Conventional Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Research Articles

The value of rapid on-site evaluation during conventional and endobronchial ultrasound needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and lung cancer

BackgroundThe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has revolutionized pulmonology by identifying cancer spread in lung cancer patients. It is now used for diagnosing sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and lymphoma. Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) is a crucial tool for pathologists, assisting in sample adequacy, accuracy, and prompt decision-making. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ROSE in identifying mediastinal lymphadenopathy and lung cancer during EBUS-TBNA and cTBNA.MethodsOur research was a prospective study in which we examined sixty cases that were separated into two groups of similar size. The rapid onsite evaluation group and the non-rapid onsite evaluation group were subjected to either Conventional TBNA or endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.ResultsThe total diagnostic yield of conventional and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in both groups was 83.3% (50/60 cases). Twenty-eight cases (46.7%) were positive for malignancy, 22 cases (36.6%) were positive for benign lesions, and 10 cases (16.6%) were not conclusive. Regarding diagnostic accuracy, it was greater in the rapid onsite evaluation group than in the non-rapid onsite evaluation group (100% in the rapid onsite evaluation group vs. 66.7% in the non-ROSE group).ConclusionsRapid onsite evaluation during conventional or endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration improves diagnostic accuracy of mediastinal lesions by excluding suspicious or nondiagnostic specimens and can reduce unnecessary punctures or eliminate the need for additional bronchoscopy procedures when reaching preliminary diagnosis.

Diagnostic efficiency and safety evaluation of different groups of lymph nodes in 193 cases of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA).

Diagnostic efficiency and safety evaluation of different groups of lymph nodes in 193 cases of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA).

Transbronchial lymph node forceps biopsy as a novel tool in diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a pilot study

BackgroundDifferential diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy is an issue of debate. Lymph nodes may be enlarged due to a variety of inflammatory, infectious, or malignant reasons. Therefore, obtaining samples from the affected nodes is crucial for the diagnosis. Usually, these patients are subjected to TBNA (EBUS or conventional) or mediastinoscopy if TBNA is not conclusive. This study evaluated the safety and feasibility of this new technique of transbronchial forceps biopsy for the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy.MethodsThe study included 18 patients with confirmed mediastinal lymphadenopathy who were admitted in Chest Department, Cairo University in the period from December 2019 to December 2020. All patients were subjected to flexible bronchoscopy with conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) and transbronchial forceps biopsy (LN-TBFB) from the enlarged mediastinal lymph node in the same procedure.Resultswe found the technique of LN-TBFB safe with no serious complications. We were able to reach a diagnosis in 7/7 (100%) cases of sarcoidosis, 6/7 (85.7%) cases of malignant lymph nodes. We had three cases where the histopathology showed hyperactive follicular hyperplasia, and a single case of tuberculous lymphadenitis. C-TBNA was diagnostic in 71.4% of sarcoidosis cases, 42.9% of malignant cases, but failed to diagnose the one patient with tuberculous lymphadenitis.ConclusionLymph node transbronchial forceps biopsy (LN-TBFB) was found to be safe and effective in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. We strongly advocate the use of this minimally invasive technique for diagnosing pathologically enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, as a last step before mediastinoscopy.

Transbronchial needle aspiration in severe cardiac failure patient: 'The old bull knows best'.

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (cTBNA) remains a basic technique that must be part of the bronchoscopists expertise. In cases where EBUS is not available, cTBNA must be kept in mind: 'the old bull knows best'.

Validation of a Cytological Classification System for the Rapid On-Site Evaluation (Rose) of Pulmonary and Mediastinal Needle Aspirates.

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is a procedure that allows immediate assessment of adequacy of cytological specimens obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA). The application of ROSE diagnostic categories has been applied in various organs, but not in thoracic pathology. We aimed to retrospectively assess the concordance with the final diagnosis of a categorization from C1 (inadequate) to C5 (neoplastic) during ROSE performed with bronchoscopic or percutaneous sampling procedures of thoracic lesions in a large series of consecutive cases. This retrospective single-center study evaluated 2282 consecutive ROSEs performed on 1827 patients from January 2016 to December 2020 in 994 cases of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) in peripheral pulmonary lesions, in 898 transthoracic FNAs, in 318 ultrasound-guided TBNAs, in 50 conventional TBNAs and in 22 endobronchial TBNAs. False positive and false negative cases of ROSE were 43 (1.88%) and 73 (3.2%), respectively, when compared with the definitive diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and the positive and negative prognostic values of ROSE were 94.84%, 95.05%, 96.89% and 91.87%, respectively. Overall concordance between ROSE and the final diagnosis was 0.8960 (Cohen's kappa). No significant differences were observed in terms of sampling procedures and type and location of the lesions. A tiered classification scheme of ROSE from C1 to C5 during bronchoscopic and percutaneous sampling procedures is helpful in effectively guiding clinical management of patients with thoracic lesions.

Efficacy of TBNA needles for EBUS during fiberoptic bronchoscopy?

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (cTBNA) biopsy is a diagnostic minimally invasive technique applied using fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the evaluation of mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes. With the development of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) devices, transbronchial aspiration needles have been revised for use according to the EBUS guidelines. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the diagnostic success of transbronchial aspiration needles that was produced for EBUS when it was applied with FOB instead of conventional TBNA. A retrospective examination was made with the data of 35 patients applied with FOB TBNA, using needles specifically designed for EBUS and 36 patients with conventional TBNA (cTBNA group), for lung cancer staging or the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy between November 2018 and November 2019. Seventy-two and sixty procedures performed on 71 patients were included in the study. Diagnostic efficiency for TBNA and cTBNA groups were 91.4% and 83.3%, respectively. Conventional TBNA is still acceptable when the low cost and ease of application are taken into consideration. In conclusion, improvement of current conventional TBNA needles similar to EBUS-TBNA needles for more efficient aspiration capacity could be the first stepto increasing the TBNA diagnostic yield. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm our results.

Conventional Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (cTBNA) and EBUS-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): A Retrospective Study on the Comparison of the Two Methods for Diagnostic Adequacy in Molecular Analysis

Introduction: In recent years, there has been a growing development of molecularly targeted therapies for various types of solid tumors—in particular, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This has required the need for greater quantities of tissue that is able to support ancillary studies, alongside cyto-histological diagnoses for the assessment of molecular targets. Conventional TBNA (cTBNA) and EBUS-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) have shown a high diagnostic yield for malignant mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node enlargement and peribronchial masses; however, few studies have compared these two procedures. We retrospectively compared TBNA patients (EBUS-TBNA and cTBNA) in order to determine the diagnostic yield and material adequacy for subsequent ancillary analyses. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 318 patients with clinical suspicion of lung cancer or with disease recurrence. All of the patients underwent TBNA (either EBUS-TBNA or cTBNA) on enlarged mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes and peribronchial masses between January 2017 and June 2021 at the University Hospital of Pisa, Italy. After a definitive diagnosis, molecular analyses and an evaluation of PD-L1 expression were performed in the cases of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and NSCLC, not otherwise specified (NOS). Results: EBUS-TBNA was performed in 199 patients and cTBNA was performed in 119 patients with 374 and 142 lymph nodes, respectively. The overall diagnostic yield for positive diagnoses was 59% (diagnostic rate of 61% in EBUS-TBNA, and 55% in cTBNA). Adenocarcinoma (ADC) was the most frequent diagnosis in both methods. EBUS-TBNA diagnostic adequacy was 72% for molecular analysis, while it was 55.5% for cTBNA, showing a statistical trend (p = 0.08) towards the significance of EBUS. The average percentage of neoplastic cells was also statistically different between the two methods (p = 0.05), reaching 51.19 ± 22.14 in EBUS-TBNA and 45.25 ± 22.84 in cTBNA. With regard to the PD-L1 protein expression, the percentage of positivity was similar in both procedures (86% in EBUS-TBNA, 85% in cTBNA). Conclusions: Conventional TBNA (cTBNA) and EBUS-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) are minimally invasive diagnostic methods that are associated with a high diagnostic yield. However, EBUS-TBNA has an improved diagnostic adequacy for molecular analysis compared to cTBNA, and is associated with a higher average percentage of neoplastic cells.

Multi-Dimensional Display of Wang's Lymph Node Map Using Virtual Bronchoscopic Navigation System.

Background: Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a classical technique for diagnosing mediastinal-hilar lymph node enlargement. However, the diagnostic value of conventional TBNA (cTBNA) is limited in small lymph nodes. Methods: Here, we generated an innovative multi-dimensional virtual lymph node map on top of Wang’s lymph node map using a Lungpoint Virtual Bronchoscopic Navigation System. Results: The virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) system was combined with computed tomography (CT) images to generate extrabronchial, endobronchial, sagittal, coronal as well as horizontal views of the 11 intrathoracic lymph node stations and their adjacent tissues and blood vessels. We displayed the specific puncture site of each lymph node station. The 11 stations were divided into four groups: right mediastinal stations, left mediastinal stations, central mediastinal stations and hilar stations. Conclusion: The VBN system provides a precise view of the intrabronchial landmarks, which may increase the diagnostic accuracy of intrathoracic lymph node adenopathy and assist bronchoscopists with practicing TBNA.

Endobronchial Ultrasound in Evaluating Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy

AbstractTuberculosis can involve most of the body parts, and tubercular lymphadenitis is common. But isolated involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes without lung parenchymal involvement is rare in adults. A 45-year-old lady presented with subcarinal lymph node enlargement. A conventional transbronchial needle aspiration done at a local hospital was inconclusive. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was done. Cytology showed epithelioid histiocytes and caseous necrosis. Stain for acid-fast bacilli and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test for tuberculosis were positive. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is a minimally invasive bronchoscopic technique to visualize and sample mediastinal lymph nodes. However, its availability is limited to specific centers and expertise is required to interpret images and take diagnostic samples.

COVID-19 pandemic and conventional transbronchial needle aspiration in the developing world

COVID-19 pandemic and conventional transbronchial needle aspiration in the developing world

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic tool in patients with suspected lung cancer - Our experience at a tertiary care center.

Background: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (c-TBNA) is a minimally invasive bronchoscopic technique used to obtain cytological samples from peribronchial lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. However, the concern about its efficacy and the advent of newer techniques have led to the underutilization of this time tested and cost-effective modality. Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of c-TBNA in suspected cases of lung cancer. Method: c-TBNA smears received from January 2017 to February 2020, with clinical-radiological suspicion of lung malignancy were retrospectively analyzed. Result: A total of 22 cases were reviewed. The mean age of the study population was 57.54 years, with a male-female ratio of ~2:1. The adequate aspirate was obtained in 19/22 (86%) cases. The overall diagnostic yield of c-TBNA was 82%. 14/19 (74%) cases were positive for malignancy, non-small cell lung carcinoma being the most common malignancy diagnosed (11 cases). 4/19 (21%) cases were diagnosed with granulomatous pathology, while smears in 1 case were non-diagnostic. Conclusion: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration cytology is an efficacious method used for the diagnosis of lung carcinoma. Especially in resource-limited settings, it remains irreplaceable as a diagnostic tool and should be routinely utilized.

Comparison of transbronchial needle aspiration with and without ultrasound guidance for diagnosing benign lymph node adenopathy

BackgroundTransbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure performed to diagnose lymph node (LN) adenopathy. TBNA with and without endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guidance has a high diagnostic yield for malignant LN enlargement, but the value for diagnosing benign LN enlargement has been less thoroughly investigated.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 3540 patients with mediastinal LN enlargement who received TBNA. One hundred sixty-six patients with benign mediastinal lymphadenopathy were included and 293 LNs were biopsied. A positive result was defined as a specific histological abnormality. Conventional TBNA (cTBNA) and EBUS-TBNA, as well as cTBNA and transbronchial forceps biopsy (TBFB), were compared. The subgroup analysis was stratified by disease type and LN size.ResultsA diagnosis was made in 76.84% of the EBUS-TBNA and 61.31% of the cTBNA (P < 0.05). EBUS-TBNA was superior to cTBNA for both granulomatous (65.18% vs. 45.45%, P < 0.05) and non-granulomatous disease (96.92% vs. 84.06%, P < 0.05). In contrast, the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA was higher than that of cTBNA for LNs < 20 mm (79.44% vs. 64.29%, P < 0.05), but for LNs > 20 mm the difference was marginal. These findings were confirmed in a group of independent patients who received cTBNA plus EBUS-TBNA. The diagnostic yield did not differ between cTBNA and TBFB, but significantly increased to 76.67% when both modalities were employed.ConclusionsEBUS-TBNA is the preferred minimally invasive diagnostic method for benign mediastinal LN disease. Combined cTBNA and TBFB is a safe and feasible alternative when EBUS is unavailable.

Pilot Study of the Difference C-TBNA with EBUS-TBNA in Mediastinal Bronchial-Derived Cysts

Objective: To investigate the difference value of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in mediastinal bronchogenic cysts. Method: A retrospective analysis of clinical data and follow-up data of 27 patients using conventional TBNA and EBUS-TBNA techniques diagnosed as mediastinal bronchogenic cysts from May 2008 to December 2016 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University was done. Results: In 8 years, there were 13 cases of C-TBNA and 14 cases of EBUS-TBNA-diagnosed mediastinal bronchogenic cysts. C-TBNA extracted clear liquid and its volume was 8.9 ± 1.5 ml. The 14 patients examined by EBUS had a homogenous anechoic signal. Clear liquid was extracted, and its volume was 29.1 ± 7.5 ml. The cyst liquid extracted with EBUS-TBNA was significantly more than that extracted with CTBNA (P &lt; 0.05). During follow-up, 1 patient had cyst rupture after being punctured by C-TBNA, secondary pulmonary infection and right pleural effusion, followed by surgical treatment. The recurrence rate for C-TBNA was 100.00% (13/13), and that for EBUS-TBNA was 14.29% (2/14) (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The C-TBNA and EBUS-TBNA technologies have high diagnostic value for the mediastinal bronchogenic cysts. Both C-TBNA and EBUS-TBNA technologies have the risk of secondary infection and recurrence of cysts.

Conventional TBNA with 19 G TBNA Needle in Diagnosis of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes – Diagnostic Yield and Safety with 19G TBNA Needle

Conventional TBNA with 19 G TBNA Needle in Diagnosis of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes – Diagnostic Yield and Safety with 19G TBNA Needle

Implementation of bronchoscopic conventional transbronchial needle aspiration service in a tertiary care chest hospital

BackgroundConventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) is a unique technique that allows the sampling tissue from beyond the endobronchial tree, such as enlarged lymph nodes, peribronchial, or submucosal lesions. However, it remains underutilized and even unavailable in many countries and centers around the world including Egypt.ObjectiveThis study aimed to implement bronchoscopic C-TBNA service in a tertiary care chest hospital with special emphasis on the diagnostic yield, complications encountered, and learning experience.Patients and methodsThis cohort study was conducted on 60 patients with bronchoscopic nonvisible extraluminal lesions who have sought bronchoscopic C-TBNA service at the Bronchoscopy Unit of both Ain Shams University Hospital and Giza Chest Hospital during the period from June 2016 to February 2018.ResultsThe overall C-TBNA had a diagnostic yield of 88.3% in which 68.3% were malignant and 20% had sarcoidosis without serious complications recorded except for minor non-life-threatening bleeding in 21.7% of cases. After 6 months of C-TBNA learning experience, the diagnostic yield showed improvement in physicians without previous C-TBNA experience, but without reaching a statistical significance. Also, there were significant reduction in both duration and complications of C-TBNA.ConclusionImplementing C-TBNA service in a tertiary care chest hospital in bronchoscopically nonvisible extraluminal lesions seems to be a safe, easy technique with high diagnostic yield and its learning performance was able to be improved over time.

Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration is promising for identifying EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma.

BackgroundConventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is advantageous for the one‐step diagnosis and staging of lung adenocarcinoma under topical anesthesia and conscious sedation. We examined its efficacy for identifying EGFR mutations.MethodsForty‐seven patients with proven or suspected lung adenocarcinoma indicated for hilar‐mediastinal lymph node (LN) staging between June 2011 and December 2017 were enrolled. The cellblock was prepared using the plasma‐thrombin method. TaqMan PCR was used to detect mutations. Considering cost effectiveness, only the sample with the highest tumor cell fraction in the same patient was chosen for analysis.ResultsTBNA provided positive results of malignancy in 27 patients. Seventeen patients (63.0%) had cellblocks eligible for mutation testing. Bronchial biopsy (n = 6), neck LN fine needle aspiration (n = 1), and brushing (n = 1), provided higher tumor cell fractions for analysis in eight patients. TBNA was the exclusive method used in nine patients (19.1%). For patients with an inadequate TBNA cellblock, bronchial biopsy (n = 5), neck LN fine needle aspiration (n = 3), computed tomography‐guided transthoracic needle biopsy (n = 1), and brushing (n = 1) were used for analysis. Modification to specimen processing to prevent exhaustion by cytology after June 2016 improved the adequacy of cellblock samples (9/10, 90% vs. 8/17, 47.1%; P = 0.042).ConclusionsThese findings suggest the promising role of conventional TBNA and highlight the challenges of doing more with less in an era of precision medicine.

Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound assisted conventional transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesion located in the segmental bronchi.

Background: The diagnosis of peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in the tertiary bronchi, also known as segmental bronchi, as well as, the 4th order and 5th order segmental bronchi is very difficult. Histopathological specimens cannot be easily obtained by endobronchial biopsies (EBBX) due to the patent but small segmental bronchial lumen. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and safety of the novel technique with radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) assisted conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) in the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in segmental bronchi from 3th to 5th order.Methods: From December 2014 to December 2015, 16 patients with solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions in the segmental bronchi from 3th to 5th order confirmed by computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. The lesions were located using radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) to determine the sites of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA), then, histopathological specimens were obtained using the technique of C-TBNA. The final pathological diagnosis was made based on the findings from the surgical specimens. Statistical analyses were performed for specimen results and complications.Results: On pathological evaluation, 14 of the 16 specimens were malignant, including 8 adenocarcinomas, 4 squamous cell carcinomas, and 2 small cell carcinomas, while 2 were non-malignant diseases. The diagnostic accuracy rate, sensitivity and missed diagnosis rates were 87.5%, 87.5% and 12.5%, respectively. When Combined the results of cytology with histologic samples obtained from C-TBNA the total diagnostic accuracy rate, sensitivity and missed diagnosis rate were 93.75%, 93.75% and 6.25%, respectively. There were 2 cases of bleeding complications >5 mL after C-TBNA, and both were resolved with endobronchial management.Conclusions: The combination of R-EBUS with C-TBNA was advantageous and safe for the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in the segmental bronchi. However, possible bleeding complications should be anticipated with needle aspiration. Further verification of this combined application should be investigated in larger clinical trials.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: Techniques and Challenges.

Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy is a common problem encountered in clinical practice and is caused by a wide variety of diseases. Traditionally, the mediastinal lymph nodes were sampled using conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), or surgical methods such as mediastinoscopy, and thoracotomy (open or video-assisted thoracoscopy). However, surgical modalities including mediastinoscopy are invasive, expensive, and not universally available. Moreover, they are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Conventional TBNA although minimally invasive has a low diagnostic yield. In the last decade, endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) has emerged as the diagnostic procedure of choice in evaluating undiagnosed intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. EBUS-TBNA is also currently the preferred modality in the mediastinal staging of lung cancer. The procedure is minimally invasive, safe, and can be performed as a day-care procedure. In the era of personalized medicine in lung cancer, optimizing the procedure, sample collection, and processing are crucial, as more tissue is required for performing a wide array of molecular tests. Despite its widespread use and acceptance, the diagnostic sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA is still low. To maximize the yield, cytologists and physicians should be aware of the technical details of the procedure. Herein, we discuss the technique of performing EBUS-TBNA, its indications, contraindications, and the processing of the samples at our bronchoscopy suite. We also highlight the challenges faced by the cytologists and clinicians while processing EBUS aspirates.

Endobronchial Ultrasoud Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy is often challenging. Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) is a novel technique which provides real time sonographic guidance during Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (TBNA) from mediastinal and hilar lesions. A 60-year-old smoker presented with two months history of cough and chest pain on the right side. CT thorax revealed a right upper lobe spiculated mass with paratracheal (Station 4R) and subcarinal (Station 7) lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy did not reveal any endobronchial mass. Since EBUS-TBNA is superior to conventional TBNA for malignant mediastinal node, an EBUS- TBNA was performed from both lymph node stations. . Cytopathology and histopathology revealed non-small cell lung cancer. We hereby report the first use of EBUS-TBNA in Nepal, in a patient with lung cancer and mediastinallymphadenopathy.

Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy is often challenging. Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) is a novel technique which provides real time sonographic guidance during Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (TBNA) from mediastinal and hilar lesions. A 60-year-old smoker presented with two months history of cough and chest pain on the right side. CT thorax revealed a right upper lobe spiculated mass with paratracheal (Station 4R) and subcarinal (Station 7) lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy did not reveal any endobronchial mass. Since EBUS-TBNA is superior to conventional TBNA for malignant mediastinal node, an EBUS- TBNA was performed from both lymph node stations. . Cytopathology and histopathology revealed non-small cell lung cancer. We hereby report the first use of EBUS-TBNA in Nepal, in a patient with lung cancer and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Keywords: Endobronchial ultrasound; lung cancer; mediastinal lymph node; transbronchial needle aspiration.