehydrolysis step. The highest lipid yield of 0.080 g/g DryPB corn stover was achieved at a solid loading of 12.5%. The fatty acid distribution of lipid products was similar to those of conventional vegetable oils that are used for biodiesel production. Our results suggested that the integration of DryPB process and PreSSLP process can be explored as an improved technology for microbial lipid production from lignocellulosic materials.

PROPERTIES OF MICROALGAE OIL FROM THE SPECIES Chlorella protothecoides AND ITS ETHYLIC BIODIESEL

ABSTRACT Microalgae oil of the species Chlorella protothecoides was obtained via a donation of the Soley Biotechnology Institute (SOLEYBIO) and characterized according to the fatty acid profile. Ethylic biodiesel was prepared using methods adapted by the research group. Analysis of acidity, water content, and density and viscosity temperature dependence (293.15 K to 368.15 K) were performed for the oil and ethylic biodiesel. The biofuel was characterized in terms of its flash and cloud points, heat capacity and cetane number. The properties studied were compared with conventional vegetable oils and biodiesel, presenting little differences and demonstrating the high viability of biodiesel from microalgae oil.

Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Kernel Fruit Oil from the Acrocomia totai Palm Tree

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of variations in oil contents and fatty‐acid composition, density, viscosity, acid values, saponification values, specific oxidative stability, and antioxidant concentration of Acrocomia totai kernel oil during fruit maturation. Fatty acids were quantified using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatograph‐flame‐ionization detector (GC‐FID), and Fourier transform Raman (FT‐Raman) spectroscopy analyses. The results showed that all physicochemical characteristics and oil composition changed during the ripening stage. The CG‐FID analysis showed a reduction in the unsaturated fatty‐acid content (from 78.8% to 22.1%), with a proportional increase in the saturated fatty‐acid contents (from 21.6% to 77.9%). The difference in the fatty‐acid composition was confirmed by analysis of the 1H NMR and FT‐Raman spectra. The degree of unsaturation was calculated to determine the oxidative stability of oil. These results suggest that the fruit's maturation contributes to the specific oxidative stability. The antioxidant concentration revealed higher contents of carotenoids in the ripe fruit (0.16 mg of carotenoid per 100 gKERNEL) when compared to the unripe fruit (0.05 mg of carotenoid per 100 gKERNEL). In the total phenolics analysis, there was no change in concentration over ripening time. These results show that kernel oil has physicochemical properties comparable with high‐quality commercial vegetable oils, suggesting that it is a promising alternative to conventional vegetable oils.

A new combined approach to improved lipid production using a strictly aerobic and oleaginous yeast.

Microbial lipids have potential applications in energy, and food industry, because most of those lipids are triacylglycerol with long-chain fatty-acids that are comparable to conventional vegetable oils and can be obtained without arable land requirement. Rhodosporidium toruloides is a strictly aerobic strain, where oxygen plays a crucial role in growth, maintenance, and metabolite production, such as lipids and carotenoids. Dissolved oxygen concentration is one of the major factors affecting yeast physiological and biochemical characteristics. In this context, different approaches have been developed to increase available oxygen by the increasing the aeration and the addition of an oxygen-vector. The growth of R. toruloides in 2-L mechanical stirred tank reactor equipped with 1 or 2 porous spargers and a 70 C/N ratio, revealed a lipid content of 0.47 and 0.52 g/g and a lipidic productivity of 0.16 and 0.17 g/L day, respectively. The oxygen-vector addition, increased the lipidic productivity for 0.20 g/L day and a lipid contend of 0.51 g of lipids/g of biomass. The combined approach, combining high aeration (AA), and 1% of n-dodecane addition (DA), produced a significant improvement in the lipid accumulation (62%, w/w), when compared with the DA (51%, w/w) and the AA (52%, w/w) approaches. The increasing of lipids accumulation and smaller culture time are key factors for the success of scale-up and profitability of a bioprocess.

The effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock

In this work, oil was extracted from Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) seeds for potential feedstock in biodiesel production. The results showed that, the oil content from Citrullus vulgaris seeds oil during extraction reached an average yield of 50%. Biodiesel was produced via transesterification using NaOH as catalyst. The effect of NaOH on the yield of the biodiesel was investigated at three different concentrations; 0.13, 0.15 and 0.18 g and oil to methanol ratio of 5:1 under different reaction times; 90, 120 and 150 min at 60 °C. The yield of biodiesel from NaOH concentration of 0.13 g was found to be 70% as compared to those of concentrations, 0.15 g and 0.18 g which were 53% and 49% respectively.Gas chromatography was used to identify the methyl ester groups present in the biodiesel and the results revealed both concentration and time-dependent increase in oil yield. The physicochemical properties of the watermelon seed oil such as flash point (141.3 ± 0.4–143.4 ± 0.2), density (0.86 ± 0.04–0.91 ± 0.01 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (30.50 ± 0.1–31.20 ± 0.04 mm2/s) and acid value (mg KOH/g) are similar to conventional vegetable oils. This work therefore, highlights the potential utility of water melon seeds for biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production from Neochloris oleoabundans by supercritical technology

Oleaginous microalgae have been proposed as a sustainable alternative biomass to produce biodiesel in order to substitute conventional vegetable oils derived from oilseed crops. Particularly, recent studies pointed out the potential of N. oleoabundans, cultured in seawater or in anaerobically digested dairy manure, to produce triglycerides with high content of monounsaturated fatty acids. The supercritical technology has been recognized as a green sustainable alternative to transform biomass into valuable products. Thus, the aim of the present wok was to study the direct supercritical alcohol processing of partially dried N. oleoabundans biomass and later reaction products fractionation by supercritical CO2 or liquid n-hexane. A direct alcoholysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at different temperatures (250°C and 280°C) and increasing reaction times in order to evaluate the fatty acid ester production. Bio-oils from microalgae with up to 35wt.% fatty acid esters were obtained by two fold extraction with n-hexane. Conversely, supercritical CO2 fractionation produced upgraded bio-oils with up to 74wt.% of fatty acid esters content.

Environmental and economic assessment of vegetable oil production using membrane separation and vapor recompression

Solvent extraction of crude oil from oilseeds is widely applied for its high production capacity and low cost. In this process, solvent recovery and tail gas treatment are usually performed by adsorption, paraffin scrubbing, or even cryogenics (at low tail gas flow rates). Membrane separation, which has a lower energy consumption than these techniques, spans a broad range of admissible concentrations and flow rates, and is moreover easily combined with other techniques. Vapor recompression has potentials to reduce the heat loss in association with distillation and evaporation. In this study, we proved the possibility of combining membrane separation and vapor recompression to improve the conventional vegetable oil production, by both experiments and process simulation. Nearly 73% of energy can be saved in the process of vegetable oil extraction by the novel processing approach. By further environmental assessment, several impact categories show that the optimized process is environmentally sustainable.

Vegetable Oil-Biorefinery.

Conventional vegetable oil mills are complex plants, processing oil, fruits, or seeds to vegetable fats and oils of high quality and predefined properties. Nearly all by-products are used. However, most of the high valuable plant substances occurring in oil fruits or seeds besides the oil are used only in low price applications (proteins as animal feeding material) or not at all (e.g., phenolics). This chapter describes the state-of-the-art of extraction and use of oilseed/oil fruit proteins and phyto-nutrients in order to move from a conventional vegetable oil processing plant to a proper vegetable oil-biorefinery producing a wide range of different high value bio-based products.

Feasibility of oleaginous fungi isolated from soil samples of Saudi Arabia for mycodiesel production

As the demand for biofuels for transportation is increasing, it is necessary to acquire technologies that will allow affordable production of biodiesel. Conventional biodiesel is mainly produced from vegetable oil by chemical transesterification, but this product has relatively low yield and is competing with agricultural land that can be used for food production. In the present study, 14 filamentous fungi were isolated from different types of soil from Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Nile red staining revealed that lipid bodies were present in 6 of the 14 fungal isolates. Lipid extraction showed that 3 fungi were able to accumulate lipid >20% (wt/wt) of their dry cell mass (0.59–2.40 g/L). The profile of fatty acids revealed a high content of oleic (C18:1, n9), palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic (C18:2) acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. Isolate RY4, with the highest lipid yield was identified as Mucor circinelloides based on morphological characteristics confirmed with 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequence data of nucleotides were obtained from DNA sequencing submitted to GenBank [GenBank: AB916546.1]. Certain oil compounds were determined by FTIR spectroscopy.

Economic evaluation of algae biodiesel based on meta-analyses

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to elucidate the economic viability of algae-to-energy systems at a large scale, by developing a meta-analysis of five previously published economic evaluations of systems producing algae biodiesel. Data from original studies were harmonised into a standardised framework using financial and technical assumptions. Results suggest that the selling price of algae biodiesel under the base case would be $5.00–10.31/gal, higher than the selected benchmarks: $3.77/gal for petroleum diesel, and $4.21/gal for commercial biodiesel (B100) from conventional vegetable oil or animal fat. However, the projected selling price of algal biodiesel ($2.76–4.92/gal), following anticipated improvements, would be competitive. A scenario-based sensitivity analysis reveals that the price of algae biodiesel is most sensitive to algae biomass productivity, algae oil content, and algae cultivation cost. This indicates that the improvements in the yield, quality, and cost of algae feedstock could be the key factors to make algae-derived biodiesel economically viable.

Biodiesel production from microalgae: influence of pretreatment on lipid extraction

By having the objective of reducing their global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and their petroleum dependency, many industrialized countries like European Union countries support the sustainable development and will increase, by 2020, the ratio of biofuel (bioethanol or biodiesel) blend with transportation fuel to 10% (v/v). However, this objective could deprive the world of arable lands needed to feed 320 to 460 million people. To replace conventional vegetable oils (for example, canola oil) to produce biodiesel, microalgae could be used as the bulk material, as their total lipid yield can be as high as 75% (w/w). To produce biodiesel, the lipids must previously be extracted from the wet microalgae. This study showed that microalgae could be directly extracted without dewatering process with a yield of 29.0% (w/w) by using boiling pretreatments (water phase). The yield obtained was slightly lower than the traditional extraction methods (33.0% w/w) implying the costly technique of freeze-drying. The results also showed that the chemical physicochemical pretreatment considered had no influence on the composition of the fatty acid methyl esters of the biodiesel produced with methyl pal mitoleate as the major component with up to 28.0% (w/w).

Lipid Accumulation by Fungi Grown on Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Large amount of palm mill effluent is generated annually. The waste would be potential for production of single cell oils (SCOs). The objective of study was to evaluate the lipid accumulation by fungi using palm mill effluent as substrate. To obtain most potential strains for lipid accumulation, seven filamentous fungi isolated from various biomes were evaluated for their ability to produce endoglucanase, and its lipid accumulation. Fungal hypae grown on palm oil mill effluent accumulated lipid of 34,3-87,5 of their dry cell mass. The profile of transesterified SCOs revealed a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. The strain was able to use organic substrates in POME implies that they are promising strain for biofuel feed stock as well as for meeting effluent quality for wastewater discharge.

Microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus sp. in the batch cultures using corncob hydrolysate as carbon source

To realize the feasibility of biodiesel production from high-lipid cell culture, microbial lipid production by the oleaginous yeasts was studied using glucose and sucrose as carbon source. Among the tested strains, Cryptococcus sp. SM5S05 accumulated the highest levels of intracellular lipids. The crude lipid contents of Cryptococcus sp. cultured in yeast malt agar reached 30% on a dry weight basis. The accumulation of lipids strongly depended on carbon/nitrogen ratio and nitrogen concentration. The highest content of lipids, measured at a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 60–90 and at a nitrogen concentration of 0.2%, was 60–57% lipids in the dry biomass. Batch cultures using corncob hydrolysate demonstrated that there was minimal inhibitory effect with a reducing sugar concentration of 60 g l−1 or higher. Batch cultures of Cryptococcus sp. SM5S05 in the corncob hydrolysate medium with 60 g l−1 glucose resulted in a dry biomass, lipid yields, and content of 12.6 g l−1, 7.6 g l−1, and 60.2%, respectively. The lipids contained mainly long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms. The fatty acid profile of Cryptococcus oils was quite similar to that of conventional vegetable oil. The cost of lipid production could be further reduced with corncob hydrolysate being utilized as the raw material for the oleaginous yeast. The results showed that the microbial lipid from Cryptococcus sp. was a potential alternative resource for biodiesel production.